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flow out是什么意思及用法
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flow or spill forth
The effect of the second transaction is a $10 decrease of investments, resulting in a $20 cash inflows, thus bringing out a $40 gain.
第二笔经济业务的效果是,投资减少了10美元,并相应导致了20美元的现金流入和40美元的收益。
&When the proper temperature is reached, alloy will flow readily into space between tube outer wall and valve socket. &
达到适当的温度后,合金将迅速容易地流进管道外壳和阀门套管之间的空间。
On the other hand, if the money outflow cannot be offset, the resulting contraction of the money supply will cut national income
另一方面，如果货币外流量不能得到弥补，那么，所造成的货币供应量的紧缩就会减少国民收入。
And if a civil war broke out, with blood flowing like a river, what ``human rights'' would there be?
一打内战就是血流成河，还谈何“人权”
The oil flowed plentifully at first,but soon ran out.
起初石油大量涌出，但很快就枯竭了。
Instantly a warm wave of relief flowed through him.A colourless, crushed-looking woman, with wispy hair and a lined face, was standing outside
顿时，一股如释重负的暖流涌遍全身——站在门外的，原来是个苍白衰老的妇人，头发稀稀疏疏，满脸皱纹累累。
The main cash outflows included in this category are cash payments to stockholders as dividends, to redeem borrowing and reacquire capital stock.
筹资活动产生的现金流出主要包括作为股利向股东支付的现金、偿还借款和赎回股票所支付的现金。
Still, the economist is still likely to see the merits of a brain-drain tax on the outflow of human capital
不过，这位经济学家可能还是看到对人力资本外流征收一种人才外流税的种种优点。
If, for political reasons, price levels cannot be reduced, quotas are the only way to stem the outflow of public funds
如果价格水平由于政治原因不能降低，那么，生产配额就是阻止公共资金流失的唯一办法。
&He'll only be 55 when he gets out, and he will have a passive cash flow of over $300,000 a year, more than he makes from his salary. &
他离开公司时只有55岁,每年却能获得超过30万美元的现金流人,这比他的工资收入还要高。
vt.流出,向外流
现金业务支出
现金流出，现金流出量
博伊登式辐向外流水轮机，博伊顿式辐向外流水轮机
资本帐户外流
(隧道)坍流土体
边界外流动
黄金流出, 黄金外流
【通常作单数】流出，外流，流出量
n. 【电视】【电影】圈出(影像或镜头藉缩小的圆圈逐渐消失)
1.印发的讲稿；施舍物
v. 外包 (工件、活计等)
a.(用作表语)
1.有吸毒瘾的
2.(因长期吸毒而)身体虚弱的
n. 1.【棒】三击未中击球员出局
2.失败;败局
a. 1.(健康等)已衰退的,已衰弱的;筋疲力竭的,耗尽的
2.过时的,陈腐的,不时髦的
[ outstretch ]的现在分词;[ outstretched ]的现在分词
【计】 输出打出
斯威齐模型
phr. 舌形动物门
phr. 束翅亚目
扒新西兰羊排
phr. 自由重量级
金银蒜蒸大花虾
蒜茸蒸大虾
无主物（拉丁文）
phr. 隆头鱼
工人寄宿处
phr. 锯盖鱼科的典型属
节日包裹焦虑症（指因为没收到本该在圣诞节前送到的某件网购物品而感到焦虑不安的心理。）flow out是什么意思_flow out在线翻译、解释、发音、同义词、反义词_英语单词大全_911查询
flow out是什么意思
输入英文单词或中文词语查询其翻译
flow out是什么意思 flow out在线翻译 flow out什么意思 flow out的意思 flow out的翻译 flow out的解释 flow out的发音 flow out的同义词
flow outflow out 双语例句1. Intuitively, the total flow of a network is the rate at which water comes out of the outlet.&&&&直观，总流量的网络的速度水出来的电源插座。2. 2. Based on the analysis of plastic flow law in crankshaft forming, the cause of typical forming defects, i. e. the folding existing in the crankshaft pin and crank arm was found out.&&&&通过模拟分析曲轴成形的塑性流动规律，找出了大型船用曲轴曲拐成形过程中的典型缺陷连杆颈和曲柄臂外侧折叠的成因。3. Hourglass in the sand flow out so fast, You are still in the game of life.&&&&沙漏中的沙流得如此之快，你却还在游戏人生。4. On the basis of analyzing and studying on the former test results of hoist load of reverse tainter valve which is the main type of valves for navigation locks, a large scale (1:16) physical model for YinPan lock culvert valve has been built. Through the steady and unsteady flow experiments, structure of the acting flow on the valve has...更多been observed and analyzed in detail. It has been found that the valve's net hydrodynamic hoist load can be composed of two parts, one is the acting force result from water in culvert and the other result from the descending and rising flow in valve well. Furtherly the formula of the net hydrodynamic hoist load has been put forward by theoretic analysis, and the calculation results has been proved to be agreed well with the experimental results. Meanwhile, the factors affecting the net hydrodynamic hoist load and their changing laws have been further studied. The further research direction is also been pointed out.