Red-crowned Crane
Grus japonensis
Height: ~158 cm, 5 ft.Weight: ~7.5 kg, 17-22 lbs.Population: ~1,700-2,000Trend: DecliningStatus:
Identification:Red-crowned Cranes are the only crane species that have white primary feathers. Adult forehead and crown are covered with bare red skin, and a large white band extends from behind the eyes and meets sharply with the black lower neck. The majority of the body is pure white with the exception of black secondary and tertiary feathers. Eyes are black and legs are slatey to grayish black. Males and females are virtually indistinguishable, although males tend to be slightly larger in size.Juveniles are a combination of white, partly tawny, cinnamon brown, and/or grayish plumage. The neck collar is grayish to coffee brown, the secondaries are dull black and brown, and the crown and forehead are covered with gray and tawny feathers. The legs and bill are similar to those of adults, but lighter in color. The primaries are white, tipped with black, as are the upper primary coverts. At two years of age the primaries are replaced with all white feathers.
Range:Red-crowned Cranes breed in large wetlands in temperate East Asia and winter along rivers and in coastal and freshwater marshes in Japan, China, and the Korean Peninsula. There are two main breeding populations: a migratory population on the East Asia mainland (northeastern China and Russia) of perhaps 1,200 birds, and a resident population on the island of Hokkaido in northern Japan of about 900 birds. In the winter, the mainland population divides into two or three wintering subpopulations. The total population has fluctuated over the last century, probably reaching its lowest point in the years following World War II. Although the species has recovered in some areas, a substantial amount of habitat has been lost to agricultural development and other human activities.
Habitat & Ecology:Red-crowned Cranes are highly aquatic cranes with large home ranges. They feed in deeper water than other cranes. They also forage regularly on pasturelands in Japan, and in winter they use coastal salt marshes, rivers, freshwater marshes, rice paddies, and cultivated fields. Red-crowned Cranes prefer to nest in marshes with relatively deep water and standing dead vegetation. Red-crowned Cranes are well adapted to cold temperatures.Mated pairs of cranes, including Red-crowned Cranes, engage in unison calling, which is a complex and extended series of coordinated calls. The birds stand in a specific posture, usually with their heads thrown back and beaks skyward during the display. The male always lifts up his wings over his back during the unison call while the female keeps her wings folded at her sides. Male Red-crowned Cranes initiate the display and the female utters two calls for each male call. All cranes engage in dancing, which includes various behaviors such as bowing, jumping, running, stick or grass tossing, and wing flapping. Dancing can occur at any age and is commonly assoc however, it is generally believed to be a normal part of motor development for cranes and can serve to thwart aggression, relieve tension, and strengthen the pair bond. Red-crowned Cranes seem to dance more than other species of cranes.Nests are built on wet ground or in shallow water. Females usually lay two eggs and incubation (by both sexes) lasts 29-34 days. The male takes the primary role in defending the nest against possible danger. Chicks fledge (first flight) at about 95 days.
Vocalizations:Loud, rattling kar-r-r-o-o-o. With multiple variations.
Diet:All cranes are omnivorous. Red-crowned Cranes are generalist feeders, eating a wide variety of insects, aquatic invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and rodents, as well as reeds, grasses, heath berries, corn and waste grain. In Hokkaido, they feed on human-provided corn, cereal grains and fish.
