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功能简介：用户输入一个英语音标或美语音标，查询出对应的单词。
功能简介：通过若干个选择题，测试出用户对单词的熟悉程度，测算出熟悉比例，进而推算目前掌握的中小学单词词汇量。
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功能简介：为用户解决音标输入不便的问题，在编辑器中通过鼠标点选方式组合音标，再剪切到需要的任何地方。
wore的中文意思、音标、例句及语法
英语音标：[w?:(r)]
美语音标：[w?r]
转载需注明“转自yinbiao5.com”，违者必究
v.磨损；穿戴；使疲劳
n.磨损；穿着；耐久性
用作动词 (v.)
The inscription on the stone had worn away.
刻在石头上的文字已磨损了。
Machines soon wear out under rough usage.
机器如果使用不仔细, 很快就会磨损。
It was a freak of mine to wear pink pajamas.
穿上粉红色睡衣是我一时的奇想。
All visitors to the site must wear safety helmet.
到工地的所有参观者必须带上安全帽。
She was worn down by overwork.
她因过度劳累而垮了下来。
用作名词 (n.)
The insurance policy does not cover damage caused by normal wear and tear.
保险单内容不包括正常使用所导致的损坏。
The carpet will stand any amount of wear.
这地毯极其耐用。
Nowadays sportswear isn't only for the gym, it has become popular as informal weekend wear.
现在运动服已不限于在体育馆中,它在非正式的周末穿着中也很流行。
The carpet will stand any amount of wear.
这地毯极其耐用。
同样表示“穿”，wear是强调状态的持续，put on是一时的动作。
In such cold weather I wear my overcoat all day.在这样的寒冷天气里，我一整天都穿着外套。
wear和gear都有“佩戴品”的意思，但除了headgear指“头饰”外，gear作为此意已不常用。wear则有footwear，neckwear，underwear等；
表达“消耗”时，短语tear and wear要比wear and tear更加常用；
短语wear…to…表示“穿……到……去”，后面不是不定式，而应该接名词。
He wore this black coat to the meeting.他穿着这个大衣去开的会。
表示“耐穿”时，a cloth that will wear与a cloth that will not wear表达的含义相同。前者表示“一种耐穿的布”，而后者表示“一种穿不破的布”。
wear是不可数名词,基本意思是“穿着,戴着”,指“穿或戴的状态”,也可指“穿戴的衣物”,此时多与其他词构成复合词。wear引申可指“使用,用坏”和“耐用性”。
wear and tear意为“损坏,损耗,用坏”,尤指正常使用所造成的损坏。
wear用作动词的基本意思是“穿着,戴着”,可表示穿的动作,也可以表示一种持续的或经常的状态,其后不仅可接衣服,也可接帽子、眼镜等,还可表示“佩戴”“涂抹”。
wear引申还可指“保持某种状态”，作“许可”解时,多用于疑问句或否定句结构。
wear可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。用作及物动词时,后接名词或代词作宾语,还可接以形容词充当补足语的复合宾语。
wear的进行时可表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,此时句中一般有表示将来的时间状语或特定的上下文。
wear用作不及物动词时,主动形式可表示被动意义。
wear还可用作系动词,表示经使用后的变化,后接形容词作表语。
wear表示一般性的“穿着”时,不用于进行体,而表示瞬时性的“穿着”时,具有动作的性质,可用于进行体。
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2017年6月大学英语六级考试真题及答案解析（第二套完整版）
16:34&& 来源：外语教育网
给考生们送福利啦！2017年6月大学英语及答案解析（第二套完整版）已整理好，由校教务老师精心解析汇总，希望对即将参加考试的考生备考有多多帮助。
编辑推荐：
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions: Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to major in science or humanities at college, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.
【参考范文】
Whether to Major in Science or Humanities at College?
Nowadays, as the whole society place increasingly considerable value on education, the question of whether to major in science or humanities at college is not only a concern for students, but also a focal point for parents. Some believe that to dig into science is a better choice because it promises
others may hold the opposite view that humanity knowledge is the foundation of humanity quality.