&&&&在大量分析研究前人有关船闸主要门型—反向弧形门启闭力试验成果的基础上，建立了大比尺的输水阀门物理模型，通过恒定流和非恒定流试验，对作用在阀门上的水流结构形态进行了详细的观察和分析，认为阀门的净动水启闭力构成可以分为两大部分，即廊道水流对门体的作用力和门井下降或上升水流的作用力，并通过理论分析得到了由这两部分作用力构成的净动水启闭力计算公式，与试验结果吻合较好，同时还对影响阀门净动水启闭力的各种因素及其变化规律进行了进一步探讨，并指出了需深入研究的方向。5. Mining coal may induce many mine geological hazards problems, those mines for scrap ore being jumbled together lead to the debris flow, instandardly excavating coal lead level of underground water-level down, earth subsidence, mine well roof fall, water gushed out and gas explosion, these problems should be evaluated and solved.&&&&江西省武宁县煤矿多属小型矿山，但小煤矿的开采同样会引起诸多矿山地质灾害问题，如废石乱堆乱放，诱发泥石流；不规范开采，造成区域地下水位下降，引起地面沉降、塌陷和矿井冒顶、突水、瓦斯爆炸等，这些问题需要评估和解决。6. This would cause capital to flow out of Taiwan and business opportunities to disappear, and strike a blow at those companies that insist on staying and doing business in Taiwan while forcing the slide in real-estate prices to accelerate, thus causing the financial situation to deteriorate even more.&&&&其三，也有人担心，两岸往来更加便利，会促使许多国人前往中国大陆购物、旅游，乃至求田问舍，让台湾的资金流失、商机消逝，打击坚持留在台湾经营的厂商，并推迫房地产价格加速滑落，坐令金融危机急遽恶化。7. Belonging to moderate hazardousness. According to the above, we should carry out the leading measure and construct the dam to restrain the debris flow at the side of tunnel exportation.&&&&根据泥石流的活动特征，提出了以疏导为主的防治方案，并对隧道口直接受泥石流威胁的一侧采用一定的拦挡工程等措施。8. Focusing on the five vital problems of the low specific-speed chemical centrifugal pupm:low efficiency, camel s hump in a head-flow curve, easy to overload during large flow running, easy to occur serious cavitations and a short life cause by heavy corrosion, the paper studied from the views of improving efficiency, reliability and running life and gave out the corresponding design methods.&&&&针对低比转速化工离心泵存在效率过低，扬程曲线有驼峰，大流量运行时过载，易发生汽蚀，腐蚀严重寿命短5大难题，从提高效率、可靠性和运行寿命的角度进行了分析和研究，给出了相应的设计方法和措施，可为低比转速化工离心泵设计提供参考依据。9. 9. Working out the qusi-difference equation of the air-water turbulent two fluid flow, and building the discrete equation series by current difference equation, which is adapted to one-phase flow, multi-phase flow and chemical reaction, etc.&&&&建立了不可压缩等温条件下的，一般形式的水气两相湍流的数学模型，并采用通用微分方程形式，建立了适合单相流，多相流，带化学反应流动的通用离散化方程组，并建立了加快收敛速度的SIMPE—IEM方法。10. Beijing`s decision to keep the currency stable means that instead of bidding up the renminbi, the dollars that flow into the country from the swelling trade surplus have to be parked by the central bank in foreign exchange reserves – leaving the PBoC working overtime to mop the extra funds out of the banking system.&&&&北京决定维持人民币汇率稳定，意味着如果不想让人民币升值，中国央行必须吸收因贸易顺差膨胀而流入中国的美元，这使得央行不得不加班加点，回笼银行体系中多余的资金。11. 11. The former equipment is developed and the rectifying experiments are carried out with upper feed and bottom feed types. The effects of pressure, temperature field of rectifying column, CO〓 volume of flow and its total volume on the results are researched.&&&&&&对原有设备进行了改进，分别以底部进料及顶部进料方式进行了α-生育酚的精馏浓缩实验，研究了操作压力、精馏柱温度场分布、CO〓流量及消耗量对萃取—精馏效果的影响并进行了详细的分析。12. A clear and necessary advertising objective* should flow directly out of the above analyses.&&&&&&一个清晰及必要的广告目标必须直接凌架于所有分析之上。13. When flow of water out of test cock No.&&&&&&当测试旋塞2号上流出的水停止时，将压差读数记录为压降。