ATM Switch Router Software Configuration Guide, 12.1(7a)EY - Configuring the ATM Traffic Shaping Carrier Module& [Cisco Catalyst 8500 Series Multiservice Switch Routers] - Cisco Systems
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Configuring the ATM Traffic-Shaping Carrier Module
This chapter describes the features and configuration procedures for the ATM traffic-shaping carrier module (TSCAM). The TSCAM is available on the Catalyst ;MSR and the LightStream 1010 ATM switch routers.
Note This chapter provides advanced configuration instructions for the Catalyst ;MSR and LightStream 1010 ATM switch routers. For complete descriptions of the commands mentioned in this chapter, refer to the ATM and Layer 3 Switch Router Command Reference publication.
This chapter includes the following sections:
The ATM traffic-shaping carrier module (TSCAM) augments the current traffic-shaping capabilities for the Catalyst ;MSR and the LightStream 1010 ATM switch routers by providing variable bit rate (VBR) and best-effort traffic-shaping capabilities. The TSCAM shapes the streams of cells sent over virtual connections (VCs) so they conform to bandwidth parameters, and they do not exceed the expected flow into the network. The TSCAM does this by temporarily holding cells in buffers and dispersing them as bandwidth parameters allow on the outgoing connection. The TSCAM helps ensure that cells are not dropped if they exceed the maximum traffic-flow parameters established between private and public networks.
You can enable traffic shaping on subcard 0 of a slot that is equipped with the TSCAM. For OC-3, T1, E1, and DS3 port adapters, a maximum of four traffic classes can be shaped. For example, if only VBR traffic is shaped, traffic shaping for VBR can be configured on a maximum of four ports (each port shapes two classes). If VBR traffic and best-effort traffic is shaped, a maximum of two ports can be configured for traffic shaping. For OC-12 port adapters, only one traffic class can be shaped.
Note Traffic-shaping configurations do not apply to regular virtual path (VP) tunnels defined on that interface, except in the case of unspecified bit rate (UBR) VP tunnels. For example, when best-effort traffic shaping is enabled on a physical interface, all the UBR VP tunnels defined on that interface are shaped to their peak cell rate (PCR), but individual VCs within those VP tunnels are not shaped.
The TSCAM schedules the traffic classes constant bit rate (CBR), VBR, and best effort in a strict priority in which CBR is the highest priority and best effort is the lowest priority. The best-effort traffic class includes UBR, available bit rate (ABR) and UBR+ service categories. When traffic shaping is disabled for all the traffic classes on a port, all the traffic from that port is switched unaltered as if it were a single connection at the highest priority.
Note Traffic shaping in the TSCAM is disabled by default. Any changes to shaping configurations are supported across switch reloads only.
An example of how the ATM TSCAM might work in a network is shown in
. In this example, the TSCAM is in a Catalyst ;MSR switch router that is on the edge of a private enterprise network connected to a public ATM network. The TSCAM helps ensure that the maximum number of cells transmit through to the public network.
Figure 22-1 TSCAM on an Enterprise Private Network
The ATM TSCAM offers the following benefits:
•Traffic shaping for up to four ports on any combination of T1, E1, and DS3 ports
•Traffic shaping for up to three ports on OC-3 ports
•Traffic shaping for up to one OC-12 port
•VC functionality for up to 32K VCs
•An aggregate bandwidth of OC-12
•Online insertion and removal (OIR)
•Traffic shaping for VBR and best-effort traffic
•Up to four TSCAMs in a chassis
•Up to four ports 256K cell buffers share
This section lists the hardware and software restrictions for the TSCAM.
The following hardware restrictions apply to the TSCAMs of the Catalyst ;MSR and LightStream 1010 ATM switch:
•Although the TSCAM occupies one full slot on the switch router, the traffic-shaping functionality can only be applied to ports on subcard 0.
•The TSCAM accommodates only OC-3, T1, E1, DS3, or OC-12 port adapters.
•Only three traffic classes can be shaped on the OC-3 port adapter.
•The TSCAM is not compatible with the FC-PCQ feature card.