As for me, both arguments are justified. However, I believe that the important thing is not about which subject is better, what matters most is people who will have to make the decision. In other words, we should not lay one-sided emphasis on the advantag on the contrary, the students themselves, their interests and preferences, pros and cons are supposed to be taken into consideration. For example, if a student is more adept at humanity and that&s where his real interests lie, then he should dedicate to the study on humanity.
Whether to major in science or humanities is a critical choice for every student because its result has a profound influence on personal career development and life style. Thus we should figure out what we really care about so as not to put the cart before the horse.
Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you mil hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1. A) Doing enjoyable work. B) Having friendly colleagues.
C)Earning a competitive salary. D) Working for supportive bosses.
【解析】对话中关于第一个调查，男士说有十大因素影响着人们在工作中的幸福感。并提及对接受调查的大多数人来说，最重要的因素就是拥有友好、 给予支持的同事。事实上，接受调查的人中有73%的人把与同事的关系作为促成工作幸福感的关键因素，这是一个很高的比例。由此可知，友好的同事是让员工感到幸福的第一因素。故选B。
2. A) 31%. B) 20%.
C)25%. D) 73%.
【解析】对话中女士问男士调查中还有没有发现其他的信息。男士在回答中提及&However, 20% of employees described themselves as being unhappy&，故选B。
3. A) Those of a small size. B) Those run by women.
C)Those that are well managed. D) Those full of skilled workers.
【解析】对话中男士说从调查中还得出了一些更有趣的结论：首先小公司很好，人们更明确地倾向于在不超过100人的较小的机构或公司中工作。由此可知，小规模的公司在员工中更受欢迎。故选A。
4. A) They can hop from job to job easily.
B) They can win recognition of their work.
C)They can better balance work and life.
D) They can take on more than one job.
【解析】对话中男士说一天只工作4、5个小时的兼职合同工比那些全职的人更快乐。随后提及，从调查中得出的结论是，这一现象可能是由于兼职合同工能更好地平衡工作和生活。故选C。
Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
5. A) It is a book of European history. B) It is an introduction to music.
C)It is about the city of Bruges. D) It is a collection of photos.
【解析】对话开篇女士问男士一开始是怎么对这一主题感兴趣的。男士在回答时提到，对逼近的危险的恐惧成为了这一大型拍摄项目的主题。由此可推断出，《洪水将至》是一本摄影集。故选D。
6. A) When painting the concert hall of Bruges.
B) When vacationing in an Italian coastal city.
C) When taking pictures for a concert catalogue.
D) When writing about Belgium&s coastal regions.
【解析】男士在回答女士的问题（一开始是怎么对这一主题感兴趣的）时提及，&2006年，布鲁日城的音乐厅让我为一个新的音乐节的目录拍一些关于水的主题的照片&。由此可知，男士是在为音乐节目录拍照时想出了这一作品的主题。故选C。
7. A) The entire European coastline will be submerged.
B)The rich heritage of Europe will be lost completely.
C)The seawater of Europe will be seriously polluted.
D)The major European scenic spots will disappear.
【解析】男士在对话中提及，传媒报导中有大量警惕性文章是关于即将发生的气候突变。并且对话中女士问男士，关于书中的原话&我不想拍摄灾难，我想拍摄即将发生的灾难&能否说些什么。男士在回答，整个欧洲的海岸线被淹没只是时间问题，这一点现在非常清楚。由此可知，气候突变发生时，整个欧洲的海岸线将被淹没。故选A。
8. A) Its waterways are being increasingly polluted.
B)People cannot get around without using boats.
C)It attracts large numbers of tourists from home and abroad.
D)Tourists use wooden paths to reach their hotels in the morning.
【解析】对话中男士在回答女士的问题（关于历史在这个项目中的作用）时提及，威尼斯是一座一直受到海水威胁的城市，在那里每天早上会建起接木桥让游客通往旅馆。故选D。
Directions: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.
9. A) They make careful preparation beforehand.
B) They take too many irrelevant factors into account.
C) They spend too much time anticipating their defeat.
D) They try hard to avoid getting off on the wrong foot.