14. The cadmium anomalies are spreading along almost the whole Yangtze River basinThis is the major ecological environmental issue discovered by the Multipurpose Geochemical Investigation that is being carried out in ChinaBy taking the Anhui section of the Yangtze River basin as its object, a systematical study on methodology of the source tracking and quantitative estimation of the Cd anomalies has been made in the paperBy determining contents of elements in suspended matters in the Anhui section of the trunk stream and main tributaries of the Yangtze River, it is shown that the suspended matters are the main carriers of heavy metals for long the concentration of Cd in the suspended matters is much higher than those of other heavy metals, this may be the main reason for forming the Cd anomalies spreading along the whole Yangtze R and the tributaries of the Yangtze River have significant influences on the variations of heavy metal contents in the suspended matters in its trunk streamThe quantitative computation of output flow of heavy metals for the trunk stream and main tributaries for the Anhui section of the Yangtze River shows that the largest output flow of heavy metals is from the Qiupu River, with roughly 445 t of Cd deposited in soils along either bank of the Anhui section of the Yangtze RiverResults of source tracking of Cd anomalies along the Shunan River by detailed survey of suspended matters, soil survey on a scale of 1∶50000 and rock survey indicate that endogenetic mineral deposits, especially PbZn deposits, are the largest suppliers of Cd in the suspended mattersWith techniques of layer sampling of sediments on alluvial beds and isotopic agedetermination, we have primarily reconstructed the geochemical history of sedimentation of Cd and other heavy metals and of their pollutions, and have made the prediction and early warning of evolution of anomalies of Cd and other heavy metals&&&&&&长江全流域性的Cd异常是被中国正在进行的多目标地球化学调查发现的重大生态环境问题。以长江流域安徽段为研究对象，对沿江镉异常源追踪与定量评估的方法技术进行了系统研究。通过对安徽段长江干流及其主要支流悬浮物中元素含量的测量查明：悬浮物是流域内重金属元素大跨度迁移的主要载体；Cd在悬浮物中的富集程度远远大于其他重金属元素，这或许正是Cd可以形成沿江流域性异常的主要原因；长江干流悬浮物中重金属元素含量的变化明显受到沿江支流的影响。安徽段长江干流及其主要支流重金属元素输出通量定量计算结果表明：秋蒲河是安徽段重金属元素输出通量最大的支流，每年在安徽段长江两岸土壤中沉积下约445 t的Cd。利用悬浮物加密测量、1∶5万土壤测量和岩石测量对顺安河流域Cd异常源追踪结果显示：内生金属矿床特别是铅锌矿是悬浮物中Cd的最大的供应源。采用河漫滩沉积物分层采样技术和同位素测年技术，初步恢复了研究区Cd等重金属元素沉积和污染的地球化学历史，对研究区Cd等重金属元素异常的未来演变趋势进行了预警预测。15. The Optimization of pinacoid flow passage, which cant be realized by single parameterized technology, is figured out with behavioral modeling. By establishing the optimal characteristics, the complex and repetitive process of impeller design is turned into an automatic one.&&&&&&利用行为建模技术解决了单一参数化技术无法解决的轴面流道的优化问题，将叶轮设计的大量重复、费时费力的一个复杂设计过程，通过优化特征的建立，变成了一个自动化的过程。16. On the basis of the established welded casing finite element model of large scaled axial flow compressor, contact problems between step surface of linking bolt and flange surface of upper casing and between upper and lower casing flange surfaces and pre-tightening problem of bolt have been processed. Analytical calculation was carried out on the model by applying the finite element analysis software.&&&&&&在建立大型轴流压缩机焊接机壳有限元模型的基础上，对联接螺栓台阶面与上机壳法兰面和上下机壳法兰面之间的接触问题，以及螺栓的预紧问题进行了处理，应用有限元分析软件对模型进行了分析计算。17. Methods: The two-phase cross-experimental study, subjects were 30 healthy people, 15 cases of the men and women were randomly divided into two groups. the first 15 people to receive acupuncture points out na I (wrist stripes on the 1.5-inch, brachioradialis muscle and the development of long-thumb tendon), and Acupuncture respectively before and after the adoption of Doppler ultrasound imaging of vertebral artery blood flow velocity changes in the indicators.