Threats:The Red-crowned Crane is seriously threatened by loss of habitat throughout its range. Human development, especially agricultural expansion, reed harvesting, river channelization, deforestation, and road building, is destroying many of the historic breeding wetlands. Additional threats include fires that destroy nests, harassment by people, and poisoning from pesticide-treated grain. Because of their size and weight, Red-crowned Cranes do not fly as fast as other cranes, and appear more prone to deadly collisions with utility lines. To learn more about the Tancho Protection Group's efforts to address these threats, visit their website (in Japanese):
ICF in Action:From its beginning in the early 1970s, ICF has been involved in the conservation of the endangered Red-crowned Crane. An estimated 2,500 Red-crowned Cranes remain in the wild. The major threat to the species includes critical shortages of habitat due to land use changes, wetland and grassland conversion, urban expansion and land development, pollution and environmental contaminants, oil development, and water shortages on the mainland breeding grounds.In 1973, ICF's co-founder, George Archibald and Japanese colleagues, Dr. Hiroyuki Masatomi and Tamake Kitagawa, conducted the first spring aerial surveys of cranes in Hokkaido, Japan, and proved that the majority of cranes were nesting in Japan and not in Siberia as was widely postulated. Greater efforts were then made to protect the wetlands used by cranes in Hokkaido.During winters of the mid-1970s, ICF worked with Korean colleagues on Red-crowned Cranes that spent the winter in and near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). To their surprise, several hundred cranes were located.In the early 1990s, ICF encouraged Russian conservationist Dr. Valentin Illyashenko in his efforts to protect the wetlands used by nesting Red-crowned Cranes near Lake Khanka in southeastern Siberia, work that resulted in the protection of those wetlands as a special nature reserve. In 1992, ICF helped organize a meeting between Chinese and Russian officials responsible for the administration of nature reserves on respective sides of Lake Khanka. These meetings resulted in an international agreement for future cooperation of the conservation of Lake Khanka and its cranes.In 1991, ICF assisted Dr. Ilyashenko with a similar meeting held at Daurski Nature Reserve in Russia in a region where the borders of China, Mongolia, and Russia meet. An international agreement was signed for international cooperation to conserve a region that supports the most western extension of the breeding range of the Red-crowned Cranes. In 2003, ICF received major support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) of the United Nations Environment Program to help conserve wetlands vital to the critically endangered Siberian Crane. Several of those wetlands in northeast China (Zhalong Nature Reserve included) are vital resting areas for Siberian Cranes during spring and autumn migrations. These same wetlands are also the major nesting areas for Red-crowned Cranes in China. This project is working to ensure water allocations to restore crane breeding wetlands that support a great diversity of wildlife.In the 1990s, Japanese colleague, Dr. Hito Higuchi, and his Russian colleagues, attached satellite-radio transmitters to Red-crowned Cranes on their breeding grounds near Lake Khanka and Khinganski in southeastern Siberia. The majority of these cranes migrated along the east side of North Korea and then inland to spend the winter in the Cheolwon Basin of the DMZ.Subsequently, ICF has met with North and South Korean conservationists to foster cooperation for cranes and other wildlife on the Korean Peninsula, and to develop plans for a conservation program for Red-crowned Cranes at one site in North Korea and the endangered Black-faced Spoonbills at another site, while at the same time assisting local farming communities with development strategies compatible with wildlife conservation. The North Korean government has approved this project.Zhalong Nature Reserve in northeast China supports one of the largest nesting populations of Red-crowned Cranes. It was established in the late 1970s. In the early 1980s, ICF collaborated with EARTHWATCH, a private organization in Massachusetts, to study the avifauna and especially the cranes at Zhalong Nature Reserve. Approximately 200 volunteers over four years were involved with the research. Concurrently, funds were raised through EARTHWATCH to help Chinese colleagues develop their programs at the reserve. These activities culminated in 1987 with an International Crane Workshop convened by the Government of China and ICF, in the city of Qiqihar near Zhalong NR. With more than 200 Chinese participants, and 120 foreign delegates from 25 nations, it was a milestone event in crane conservation that promoted the conservation of habitats vital to cranes throughout China and in many other areas of the world.Immediately following the breakup of the USSR, ICF's close colleague, Dr. Sergei Smirenski, who had studied Red-crowned Cranes along the Amur River Basin on the Russia-China border, organized, with ICF-support, a crane, stork and wetland workshop on a large boat that carried delegates along this major river. For four days, delegates from China, Korea, Japan, Russia and the USA met, shared information, and developed conservation plans.Since the early 1990s, ICF and colleagues in Japan have helped Dr. Sergei Smirenski, establish Russia's first private nature reserve, Muraviovka Park, located on the lowlands of the Amur River not far from the major city, Blagoveshehensk. The Park stands as a model for sustainable land use and biodiversity conservation as it combines organic farming, summer camps for environmental education, and field conservation.