•Successive OIR operations must have a delay of 1 minute between them, especially reseating a TSCAM itself or reseating the port adapter in subslot 0 in the TSCAM.
The following software restrictions apply to the TSCAMs of the Catalyst ;MSR and LightStream 1010 switch routers:
•Each TSCAM requires 2 MB of continuous main memory availability in the switch.
•Well-known VCs on an interface that is enabled for VBR traffic shaping will be automatically shaped at the maximum cell rate of that interface. Changing shaping properties for these VCs is not allowed.
•Any changes to the shaping configurations are supported across switch reloads.
•Tag switching VCs and Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) VCs are not currently supported.
•The maximum rate to which a VC can be shaped on an OC-12 interface is 595,085 Kbps
•The minimum rate that a VC can be shaped is as follows:
–36 Kbps for DS3, E3, T1, E1, and OC-3 interfaces
–145 Kbps for OC-12 interfaces
•When VBR connections are shaped using sustainable cell rate (SCR), PCR, and maximum burst size (MBS), the burst tolerance computed always rounds up to the next higher value that conforms to the expression ((2n)-1). For example, if the burst tolerance calculated is 144, the actual burst tolerance used is 255 or ((28)-1).
Note Burst tolerance is not applicable to the shaping of best-effort connections and the PCR-only mode of shaping for VBR connections.
•Each TSCAM requires 2 MB of contiguous main memory availability in the system.
•The maximum rate at which a VC can be shaped on an OC-12 interface is 595,085 Kbps.
•The minimum rate at which a VC can be shaped to is as below :
–36 Kbps for DS3, E3, T1, and E1 interfaces
–37 Kbps for OC-3 Interfaces
–145 Kbps for OC-12 Interfaces.
A total of 256K cell buffers are available on the TSCAM. On an interface enabled for shaping, the number of available cell buffers is the same as the maximum threshold for that interface.
lists the maximum threshold values. These values are the defaults and depend on the number of interfaces configured for traffic shaping. The maximum congestion thresholds for interfaces are not configurable.
Table 22-1 Default Interface Maximum Thresholds 
To configure traffic shaping on your ATM TSCAM, perform the following steps, beginning in global configuration mode:
Step 1
Switch(config)# interface atm card/subcard/port
Switch(config-if)#
Selects the physical interface to be configured.
Step 2
Switch(config-if)# atm traffic shaping enable {vbr [pcr-only] | best-effort}
Switch(config-if)# exit
Enables traffic shaping.
Step 3
Switch# copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config
Copies the running configuration in system memory to the startup configuration stored in NVRAM.
Note Any changes to the traffic-shaping configuration take effect upon saving the configurations to NVRAM and reloading the switch, or upon performing an OIR on the port adapter in subcard 0 of the ATM TSCAM.
The following example shows how to enable VBR traffic shaping:
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# interface atm 4/0/0
Switch(config-if)# atm traffic shaping enable vbr
Switch(config-if)# end
Switch# copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config
The ATM TSCAM supports maximum thresholds for traffic class and for VCs. This section describes how to configure these thresholds.
To configure traffic class thresholds, perform the following steps, beginning in privileged EXEC mode:
Step 1
Switch# show atm vc atm slot/subslot/port
Verifies that the VCs on the interface are in a down state.
Step 2
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)#
Enters interface global configuration mode.
Step 3
Switch(config)# interface atm slot/subslot/port
Switch(config-if)#
Enters interface configuration mode.
Step 4
Switch(config-if)# shutdown
Disables the interface.
Step 5
Switch(config-if)# atm traffic shaping thresholds class {best-effort | vbr} maximum percent
Sets traffic-shaping thresholds on an interface.
Step 6
Switch(config-if)# no shutdown
Enables the interface.
Note Prior to changing the traffic class maximum threshold configuration, you must disable the interface using the shutdown command. You do not have to disable the interface when configuring per-VC maximum thresholds.
The following example shows how to configure a traffic-shaping threshold for a traffic class:
Switch# show atm vc interface atm 0/0/0
X-Interface
X-VPI X-VCI Encap
Switch# configure terminal
Switch(config)# interface atm 0/0/0
Switch(config-if)# shutdown
Switch(config-if)# atm traffic shaping thresholds class vbr maximum 80
Switch(config-if)# no shutdown
Note Class maximum thresholds are expressed as percentages of the interface maximum threshold values. To display interface maximum thresholds, enter the show atm interface resource atm slot/subslot/port in privileged EXEC mode.