&&&&&&采用两阶段交叉实验研究法，受试者为30例健康人，男女各15例，随机分为两组，前15人先接受针刺列缺穴I（腕横纹上1.5寸，肱桡肌与拇长展肌腱之间），分别于针刺前、后通过多普勒超声显像观察椎动脉血流动力学各项指标变化。18. 18. In ordr to estimate performance of system of sampler, we designed a device that measure the ability of flow passing the membrane in the container, discussed how to choose membrane in the sampler in the deep see circumstance, calculated the maximum pressure loss when water pass through the membrane, pointed out the reasons that influence the ability of flow passing the membrane in the deep sea.&&&&&&同时，依托于高性能的CAE分析软件ANSYS，对取样器进行深入的模拟分析与研究，供设计和以后的优化、改进参考。19. For you to get a better understanding of me picture a waterfall in your mind and instead of all the water overflowing it is all the love and passion I have in my heart to give to others who are deserving, as the love and passion has an endless flow coming out of my heart.&&&&&&为了能更好地了解我，请你做这样的想象，瀑布飞流直下，水潭漫出的不是水，而是爱和热情，在我心里流出的爱与热情联绵不断如瀑布，这些爱与热情，送给值得拥有它的人。20. The experimental research was mainly carried out in a rolling test facility at atmospheric pressure and temperature, and the test section was glass tube, through which the air and water co-current flow and form different flow patterns.&&&&&&实验研究主要是在常温常压下的摇摆台架上进行，试验段为透明的有机玻璃管，空气和水作为流动工质同向通过试验段形成不同形状的流型。flow out 单语例句\u\u006E\u\u002E\u\u\u\u002E\uF\u006D1. Much of the capital investment originates in the developed world, and the gains flow out of China.2. Choi said there is insufficient data to determine whether any drastic measures would be adequate to cancel out pollutants brought by the additional traffic flow.3. This could be readily accomplished by fine control of the flow of renminbi into and out of the city.4. A fire broke out due to the blast, but was subsequently extinguished after the flow of gas in the pipeline was cut off.5. Discriminative measures should be eliminated to facilitate the flow of labor into and out of the country.6. People begging in vehicle lanes violate traffic rules and disrupt the normal flow of traffic, and drivers who give money to beggars out of sympathy disturb public order.7. But experts expect an effective mechanism to more closely monitor the flow of speculative capital in and out of the country.8. The material allows sunlight to filter in and the sounds of splashing water to flow out.9. Hongkong Post has splashed out HK $ 156 million on a new mechanized mail sorting system to simplify work flow and enhance mail delivery efficiency.10. For each dollar of aid into Africa, at least five flow out under the table.flow out是什么意思,flow out在线翻译,flow out什么意思,flow out的意思,flow out的翻译,flow out的解释,flow out的发音,flow out的同义词,flow out的反义词,flow out的例句,flow out的相关词组,flow out意思是什么,flow out怎么翻译,单词flow out是什么意思常用英语教材考试英语单词大全 (7本教材)
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的翻译结果:
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&&&&The opening angle were (115±4)°and (120±4)°(P>0.05). Conclusions:There were difference in anatomy and fiber arrangement between the outflow cuff segment and the cerebral bridging vein.
&&&&静脉流出口狭部和桥静脉的展开角分别是 ( 115± 4 )°和 ( 12 0± 4 )°(P >0 .0 5)。
&&&&Results:The outflow cuff
segment is a narrow region at the junction of the cerebral bridging veins and superior sagittal sinus. The diameter of the outflow cuff segment was much smaller and the thickness was higher than that of cerebral bridging veins(P<0.01),and circumferential collagen fibers were most dense in the outflow cuff segment.