Building upon these initial efforts, ICF implemented the Three White Cranes, Two Flyways, One World education project in 2006 to link our conservation and education programs focusing on Siberian and Red-crowned Cranes in East Asia with our education programs centering on the Whooping Crane in the eastern United States. Through annual field trips to ICF, classroom visits by ICF educators, and educator exchanges in the United States, China and Russia, students along both flyways are learning about cranes and their shared responsibility in protecting our global environment. Students are further connected through a project art exchange and the
website, which includes information on the cranes and people along the two flyways and an online classroom with student activities focusing on cranes and migration.Wetland conservation in one of the world's most heavily populated regions is a major challenge for conservationists. ICF will continue to help our colleagues in that region address these challenges, an effort that is now facilitated by the Northeast Asian Crane Site Network, funded by the Government of Japan involving six northeast Asia countries.
Species accounts derived from:Johnsgard PA. 1983. Cranes of the world. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.您也可以用以下方式登录：
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30岁，离异,有小孩归对方，来自广东中山
Red-crowned crane广东中山，30岁，158CM，离异,有小孩归对方
　　Don‘t try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.
以上内容由 根据生成
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年&&&&&&龄：30-45岁之间
身&&&&&&高：168-173厘米
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As agriculture and industrialisation have moved ahead elsewhere, has been a refuge for two endangeredbirds, the thousand-square-kilometre dmz，这条满布地雷并且无人居住的非军事区早就是两种濒危鸟类的庇护所, uninhabited and heavily mined: the white-naped and the red-crowned crane. 随着农业和工业向其他地方节节推进：白顶鹤和丹顶鹤red-crowned crane仙鹤:1; 以上结果来自金山词霸例句; 丹顶鹤
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丹顶鹤(英文名Red-crowned crane)---长寿的象征,国家一级保护动物.如果您认可我的答案,From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see .
The red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis), also called the Japanese crane (: 丹顶鹤 or 丹頂鶴; : Dāndǐng Hè; : 丹頂鶴 or タンチョウヅル, tanchōzuru; : ???, Durumi; the Chinese character '丹' means 'red', '頂/顶' means 'crown' and '鶴/鹤' means 'crane'), is a large east Asian
and among the rarest cranes in the world. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longevity and fidelity.
At , England
Adult red-crowned cranes are named for a patch of red bare skin on the crown, which becomes brighter in the mating season. Overall, they are snow white in color with black on the wing secondaries, which can appear almost like a black tail when the birds are standing, but the real tail feathers are actually white. Males are black on the cheeks, throat and neck, while females are pearly gray in these spots. The bill is olive green to greenish horn, the legs are slaty to grayish black, and the iris is dark brown.
This species is among the largest cranes, typically measuring about 150 to 158&#160;cm (4&#160;ft 11&#160;in to 5&#160;ft 2&#160;in) tall and 120–150&#160;cm (3&#160;ft 11&#160;in–4&#160;ft 11&#160;in) in length (from bill to tail tip). Across the large wingspan, the red-crowned crane measures 220–250&#160;cm (7&#160;ft 3&#160;in–8&#160;ft 2&#160;in). Typical body weight can range from 7 to 10.5&#160;kg (15 to 23&#160;lb), with males being slightly larger and heavier than females and weight ranging higher just prior to migration. On average, it is the heaviest crane species, although both the
can grow taller and exceed this species in linear measurements. The maximum known weight of the red-crowned crane is 15&#160;kg (33&#160;lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord measures 56–67&#160;cm (22–26&#160;in), the exposed
measures 13.5–16.7&#160;cm (5.3–6.6&#160;in) and the
measures 25.5–30.1&#160;cm (10.0–11.9&#160;in).