To configure VC thresholds, perform the following steps, beginning in global configuration mode:
Step 1
Switch(config)# interface atm slot/subslot/port
Switch(config-if)#
Enters interface configuration mode.
Step 2
Switch(config-if)# atm traffic shaping thresholds vc {best-effort | vbr} maximum buffers
Sets traffic-shaping thresholds on an interface.
Note New per-VC maximum thresholds only apply to new VCs created after making the threshold configuration changes. The new threshold configuration is not applied to the maximum threshold values of existing VCs.
The following example shows how to configure traffic-shaping thresholds for VCs:
Switch(config)# interface atm 0/0/0
Switch(config-if)# atm traffic shaping thresholds vc vbr maximum 3000
To show the traffic-shaping configuration of the switch, use the following privileged EXEC commands:
Switch# show atm traffic shaping slot slot
Verifies that traffic shaping is enabled on a slot.
Switch# show atm interface resource atm slot/subslot/port
Verifies the traffic-shaping threshold configurations.
Switch# show atm vc interface atm slot/subslot/port vpi vci
Displays traffic-shaping statistics.
The following example shows the configured ports on a Catalyst ;MSR switch router:
Switch# show atm traffic shaping slot 4
CATS Carrier Module State : ACTIVE
Shaper Configuration Status :
Shapers In Use by Config : 3
Shapers Available for Config : 1
Shaper Hardware Status :
Shaper 0 :
In Use - interface : atm 4/0/1 - Class : vbr
Shaper 1 :
In Use - interface : atm 4/0/2 - Class : Best-Effort
Shaper 2 :
Not In Use.
Shaper 3 :
Not In Use.
Statistics :
Total cell discards = 15, clp0 discards = 3,
clp1 discards = 12
Free cell buffers = 203852
cells queued for all ports = 58291
The following example shows the threshold values configured on a Catalyst ;MSR switch router:
Switch# show atm interface resource atm4/0/0
Resource Management configuration:
Service Classes:
Service Category map: c2 cbr, c2 vbr-rt, c3 vbr-nrt, c4 abr, c5 ubr
Scheduling: RS c1 WRR c2, WRR c3, WRR c4, WRR c5
WRR Weight: 15 c2, 2 c3, 2 c4, 2 c5
Interface traffic-shaping Configuration:
VBR Shaping : Enabled in Config - Enabled In hardware
Best-Effort Shaping : Enabled in Config - Enabled In hardware
VBR Class MaxThreshold :
Configuration : 40%, Installed Cell Buffers : 47104
Best-Effort Class MaxThreshold :
Configuration : 60%, Installed Cell Buffers : 77824
Per-VC Queue Thresholds for VBR :
MaxThreshold : Configured = 512, Installed = 512
Per-VC Queue Thresholds for Best-Effort :
MaxThreshold : Configured = 1024, Installed = 1024
CAC Configuration to account for Framing Overhead : Disabled
Pacing: disabled
0 Kbps rate configured, 0 Kbps rate installed
overbooking :
Service Categories supported: cbr,vbr-rt,vbr-nrt,abr,ubr
Link Distance: 0 kilometers
Resource Management state:
Traffic Shaper Interface MaxThreshold (in cell buffers) :
Currently Installed : 65536,
Value on Next Reset : 65536
Traffic Shaper Interface queue cell count : 0
Available bit rates (in Kbps):
147743 cbr RX, 147743 cbr TX, 147743 vbr RX, 147743 vbr TX,
147743 abr RX, 147743 abr TX, 147743 ubr RX, 147743 ubr TX
Allocated bit rates:
0 cbr RX, 0 cbr TX, 0 vbr RX, 0 vbr TX,
0 abr RX, 0 abr TX, 0 ubr RX, 0 ubr TX
Best effort connections: 0 pvcs,
The following example shows the traffic-shaping statistics on a Catalyst ;MSR switch router:
switch# show atm vc interface atm 4/0/1 0 5
Interface: ATM4/0/1, Type: oc3suni
Status: UP
Time-since-last-status-change: 00:00:25
Connection-type: PVC
Cast-type: point-to-point
Packet-discard-option: enabled