&&&&结果 :脑桥静脉流出口狭部位于脑桥静脉和上矢状窦的交界处 ,流出口狭部的直径较脑桥静脉的直径小 ,管壁厚度较脑桥静脉厚 (P <0 .0 1) ,其中环向胶原纤维较多。
&&&&As a resistance valve,the outflow cuff segment may play an important role in stabilizing cerebral venous flow and regulating intracranial pressure.
&&&&结论 :脑桥静脉流出口狭部在脑静脉流出中起限流阻力阀的作用 ,它可能在稳定脑静脉血流及调节颅内压中起着重要作用
&&&&The rate of out flow of B_9 from the smearing leaf was high.
&&&&显微放射自显影进一步表明:~(14)C-B_9通过维管束运输。
&&&&outflow of lysosomal fluorescent probe through exocytosis appeared in 15-20min.
&&&&在15min左右细胞外FITC一Dextran迅速增加,20min后变化趋于停止;
&&&&They could supply enough oxygen and the removal rate of TN were more than 73% and those of TP were between 49%~71%, so that the outflow of the wetland meet the grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ national criteria of surface water.
&&&&构建的人工湿地充氧能力较强 ,对总氮的去除率维持在 73%以上 ,总磷的去除率为 49% 71% ,出水水质总体达到国家Ⅱ、Ⅲ类地面水标准 .
&&&&Acetylcholine may heightened permiability of K
+ channel on the membrane and raised the out flow of K
+. It may decreased the inner flow of Ca
and reduced the myocardium contraction.
&&&&乙酰胆碱可提高膜上 K+通道的通透性 ,K+外流增加 ,Ca2 + 内流减少 ,心肌收缩性降低
&&&&Propranolol(5μmol/L)completely blocked the effects of Iso( 100μmol/L) on the pacemaker cells in left ventricular outflow tract.
&&&&5μmol/L心得安可拮抗100μmol/LIso的电生理效应。
查询“outflow”译词为用户自定义的双语例句&&&&我想查看译文中含有：的双语例句
为了更好的帮助您理解掌握查询词或其译词在地道英语中的实际用法，我们为您准备了出自英文原文的大量英语例句，供您参考。&&&&&&&&&&&& In the early embryogenesis of amphibia following gastrulation the mor-phogenetic movements of neurulationbecome actively in progress.Underthe action of the invaginating meso-derm the dorsal ectoderm is inducedto differentiate into neural plate whichwill be delimited by the neural foldsanteriorly and laterally.Later theneural plate becomes thickened withthe neural folds gradually grow medially till they fuse in the mid-lineto form the neural tube. It has already been shown bythe vital staining experiments thatthe... In the early embryogenesis of amphibia following gastrulation the mor-phogenetic movements of neurulationbecome actively in progress.Underthe action of the invaginating meso-derm the dorsal ectoderm is inducedto differentiate into neural plate whichwill be delimited by the neural foldsanteriorly and laterally.Later theneural plate becomes thickened withthe neural folds gradually grow medially till they fuse in the mid-lineto form the neural tube. It has already been shown bythe vital staining experiments thatthe morphogenetic movements arehighly coordinated between differentgerm layers and within the same germlayer and epiboly takes place in theectoderm as a whole,not separately by individual cells.Concerning thecoordination of cells during epibolywe have suggested that the tight junctions may play an important role.But how are the cells coordinatedafter their transformation into neuraltissues? How does the neural platemove as a whole in the formation ofthe neural tube? Disassembly of tight junctions andassembly of gap junctions were repor-ted during the neurulation of Ranapipiens and there is evidence ofdisruption of tight junctions in thesame process in the chick embryos.According to these authors,it seemsthat tight junctions are dispensableduring neural tube morphogenesis.Contradictory to these works,we havefound the continuous presence of bothtight and gap junctions during the developmental period from late gastrulato the closure of the neural tube. MATERIALS AND METHODS Embryos of Cynops orientalis serve as theexperimental material.Six stages as shownin table 1 were chosen.In order to insureonly the presumptive neuroepithelium andneuroepithelium cells were fractured and observed,the specimens were taken microsurgi-cally so that the neural folds,the presumptive caudal mesoderm and the mesodermunderlying the neural plate were not included.The extirpated specimens were folded laterallyalong the mid-line of the plate so that afterfixation and treatment with glycerol they wereinserted into the hole of the specimen holderin such a way that the fracture occurred atthe level about mid-trunk region. RESULTSLate gastrula (stages 