In the spring and summer, the
populations of the red-crowned crane breed in
(eastern ), northeastern
and occasionally in northeastern
(i.e., Mongol Daguur Strictly Protected Area). The breeding range centers in , on the border of China and Russia. Normally the crane lays 2 eggs, with only one surviving. Later, in the fall, they migrate in flocks to
and east-central China to spend the winter.
have also been recorded in . In addition to the migratory populations, a resident population is found in eastern
in . This species nests in wetlands and rivers. In the wintering range, their habitat is comprised mainly by paddy fields, grassy tidal flats, and mudflats. In the flats, the birds feed on aquatic invertebrates and, in cold, snowy conditions, the birds switch to mainly living on rice gleanings from the paddy fields.
Head and upper neck
Red-crowned cranes have a highly omnivorous diet, though the dietary preferences have not been fully studied. They eat rice, parsley, water plants, carrots, reed buds, , buckwheat and a variety of water plants. The animal matter in their diet consists of fish, including
and , , especially , snails, , dragonflies, small
and other , especially waterfowl. They seem to prefer animal food matter throughout the year, although rice is now essential to survival for wintering birds in Japan and grass seeds are an important food source.[] While all cranes are ominivorous, per Johnsgard, the two most common crane species today (the
and ) are amongst the most herbivorous species while the two rarest species (the red-crowned and ) are perhaps the most carnivorous species.
They typically forage by keeping the head close to the ground, jabbing the bill into mud when something edible is encountered. When capturing fish or other slippery prey, they may quickly jab in a similar fashion to a . Although animal prey can be swallowed whole, usually red-crowned cranes more often tears up prey by grasping with its bill and shaking it vigorously, eating pieces as they fall apart. Most foraging occurs in wet grasslands, cultivated fields, in shallow rivers or on lakeshores.
The population of red-crowned cranes in Japan is essentially non-migratory, with the race in
moving only 150&#160;km (93&#160;mi) to its wintering grounds. Only the mainland population experiences a long-distance migration. They leave their wintering grounds in spring by February and are established on territories by April. In fall, they leave their breeding territories in October and November, with the migration fully over by mid-December.
Flock sizes are affected by the small numbers of the red-crowned crane and, given their larg some feeding dispersal is needed in natural conditions. Wintering cranes have been observed foraging, variously, in family groups, pairs and singly, although all roosting is in larger groups (up to 80 individuals) with unrelated cranes. By the early spring, pairs begin to spend more time together, with non-breeding birds and juveniles dispersing separately.
Red-crowned cranes flying.
Due to their securing size, red-crowned cranes often react indifferently to the presence of other birds such as small raptors, with , ,
hunting near a crane nest without any parties harassing each other. Birds more likely to be egg or nest predators, such as , some , and various , are treated aggressively and will be threatened until they leave the crane's territory. Mammalian carnivores, including , , , ,
are attacked immediately, with the parent cranes attempting to jab them in the flanks until the predator leaves the vicinity. Occasionally, losses at the nest occur to any of the above predators. Immature and unwary adult cranes may be killed by the largest raptors, such as , or mammalian carnivores, though this is rare, especially with adults.
often nest near red-crowned cranes but competition is lessened by the greater portion of vegetation in the white-naped's diet.
It is believed that breeding maturity is reached at three or four years of age. All mating and egg-laying is largely restricted to April and early May. A red-crowned crane pair will duet in various situations, helping to establish formation and maintenance of the pair bond, as well as territorial advertisement and agonistic signaling. The pair move rhythmically until they are standing close, throw their heads back and let out a fluting call in unison, often triggering other pairs to start duetting as well. As it is occurs year around, the social implications of dancing are complex in meaning. However, dancing behavior is generally thought to show excitement in the species.