9.【解析】题目是问一些人在面临新情况时是如何表现的。听力材料开头提到，一些人面对新情况时，常常花费太多的时间预期最坏的结果来预演他们的失败。其中C选项中的their defeat即听力材料中的the worst。故选C。
10. A) A person&s nervous system is more complicated than imagined.
B)Golfers usually have positive mental images of themselves.
C)Mental images often interfere with athletes& performance.
D)Thinking has the same effect on the nervous system as doing.
【解析】听力材料中提到，在斯坦福大学做的研究表明，心理影像对神经系统的刺激方式和行动对神经系统的刺激方式是一样的。并且在后文给出了一个高尔夫球手的例子来说明这一点。故选D。
11. A) Anticipate possible problems.
B) Make a list of do&s and don&ts.
C) Picture themselves succeeding.
D) Try to appear more professional.
【解析】听力材料中提到了一位女律师，她在开始她的第一个陪审团审案之前非常紧张。说话人给她的建议是：让她创造一个画面想象自己自信是什么样子的。对她而言这意味着，在法庭上自信地走动，用有说服力的肢体语言和突出自己的声音以便让临近后门的法官席上的人能够听见。她同样也想象了一个巧妙的结辩陈词和一个胜利的审判。由此可以推断出，说话人给处于压力情况下的人的建议是想象自己成功的样子。故选C。
12. A) She wore a designer dress. B) She won her first jury trial.
C)She did not speak loud enough. D) She presented moving pictures.
【解析】题目问及女律师在法庭上的表现。听力材料结尾提到，年轻的女律师在自信的预演几周之后，确实赢了第一个陪审团审案。故选B。
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.
13. A) Its long-term effects are yet to be proved.
B)Its health benefits have been overestimated.
C)It helps people to avoid developing breast cancer.
D)It enables patients with diabetes to recover sooner.
【解析】听力材料中提到，研究现在表明，把纤维添加到青少年的饮食中能帮助降低患乳腺癌的风险。并且在后文中也提到，饮食专家克里斯蒂&金发现很难使青少年病人关注健康的饮食，他告诉青少年病人多吃高纤维食物可以降低在中年之前患乳腺癌的风险。由此可知，把纤维放到青少年饮食中能够帮助人们避免患乳腺癌。故选C。
14. A) It focused on their ways of life during young adulthood.
B)It tracked their change in food preferences for 20 years.
C)It focused on their difference from men in fiber intake.
D)It tracked their eating habits since their adolescence.
【解析】听力材料中提到，有一项基于对44000名女性研究的新发现。该研究调查了她们高中时期的饮食，还追踪了她们20年来的饮食习惯。由此可知，这项对44000名女性的研究追踪了她们自青春期以来的饮食习惯。故选D。
15. A) Fiber may help to reduce hormones in the body.
B)Fiber may bring more benefits to women than men.
C)Fiber may improve the function of heart muscles.
D)Fiber may make blood circulation more smooth.
【解析】文章中提到，对44000名女性的研究表明了长期以来的证据，即纤维能够降低雌性激素的循环水平，这一点能够解释纤维为什么能够降低患乳腺癌的风险。其本质内容就是你吃的纤维越多，你身体中的激素水平可能越低，因此，患乳腺癌的风险也就越低。故选A。
Directions: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
16. A) Observing the changes in marketing.
B) Conducting research on consumer behavior.
C)Studying the hazards of young people drinking.
D) Investigating the impact of media on government.
【解析】听力材料开头就提到，说话者目前的研究实际上是关于消费者行为。其中，文章中提到的市场变化、年轻人喝酒都是在用案例论证要从消费者的角度看问题。媒体对政府的影响并未提及。故选B。
17. A) It is the cause of many street riots.
B) It is getting worse year by year.
C)It is a chief concern of parents.
D) It is an act of socialising.
【解析】听力材料中提到，在年轻人喝酒的案例中，能够确定的其中一件事情是对于18-24岁的年轻人来说，喝酒与参与社会活动有关。文章中还提到年轻人喝酒目前备受政府而不是父母的关切。故选D。
18. A) They spent a week studying their own purchasing behavior.
B)They researched the impact of mobile phones on young people.