14 and 15) (Figs.1—2) The apical borders of the cellsare provided with beltlike tight junctions whose degree of tightness varies.At some portion the junction is con-sisted of only 4—5 loosely connectedsealing strands (Fig.1),while at otherportion the sealing strands are morethan 10 and are tightly interwoven(Fig.2).Gap junctions are situated ??beneath the tight junctions andaround the junctions scatteredparticles are frequently found.Early neurula (stage 16) (Figs.3—4) Figures 3 and 4 are taken fromadjacent portions of a single cell.Thevariation in the degree of tightnessof the sealing strands of the tightjunction is apparent,from more than10 closely interwoven sealing strands(Fig.3) to 5-6 loosely connected ones(Fig.4).Gap junctions appear nearthe tight junction,sometimes connec-ted to the free ending of a sealingstrand with scattered particles nearthe site of connection (Fig.3),othersare in intimate contact with thestrand (Fig.9) and there may be someat a distance from the tight junction.Mid-neurula (stage 18) (Fig.5) Just as in late gastrula and earlyneurula,belt-like tight junctions arepresent at the apical border of theneuroepithelium cells.The junctionsvary at different portions of a singlecell,not only in the number but alsoin the degree of tightness of the sealingstrands.There may be only 2—3strands parallel to the cell surfaceor there may appear more than 10closely interwoven ones as shown infigure 5.Five gap junctions have beenobserved in this portion of the cell,situated beneath the tight junction,connected to the free ending of a strandor surrounded at all sides by the strands.The last mentioned condition hasfrequently been observed in cells ofall the other stages.(Figs.10—12).Late neurula (stages 20—22) (Fig.6) Shortly before the closure of theneural tube as the neural folds meetat the mid-dorsal line,the neuroepithelium cells are likewise provided withwell differentiated tight junctions,with sealing strands of free endings andin form of a loop isolated from allothers.Gap junctions are frequentlyobserved,often with 3—4 close toeach other (Fig.6).The sizes ofgap junctions vary.The largest at-tains 1.76μm~2 consisted of thousandsof particles with scattered ones nearby(Fig.13). DISCUSSIONSThe persistent occurence of cell junctions in all stages of neurulation Cell junctions,both tight junctions and gap junctions,are presentin the presumptive neuroepitheliumand neuroepithelium cells of all thestages,from late gastrula to the stageshortly before the closure of theneural tube (Figs.1—6).Althoughcell junctions occur persistently duringthe entire process of neurulation,yetwhat observed do not represent astable state.As for the tight junctions,the degrees of tightness of thesealing strands vary,not only in thenumber,from only 2—3 (Fig.5,lowerleft corner) to as many as more than10 (Figs.5,Fig.3),but ??also in the arrangement,in the form.of loosely connected loops (Figs.1and 6) or tightly interwoven networks(Fig.5,Fig.3).Suchvariations usually occur at differentportions of a single cell (Figs.3,4 and5). The observations of the ultrathinsections of lathanum treated speci-mens showed that for all these stagesthe tight junctions may exist in twodifferent conditions:La may be impeded at the surface of the cell (Fig.7) or it may flow across the junctions(Fig.8).These observations cor-respond very well with what have beenfound with the freeze-etching replicas.The former represents the portion withnumerous tightly interwoven strands,while the latter is the site wherestrands are few and loosely arranged.It is very probable that all what wehave observed represent the dynamicprocess of the continous morphological changes of the tight junctions. The persistent changes of gapjunctions are the assembly and disassembly of the particles with whichthe junctions are consisted.If theobserved and recorded gap junctionsare divided into groups according totheir sizes (Table 2),it can be seenthat in all the different stages thearea varies from below 0.02μm~2(Fig.14) to above 0.50μm~2 (Fig.13) with most between 