Nesting territories range from 1 to 7&#160;km (0.62 to 4.35&#160;mi) and are often the same year after year. Most nesting territories are characterized by flat terrain, access to wetland habitat and tall grasses. Nest sites are selected by females but built by both sexes and are frequently in a small clearing made by the cranes. A majority of nests contain two eggs, though 1 to 3 have been recorded. Both sexes incubate the eggs for at least 30 days. They also both feed the young when they hatch. Staying in the nest for the first few weeks, the young start to follow their parents as they forage in marshes by around 3 months of age. By early fall, the young are fledged and are assured fliers by migration time. Although they can fly well, crane young remain together with their parents for around 9 months. The average adult lifespan is around 30 to 40 years, with some specimens living to 70 years of age in captivity. It is one of the longest living species of bird.
The estimated total population of the species is only 2,750 in the wild, including about 1,000 birds in the resident Japanese population. Of the migratory populations, about 1,000 winter in China (mainly at the
delta and ), and the remaining winter in Korea. It is endangered and received this status on June 2, 1970.
ran a program where U.S.
donated eggs which were flown to Russia and raised in the Khinganski Nature Reserve and released into the wild. This program sent 150 eggs between . The program has been put on hold in order to concentrate on different crane conservation programs in Russia, such as education and fire suppression (red-crowned crane ssp.). Several hundred red-crowned cranes are kept in zoos around the world. Assuredly, the international efforts of , ,
are needed to keep the species from extinction. The most pressing threat is habitat destruction, with a general lack of remaining pristine wetland habitats for the species to nest in. In Japan, there is little proper nesting habitat and the local breeding population is close to the saturation point.
(video) A red-crowned crane feeding.
Further information:
In , the red-crowned crane is often featured in myths and legends. In , the red-crowned crane is a symbol of longevity and immortality. In art and literature, immortals are often depicted riding on cranes. A mortal who attains immortality is similarly carried off by a crane. Reflecting this association, red-crowned cranes are called xian he (: 仙鶴; : 仙鹤; : xiānhè; literally: "fairy crane" or "crane of the immortals"). The red-crowned crane is also a symbol of nobility. Depictions of the crane have been found in
ceremonial bronzeware. A common theme in later Chinese art is the reclusive scholar who cultivates bamboo and keeps cranes.
Because of its importance in Chinese culture, the red-crowned crane was selected by the National Forestry Bureau of the
as a candidate for the title of national animal of China. This decision was deferred due to the red-crowned crane's
name translation as "Japanese crane".
The official logo of
features a red-crowned crane.
In , this crane is known as the tanchōzuru and is said to live for 1,000 years. A pair of red-crowned cranes were used in the design for the
note (reverse side). In the , the red-crowned crane is known as sarurun kamuy or marsh kamuy. At
they are one of the . Cranes are said to grant favours in return for acts of sacrifice, as in
("crane's return of a favor").
Given its reputation, an American branding expert recommended it as the international logo of , after seeing a representation of it in a gallery of samurai crests. Huff wrote “I had faith that it was the perfect symbol for Japan Air Lines. I found that the Crane myth was all positive—it mates for life (loyalty), and flies high for miles without tiring (strength.)”
, for more endangered species
Version 2013.2.
del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J.(1996)
Volume 3: Hoatzins to Auks ,
[BirdLife International (2000), Threatened Birds of the World, Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cambridge]
CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), .
Burnie D and Wilson DE (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005),
The Wildlife Year, The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (1991). .
Version 28 March 2011
Huff, Jerry (2011). Notes on Creation of Tsurumaru Logo. unpublished: self. p.&#160;3.
Craft, Lucille. 1999. "Divided by Politics, United in Flight - Can Japan and Russia Resolve Their Differences Over the Remote Kuril Islands and Protect the Rare Red Crowned Crane?" International Wildlife. 29, no. 3: 22.
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text. Without proper , you may see
instead of .
An educational website that links schools along the eastern Whooping Crane flyway in the USA with schools along the eastern flyways of the Siberian and Red-crowned Cranes in Russia and China.
from Cranes of the World (1983) by Paul Johnsgard
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