C)They analysed their family budgets over the years.
D)They conducted a thorough research on advertising.
【解析】听力材料中提到，说话者的学生去年花了一周的时间研究他们自己的购买行为，并且对从商店到他们与零售银行和手机提供商之间的关系做了详细的分析。故选A。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.
19. A) It is helping its banks to improve efficiency.
B)It is trying hard to do away with dirty money.
C)It is the first country to use credit cards in the world.
D)It is likely to give up paper money in the near future.
【解析】题目是问从听力中我们对瑞典有何了解。听力材料开头提到，瑞典是第一个印刷和使用纸币的欧洲国家，但是它可能很快将不再使用纸币。D选项符合题意。故选D。
20. A) Whether it is possible to travel without carrying any physical currency.
B)Whether it is possible to predict how much money one is going to spend.
C)Whether the absence of physical currency causes a person to spend more.
D)Whether the absence of physical currency is going to affect everyday life.
【解析】听力材料中提到，克莱尔&贝瑞塔想查明没有纸币是否确实会导致一个人花更多的钱，因此她几个月前决定做一项实验。故选C。
21. A) There was no food service on the train.
B) The service on the train was not good.
C)The restaurant car accepted cash only.
D) The cash in her handbag was missing.
【解析】听力材料中提到，克莱尔&贝瑞塔在实验期间坐了一次火车。在途中，有一项通告告诉人们餐车目前不接受信用卡支付。因为很多乘客旅行中没有带现金， 所以火车上有很多抱怨。由此可知，火车上的餐车只接受现金支付。故选C。
22. A) By putting money into envelopes.
B)By drawing money week by week.
C)By limiting their day-to-day spending.
D)By refusing to buy anything on credit.
【解析】听力材料中提到，贝瑞塔说她的父母年轻的时候常把钱放进信封里来做预算。当他们拿到工资后，他们便立马把现金分为几份放进信封，这样他们就能知道每周有多少钱。故选A。
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.
23. A) Population explosion.
B)Chronic hunger.
C)Extinction of rare species.
D)Environmental deterioration.
【解析】听力材料中提到，说话者想要告诉我们人类人口的过去、现在和将来，并且用几个问题作为开场。第一个问题就是：现在有十亿人长期处于饥饿状态，这意味着他们醒来后感觉俄，一整天都感觉饿，睡觉的时候也感觉饿。故选B。
24. A) They contribute to overpopulation.
B)About half of them are unintended.
C)They have been brought under control.
D)The majority of them tend to end halfway.
【解析】听力材料中提到，有万不识字的女人在生育上没有得到她们想要的控制。这一问题不只在发展中国家有，全球有近五成的怀孕是出于意外。故选B。
25. A) It is essential to the wellbeing of all species on earth.
B)It is becoming a subject of interdisciplinary research.
C)It is neglected in many of the developing countries.
D)It is beginning to attract postgraduates& attention.
【解析】听力材料中提到，人口统计学不仅关乎人类的种群，也关乎于非人类种群，还包括无生命的对象。它是一种干预真实世界更明智、更有效的方法。它不仅能够提高你自己的福祉，同样重要的是，它还能够提高你自己和周围的人以及与我们共享地球的其 他物种的福祉。由此可知，人口统计学对地球上所有物种来说都是必要的。故选A。
Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
After becoming president of Purdue University in 2013, Mitch Daniels asked the faculty to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher education&s most important goals: critical thinking skills. Two years before, a nationwide study of college graduates had shown that more than a third had made no __26__ gains in such mental abilities during their school years. Mr. Daniels needed to __27__ the high cost of attending Purdue to its students and their families. After all, the percentage of Americans who say a college degree is &very important& has fallen __28__ in the last 5-6 years.
Purdue now has a pilot test to assess students& critical thinking skills. Yet like many college teachers around the U.S., the faculty remain __29__ that their work as educators can be measured by a &learning __30__& such as a graduate&s ability to investigate and reason. However, the professors need not worry so much. The results of a recent experiment showed that professors can use __31__ metrics to measure how well students do in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy.