Usage-Parameter-Control (UPC): pass
Wrr weight: 15
Number of OAM-configured connections: 0
OAM-configuration: disabled
OAM-states:
Not-applicable
Cross-connect-interface: ATM0, Type: ATM Swi/Proc
Cross-connect-VPI = 0
Cross-connect-VCI = 84
Cross-connect-UPC: pass
Cross-connect OAM-configuration: disabled
Cross-connect OAM-state:
Not-applicable
Encapsulation: AALQSAAL
Connection Priority: High
Threshold Group: 6, Cells queued: 0
Rx cells: 7, Tx cells: 5
Tx Clp0:5,
Tx Clp1: 0
Rx Clp0:7,
Rx Clp1: 0
Rx Upc Violations:0, Rx cell drops:0
Rx pkts:7, Rx pkt drops:0
Switch Tx Statistics :
Tx Clp0 : 5,
Tx Clp1 : 0, TxCells : 5
Rx connection-traffic-table-index: 3
Rx service-category: VBR-RT (Realtime Variable Bit Rate)
Rx pcr-clp01: 424
Rx scr-clp01: 424
Rx mcr-clp01: none
cdvt: 1024 (from default for interface)
Tx connection-traffic-table-index: 3
Tx service-category: VBR-RT (Realtime Variable Bit Rate)
Tx pcr-clp01: 424
Tx scr-clp01: 424
Tx mcr-clp01: none
cdvt: none
Traffic Shaper Connection Identifier : 9
Traffic Shaper Connection Queue Cell Count : 1
AAL5 statistics:
Crc Errors:0, Sar Timeouts:0, OverSizedSDUs:0
BufSzOvfl:
Small:0, Medium:0, Big:0, VeryBig:0, Large:0
This section lists the following granularity tables for configuring traffic-shaping rates on ATM interfaces:
The tables display shaping rates in cells per second and can be used for configuring connection traffic table (CTT) rows. When configuring CTT rows, the traffic parameters are specified in kilobits per second (kbps). By referring to the values listed in the tables, you can choose the rate in cells per second that most closely matches the desired kbps rate for CTT rows.
Two granularity tables represent each interface type. For example,
shows rates for best-effort connections and variable bit rate (VBR) connections using PCR-only mode.
shows rates for VBR connections shaped using their PCR, SCR, and MBS parameters (the default VBR shaping mode). The DS3, E3, E1, and T1 interfaces share the same values and are therefore represented in the same granularity tables.
The resource management software uses the following algorithm to convert the rates given in kbps to cells per second. You can also use the algorithm as a guideline for determining the kbps value that must be configured for the CTT rows.
In the following expression, kbps_val represents a rate specified in units of kbps and cps_val is the cell per second equivalent of the specified kbps_val. Also, the following expressions use integer division and the operator % represents modulus operations.
intermediate=(kbps_val * 125);
if ((intermediate % 53) !=0)
cps_val = (intermediate / 53) + 1;
cps_val = (intermediate / 53);
Note Observed traffic-shaping rates may vary as much as 2% from the values listed in these tables.
shows the DS3, E3, E1, and T1 rates for best-effort connections and VBR connections when shaped using PCR-only mode.
Table 22-2 Best-Effort and VBR Shaping (PCR-Only Mode) Rates for DS3, E3, E1, and T1 (Cells Per Second) 
shows the DS3, E3, E1 and T1 rates for VBR connections that are shaped using their PCR, SCR and MBS parameters (the default shaping mode).
Table 22-3 VBR Shaping (Using PCR, SCR and MBS) Values for DS3, E3, E1, and T1 (Cells Per Second) 
shows the OC-3c rates for best-effort connections and VBR connections when shaped using PCR-only mode.
Table 22-4 Best-Effort and VBR Shaping (Pcr-Only Mode) Rates for OC-3c (Cells Per Second) 
shows the DS3, E3, E1 and T1 rates for VBR connections that are shaped using their PCR, SCR and MBS parameters (the default shaping mode).