0.02—0.50μm~2.The differences in sizes are veryevident among different cells of acertain stage and even within asingle cell.Scattered particles are fre-quently observed around the junctions,they may appear at one side (Fig.1and 13) or near the site of connectionwith the sealing strand of the tightjunctions (Figs.3 and 6).Whetherthe scattered particles are motivatingto or away from the junctions cannot yet be determined,but the varia-tions in junction sizes and the pre-sence of scattered particles around thejunctions are strong evidences that thedynamic changes of the junctions are ??persistently in progress. The observations mentioned aboveare in contradiction with what re-ported in Rana pipiens.Accord-ing to their observations,the tightjunctions present in the yolk plugstage became gradually loosened andfragmented and entirely disassembled at the neural tube stage,and si-multaDeously gap junctions displayeda process of assembly with a few par-ticles gathered together at first andthe number of particles increased andthey subsequently blended togetherinto larger aggregates.In chick em-bryos disruption of tight junctionshave been reported and large gapjunctions also seemed to disappearduring the process of neurulation.The contradictions in the results,es-pecially those with Rana pipiens,aredifficult to be explained,since it canhardly be attributed to the differencein experimental materials.The modeof fixation was suspected that theextirpation of the embryonic mater-ials before fixation might cause someeffect on the cell junctions.In orderto clarify this suspicion we carried outanother set of experiments with theintact embryos fixed overnight andthe neuroepithelium then extirpated.The replicas from such specimens didnot show any difference.They veri-fied the presence of tight and gapjunctions during all the stages exa-mined.Tight junctions and morphogeneticmovements The persistent occurrence andthe continuous dynamic changes ofcell junctions during the process ofneurulation should be considered withtheir pertaining functions.The func-tion of the tight junctions is general-ly accepted to be a permeabilitybarrier.They are present at the api-cal borders of the cells of tubular orvesicular structures,acting as thebarrier between the intercellular spacesand the external environment toimpede the outflow of the fluid con-tent.The correlations of the tightjunctions and the morphogenesis havealready been noted by some authors.In the formations of bile canaliculi,follicles of thyroid gland and kid-ney tubules,during or just beforethe appearance of the lumen the tightjunctions were always present in thecells destined to join in the formationof the luminal wall.Madara et al.,on the freeze-etching observations ofthe junctional complexes in fetal ratsmall intestine,pointed out the formation and the reorganization of thejunctional complexes during the trans-formation from the primitive strati-fied to simple columnar epitheliumand the development of the intestinallumen.This function of the tightjunctions is no doubt performed inthe early embryogenesis of amphibia.The tight junctions of the ectoderm ??cells of early gastrula impede the out-flow of the blastocoel fluid to main-tain the hydrostatic pressthose of the neural tubecells will likewise keep the hydrostaticpressure of the central canal. Besides the function to be a per-meability barrier,however,the tightjunctions may play very importantrole in the morphogenetic movementof early embryonic development.This has not been received enoughattention in the previous literature.During gastrulation as mesoderm andendoderm move to the interior theectoderm cells have to spread in orderto overgrowth the entire emb在神经管形成的过程中,从原肠晚期到神经管即将关闭,我们观察了预定神经上皮和神经上皮细胞的细胞连接。我们的结果和过去的报道不同,我们看到紧密连接和间隙连接在所观察的各个时期一直存在,而且它们是处于持续的形态变化之中,就此论证了紧密连接在神经管形态建成中的作用,并讨论了紧密连接和间隙连接的相互关系。 