Despite the success of the experiment, the actual results are worrisome, and mostly __32__ earlier studies. The organizers of the experiment concluded that far fewer students were achieving at high levels on critical thinking than they were doing for written communication or quantitative literacy. And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation.
American universities, despite their global __33__ for excellence in teaching, have only begun to demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees are still important, but employers are __34__ advanced thinking skills from college graduates. If the intellectual worth of a college degree can be __35__ measured, more people will seek higher education---and come out better thinkers.
A) accurately B) confirm C) demanding D) doubtful E) drastically
F) justify G) monopolized H) outcome I) predominance J) presuming
K) reputation L) significant M) signify N) simultaneously O) standardized
26.【解析】L。空格前是形容词no,空格后是名词gains，所以此空应该填入一个形容词。根据句意，选项中只有significant符合句意。have made no significant gains意为&未能取得显著提升&。故选L。
27.【解析】F。空格前是不定式to，空格后是名词词组the high cost,所以此空应该填入一个动词原形。根据句意，动词原形中只有justify符合句意。故选F。
28.【解析】E。空格前是has fallen，空格后是时间状语in the last 5-6 years，本句是现在完成时且不缺句子成分，所以此空应该填入一个副词。根据句意，选项中只有drastically符合句意。故选E。
29.【解析】D。空格前是动词remain，空格后是that引导的表语从句，所以此空应该填入一个形容词。根据句意，选项中只有doubtful符合句意。故选D。
30.【解析】H。双引号前是不定冠词a，所以此空应填入一个名词。根据句意，选项中只有outcome符合句意。故选H。
31.【解析】O。空格前是动词use，空格后是名词metrics，所以此空应该填入一个形容词或名词。根据句意，选项中只有standardized符合句意。故选O。
32.【解析】B。空格前是副词mostly，空格后是名词词组earlier studies，由空格所在小分句开头的and以及本句主语the actual results可知，此空应该填入一个动词原形。根据句意，选项中只有confirm符合句意。故选B。
33.【解析】K。空格前是形容词global，空格后是介词调组for excellence in teaching，所以此空应该填入一个名词。根据句意，选项中只有reputation符合句意。故选K。
34.【解析】C。空格前是系动词are,空格后是名词词组advanced thinking skills,所以此空应该填入一个动词，构成现在进行时。根据句意，&基于知识的学位仍然很重要，但雇主要求大学毕业生具备较强的思维能力。& 选项中只有demanding (要求；查问）符合句意。demand from为固定搭配，意为&向 要求&。故选C。
35.【解析】A。空格前是系动词be，空格后是动词的被动语态measured，所以此空应该填入一个副词，以修饰measured。根据句意，选项中只有accurately符合句意。故选A。
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2.
The Price of Oil and the Price of Carbon
[A] Fossil fuel prices are likely to stay &low for long&. Notwithstanding important recent progress in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies. The result would be higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
[B] Policymakers should not allow low energy prices to derail the clean energy transition. Action to restore appropriate price incentives, notably through corrective carbon pricing, is urgently needed to lower the risk of irreversible and potentially devastating effects of climate change. That approach also offers fiscal benefits.
[C] Oil prices have dropped by over 60% since June 2014. A commonly held view in the oil industry is that &the best cure for low oil prices is low oil prices&. The reasoning behind this saying is that low oil prices discourage investment in new production capacity, eventually shifting the oil supply curve backward and bringing prices back up as existing oil fields---which can be tapped at relatively low marginal cost----are depleted. In fact, in line with past experience, capital expenditure in the oil sector has dropped sharply in many producing countries, including the United States. The dynamic adjustment to low oil prices may, however, be different this time around.
[D] Oil prices are expected to remain lower for longer. The advent of new technologies has added about 4.2 million barrels per day to the crude oil market, contributing to a global over-supply. In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategic behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling-down of global demand (especially from emerging markets), the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes. These likely persistent forces, like the growth of shale(页岩) oil, point to a &low for long& scenario. Futures markets, which show only a modest recovery of prices to around $60 a barrel by 2019, support this view.
[E] Natural gas and coal&also fossil fuels&have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived. Coal and natural gas are mainly used for electricity generation, whereas oil is used mostly to power transportation, yet the prices of all these energy sources are linked. The North American shale gas boom has resulted in record low prices there. The recent discovery of the giant Zohr gas field off the Egyptian coast will eventually have impact on pricing in the Mediterranean region and Europe, and there is significant development potential in many other places, notably Argentina. Coal prices also are low, owing to over- supply and the scaling-down of demand, especially from China, which bums half of the world&s coal.
[F] Technological innovations have unleashed the power of renewables such as wind, hydro, solar, and geothermal(地热). Even Africa and the Middle East, home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables. For example, the United Arab Emirates has endorsed an ambitious target to draw 24% of its primary energy consumption from renewable sources by 2021.
[G] Progress in the development of renewables could be fragile, however, if fossil fuel prices remain low for long. Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels&30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas. But renewable energy will have to displace fossil fuels to a much greater extent in the future to avoid unacceptable climate risks.
[H] Unfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels. There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices. The same is true for new technologies for alleviating fossil fuel emissions.
[I] The current low fossil fuel price environment will thus certainly delay the energy transition from fossil fuel to clean energy sources. Unless renewables become cheap enough that substantial carbon deposits are left underground for a very long time, if not forever, the planet will likely be exposed to potentially catastrophic climate risks.
[J] Some climate impacts may already be discernible. For example, the United Nations Children&s Fund estimates that some 11 million children in Africa face hunger, disease, and water shortages as a result of the strongest El Nino(厄尔尼诺) weather phenomenon in decades. Many scientists believe that El Nino events, caused by warming in the Pacific, are becoming more intense as a result of climate change.
[K] Nations from around the world have gathered in Paris for the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21, with the goal of a universal and potentially legally-binding agreement on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We need very broad participation to fully address the global tragedy that results when countries fail to take into account the negative impact of their carbon emissions on the rest of the world. Moreover, non-participation by nations, if sufficiently widespread, can undermine the political will of participating countries to act.
[L] The nations participating at COP 21 are focusing on quantitative emissions-reduction commitments. Economic reasoning shows that the least expensive way for each country is to put a price on carbon emissions. The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first. The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions. A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes. In order to maximize global welfare, every country&s carbon pricing should reflect not only the purely domestic damage from emissions, but also the damage to foreign countries.
[M] Setting the right carbon price will therefore efficiently align the costs paid by carbon users with the true social opportunity cost of using carbon. By raising relative demand for clean energy sources, a carbon price would also help align the market return to clean-energy innovation with its social return, spurring the refinement of existing technologies and the development of new ones. And it would raise the demand for technologies such as carbon capture and storage, spurring their further development. If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy. While alternative estimates of the damage from carbon emissions differ, and it&s especially hard to reckon the likely costs of possible catastrophic climate events, most estimates suggest substantial negative effects.
[N] Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral(附带的) costs.
[O] The hope is that the success of COP 21 opens the door to future international agreement on carbon prices. Agreement on an international carbon-price floor would be a good starting point in that process. Failure to address comprehensively the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, however, exposes all generations, present and future, to incalculable risks.
36. A number of factors are driving down the global oil prices not just for now but in the foreseeable future.
37. Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
38. It is estimated that extreme weather conditions have endangered the lives of millions of African children.
39. The prices of coal are low as a result of over-supply and decreasing demand.
40. Higher fossil fuel prices prove to be conducive to innovation and application of cleaner technology.
41. If fossil fuel prices remain low for a long time, it may lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases.
42. Fossil fuels remain the major source of primary energy consumption in today&s world.
43. Even major fossil exporting countries have great potential to develop renewable energies.
44. Greenhouse gas emissions, if not properly dealt with, will pose endless risks for mankind.
45. It is urgent for governments to increase the cost of using fossil fuels to an appropriate level to lessen the catastrophic effects of climate change.