Intrathecal administration (ith) of substance P (SP 15 nmol/10μl) to urethaneanesthetized rats produced a marked increase in the mean blood pressure (BP),splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharges (SND) and heart rate (HR). However,the same dose of SP produced a decrease in BP and SND, and a slight increase inHR in C_1 transected rat. This observation suggested that the direct action ofSP in the spinal cord was a suppression of the sympathetic outflow exerting a depres-sor effect. Intravenous injection of... Intrathecal administration (ith) of substance P (SP 15 nmol/10μl) to urethaneanesthetized rats produced a marked increase in the mean blood pressure (BP),splanchnic sympathetic nerve discharges (SND) and heart rate (HR). However,the same dose of SP produced a decrease in BP and SND, and a slight increase inHR in C_1 transected rat. This observation suggested that the direct action ofSP in the spinal cord was a suppression of the sympathetic outflow exerting a depres-sor effect. Intravenous injection of SP to C_1 transected rats induced a decrease inBP and an increase in SND. It was also observed that intracisternal administrationof SP (1.5 nmol/2μl) produced a rise of BP and SND but no change of HR.The results indicate that SP when administered into the brain and intospinal cord, exerts different cardiovascular effects and that the cardiovascular effe-cts due to ith administered SP in the intact rat seem to be mediated through multipleroutes.为阐明起源于延髓,下行达脊髓侧角的P物质(SP)纤维在心血管活动中的作用,我们在乌拉坦麻醉的大鼠上进行了以下实验:(1)在完整大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射(ith)SP(15nmol/10μl),观察到内脏交感神经放电、心率及平均动脉血压均有明显升高。(2)在颈_1(C_1)横断脊髓的大鼠,ith 相同剂量相同体积的SP 却引起内脏交感神经放电及平均动脉血压轻度下降,心率稍有增加。(3)C_1 横断脊髓的大鼠静脉注射相同剂量的SP 则引起平均动脉血压急速降低及内脏交感神经放电增加,提示SP 在脊髓水平的直接作用系通过抑制交感传出放电而引起血压降低。(4)用ith PS 的1/10剂量、1/5体积给完整大鼠脑池注射(ici),观察到血压及内脏交感神经放电增加,但心率没有变化。 上述结果表明,(1)SP 作用于脑和脊髓,对心血管功能可能有不同的作用。(2)ith SP对完整大鼠心血管功能的作用是多途径的。 In awake rabbits, injection of 50μl hypertonic saline into the lateral cerebro-ventricle (icv.) resulted in an increase in arterial blood pressure, a decrease inheart rate, an inhibition of renal nerve activity, decreases in urinary outflow andfree water clearance, and increases in urinary osmotic pressure and the ratio ofurinary osmotic pressure to plasma osmotic pressure. There was no significantchange in urinary sodium excretion, osmotic clearance, renal blood flow and glome-rular filtration rate. However,... In awake rabbits, injection of 50μl hypertonic saline into the lateral cerebro-ventricle (icv.) resulted in an increase in arterial blood pressure, a decrease inheart rate, an inhibition of renal nerve activity, decreases in urinary outflow andfree water clearance, and increases in urinary osmotic pressure and the ratio ofurinary osmotic pressure to plasma osmotic pressure. There was no significantchange in urinary sodium excretion, osmotic clearance, renal blood flow and glome-rular filtration rate. However, during electroacupuncture of the "Zusanli" and"Shangjuxu" acupoints, icv. injection of hypertonic saline led to a deeper andlonger-lasting inhibition of renal nerve activity accompanied by a significant natri-uresis and increased osmotic clearance, while the other responses caused by icv.injection of hypertonic saline were the same as those in non-needled animals. Ele-ctroacupuncture alone caused no change in urinary sodium excretion. The natri-uretic effect following icv. injection of hypertonic saline during electroacupuncturepersisted after pretreatment of opiate antagonists naloxone or diprenorphine, butwas abolished in renally denervated animals. It is therefore suggested that thenatriuresis following icv. injection of hypertonic saline during electroacupunc-ture is mediated mainly, if not exclusively, by the inhibition of renal nerve activity.在清醒家兔中,侧脑室内注射高张盐溶液50μl能引起血压升高、心率减慢、肾神经放电抑制、尿量和游离水清除率降低、尿渗透压和尿渗透压/血浆渗透压比值升高,而尿钠排出量、渗透清除率、肾血流量和肾小球滤过率则无明显改变。在电针刺激相当于“足三里”和“上巨虚”穴的部位时,脑室内注射高张溶液后肾神经放电抑制的程度加深,放电抑制的时间延长,同时尿钠排出量和渗透清除率显著增加;但血压、心率、游离水清除率、尿渗透压和尿渗透压/血浆渗透压比值等指标的改变与不予电针的动物相同。电针本身并不引起尿钠排出增多。在电针的动物中,给予阿片受体拮抗剂纳洛酮或特培诺啡对于脑室内注射高张盐溶液的促尿钠排出效应没有影响;但在切除双侧肾神经后,脑室内注射高张盐溶液不再能引起尿钠排出增多。上述结果提示,电针可能加强脑室内注射高张盐溶液引起的肾神经活动抑制的效应,从而使肾脏排钠增加。&nbsp&&&&&相关查询
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