36.【解析】[D]。根据题干中的关键词A number of factors 和 driving down the global oil prices 可定位至[D]段第三、四句。
37.【解析】[L]。根据题干中的关键词Pricing carbon 和 the most economical way 可定位至[L]段第 二句。
38.【解析】[J]。根据题干中的关键词African children可定位至[J]段第二句。
39.【解析】[E]。根据题干中的关键词 over-supply and decreasing demand 可定位至[E]段最后一句。
40.【解析】[H]。根据题干中的关键词higher fossil fuel prices 以及 innovation and application of cleaner technology可定位至[H]段第二句。
41.【解析】[A]。根据题干中的关键词remain low for a long time 和 higher emissions of greenhouse gases可定位至[A]段第一、三句。
42.【解析】[G]。根据题干中的关键词primary energy consumption可定位至[G]段第二句。
43.【解析】[F]。根据题干中的关键词major fossil exporting countries 和 develop renewable energies可定位至[F]段第二句。
44.【解析】[O]。根据题干中的关鍵词not properly dealt with 和 pose endless risks 可定位至[O] 段最后一句。
45.【解析】 [B]。细节题。根据题干中的关键词urgent for governments, increase the cost 和 lessen the catastrophic effects可定位至[B]段第二句。
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.
Some communities have agreed to share online&geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects---but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: until recently, good dat grant funders were not it has been difficult to agree on standards and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.
But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to &shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve&. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.
Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers一those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often---get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood dens it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. &I&d much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,& she says. &It&s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.&
Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.
46. What do many researchers generally accept?
A) It is imperative to protect scientists& patents.
B)Repositories are essential to scientific research.
C)Open data sharing is most important to medical science.
D)Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.
【解析】由题干中的关键词many researchers, generally accept可定位至原文的第一段。D项中的is conducive to scientific advancement 对应原文的 accelerate science。因此选 D。
47. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?
A) Opposed. B) Ambiguous. C) Liberal. D) Neutral.
【解析】本题定位至原文第一段的最后：但是大部分研究人员仍不愿意将自己的劳动成果放在网上。此外，第二段的第二句说到， 科学家曾经给出许多反对共享的原因&&。这充分说明大部分研究人员反对公开他们的数据。因此选A。
48. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?
A) The fear of massive copying.
B)The lack of a research culture.
C)The belief that research data is private intellectual property.
D)The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.
【解析】本题定位至原文的第三段。其中原文中的&将数据视为私人所有的研究文化&也就是&认为研究数据是private intellectual property的观点&，因此选C。
49. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?
A)The ever-growing demand for big data.
B) The advancement of digital technology.
C)The changing attitude of journals and funders.
D) The trend of social and economic development.
【解析】由题干中的关键词barriers可定位至原文的第三段。该段指出，障碍正在消失，部分原因是全世界的杂志和资金资助机构正在鼓励科学家们将数据公开。&&资金资助机构表明使用公共资金赞助的数据应该成为公共信息。这表明杂志和资助方的态度已经开始接受共享数据的观念，其态度发生了改变，因此选C。
50. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________.
A)is becoming increasingly popular
B) benefits sharers and users alike
C)makes researchers successful
D)saves both money and labor
【解析】由题干中的关键词Dryad可定位至倒数第二段。原文意思是使用者对公开的数据有疑问的，还可对这些数据提出问题，这样可以使分享者进一步完善数据。这说明，公开数据分享无论对于数据的分享者还是使用者，他们都能从中受益。因此选B。
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Macy&s reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide-ranging challenges. Its flagship stores in major U.S. cities depend heavily on international tourist spending, which shrank at many retailers due to a strong dollar. Meanwhile, Macy&s has simply struggled to lure consumers who are more interested in spending on travel or dining out than on new clothes or accessories.
The company blamed much of the poor performance in November and December on unseasonably warm weather. &About 80% of our company&s year-over-year declines in comparable sales can be attributed to shortfalls(短缺) in cold-weather goods,& said chief executive Teny Lundgren in a press release. This prompted the company to cut its forecasts for the full fourth quarter.
However, it&s clear that Macy&s believes its troubles run deeper than a temporary aberration (偏离) off the thermometer. The retail giant said the poor financial performance this year has pushed it to begin implementing $400 million in cost-cutting measures. The company pledged to cut 600 back-office positions, though some 150 workers in those roles would be reassigned to other jobs. It also plans to offer &voluntary separation& packages to 165 senior executives. It will slash staffing at its fleet of 770 stores, a move affecting some 3,000 employees.
The retailer also announced the locations of 36 stores it will close in early 2016. The company had previously announced the planned closures, but had not said which locations would be affected. None of the chain&s stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.
Macy&s has been moving aggressively to try to remake itself for a new era of shopping. It has plans to open more locations of Macy&s Backstage, a newly-developed off-price concept which might help it better compete with ambitious T. J. Maxx. It&s also pushing ahead in 2016 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year. At a time when young beauty shoppers are often turning to Sephora or Ulta instead of department store beauty counters, Macy&s hopes Bluemercury will help strengthen its position in the category.
One relative bright spot for Macy&s during the holiday season was the online channel, where it rang up &double-digit& increases in sales and a 25% increase in the number of orders it filled. That relative strength would be consistent with what was seen in the wilder retail industry during the early part of the holiday season. While Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday all saw record spending online, in-store sales plunged over the holiday weekend.
51. What does the author say about the shrinking spending of international tourists in the U.S.?
A)It is attributable to the rising value of the U.S. dollar.
B)It is a direct result of the global economic recession.
C)It reflects a shift of their interest in consumer goods.
D)It poses a potential threat to the retail business in the U.S.
【解析】根据题干中的关键调shrinking, spending, international tourists 可定位至第一段的第二句，因此选A。
52. What does Macy&s believe about its problems?
A) They can be solved with better management.
B) They cannot be attributed to weather only.
C) They are not as serious in its online stores.
D) They call for increased investments.
52.【解析】本题定位于第二段的第一句，因此选B。
53. In order to cut costs, Macy&s decided to ________.
A) cut the salary of senior executives
B) relocate some of its chain stores
C) adjust its promotion strategies
D) reduce the size of its staff
【解析】根据题干中的关键词cut costs可定位于第三段的第二句至该段的最后一句，因此选D。
54. Why does Macy&s plan to expand Bluemercury in 2016?
A) To experiment on its new business concept. B) To focus more on beauty products than clothing.
C) To promote sales of its products by lowering prices. D) To be more competitive in sales of beauty products.
【解析】根据题干中的关键词expand，Bluemercury, in 2016可定位至第五段的第三、四句，因此选D。
55. What can we learn about Macy&s during the holiday season?
A) Sales dropped sharply in its physical stores.
B)Its retail sales exceeded those of T. J. Maxx.
C)It helped Bluemercury establish its position worldwide.
D)It filled its stores with abundant supply of merchandise.
【解析】根据题干中的关键词holiday season可定位至最后一段。因此选D。
Part IV Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
宋朝始于960年，一直延续到1279年。这一时期，中国经济大幅增长，成为世界上最先进的经济体，科学、技术、哲学和数学蓬勃发展。宋代中国是世界历史上首先发行纸币的国家。宋朝还最早使用火药并发明了活字（movable-type）印刷。人口增长迅速，越来越多的人住进城市，那里有热闹的娱乐场所。社会生活多种多样。人们聚集在一起观看和交易珍贵艺术品。宋朝的政府体制在当时也是先进的。政府官员均通过竞争性考试选拔任用。
【答案】The Song Dynasty started from 960 and lasted until 1279. During that period, China had witnessed a dramatic economic growth, making it the most advanced economy in the world. In the meantime, science, technology, philosophy and mathematics also experienced vigorous development. China back then was the first country to issue the paper money and also the earliest to use gunpowder and invent movable-type printing around the world. With burgeoning population, an increasing number of people flocked to cities where there were bustling entertainment outlets. People at that time enjoyed rich social life, gathering together to appreciate and trade precious artworks. The government system in Song Dynasty was also advanced, with all government officials selected and appointed through competitive examination.
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