Table 22-5 VBR Shaping (Using PCR, SCR and MBS) Rates for OC-3c (Cells Per Second) 
shows the OC-12 rates for best-effort connections and VBR connections when shaped using PCR-only mode.
Table 22-6 Best-Effort and VBR Shaping (PCR-Only Mode) Rates for OC-12 (Cells Per Second) 
shows the OC-12 rates for VBR connections that are shaped using their PCR, SCR and MBS parameters (the default shaping mode).
Table 22-7 VBR Shaping (Using PCR, SCR, and MBS) Rates for OC-12 (Cells Per Second) &&|&&企业热线：35
专家帮你算：月入万元缴税多少？
&&&点击数：67次&&&来源：新京报&&& 15:51:53
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　　月入万元到底税负多少？有网友算称达6000多元，记者昨日采访相关专家和算账得知，个税外加其他间接税，即使极端情况下，可支配收入全部用来购买税率最高的卷烟，税负最高大约4698.4元。
　　近日一则个人账单在网上争相转载引发关注。“月收入1万，要交14%个税，12%公积金，8%养老，4%医疗失业险=3800元，剩6200元；如果你拿出6200全部消费，需要为你消费的商品埋单17%增值税，28%各种杂税=2800元，所以，一个月赚1万的人，你相当于要拿出6600元来（缴税）。”
　　财政部财政科学研究所副所长、财税政策专家苏明昨日表示，如果10000元都是“工资、薪金”收入，从税收原理上来讲，不可能缴税这么高达数千元，一般说个人缴税多少不算消费过程中产生多少税，而且具体缴税多少，是和消费者个人具体的消费情况直接相关的。
　　据了解，个人缴税情况分直接税和间接税，那么两者相加，月收入“万元户”究竟会缴纳多少？
　　　算　账：扣个税“五险一金”剩约7000
　　个人所缴纳的直接税为个人所得税。当前个人所得税的起征点为2000元，该项个税缴纳的基准是“工资、”收入，还包括一些稿酬等收入，适用不同的税率和公式。假定该消费者万元均为“工资、薪金”收入，则他的应纳税所得额，为10000元减去2000元起征点，还要扣除“”。
　　记者昨日咨询北京市社保中心，以及北京住房公积金管理中心证实，当前五个险种中，包括养老保险、医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险和生育保险，后两者个人不必缴纳。当前养老保险的个人缴费标准，为本人上一年月平均工资的8%。医疗保险个人缴费标准，为个人上一年月平均工资的2%+3元，个人缴费标准，为个人上一年月平均工资的0.2%。当前北京住房公积金的个人缴纳标准为个人上一年月平均工资的12%。因此该消费者“五险一金”的费用为2223元。
　　那么该消费者个税应纳税所得额为10000元，减去2000元免征点，再减去2223元，为5777元。根据个人所得税9级税率，“超过5000元至20000元的部分”适用税率为20%，速算扣除数为375。按照应纳个人所得税税额=应纳税所得额×适用税率-速算扣除数的公式，该消费者应该缴纳的个税为780.4元。
　　这也就意味着，该消费者尽管月入万元，在扣除“五险一金”和个人所得税后，当月拿到手的可支配金额为6996.6元。
　　7000元全部用于消费，缴税额在350-3918元之间
　　在缴纳完个人所得税后，按照该消费者的计划全部用来，在各种消费过程中，需要缴纳不同的间接税税种，如增值税、消费税和营业税等。但是每个人的缴纳情况，和个人具体消费情况直接相关。
　　首先看增值税，增值税是我国第一大税种。增值税就是在原材料到商品成品的过程中，对每一个增值环节所征收的税。目前我国有不同增值税率，包括基本税率17%、低税率13%等。比如手机的增值税税率为17%，图书的增值税税率为13%。
　　记者昨日从北京国税了解到，增值税为价外税，如果购买一本图书的价格为100元，则需要缴纳增值税13元，而和国外很多国家不同，国内商家标明的售价中，往往已经包含了增值税，即书的标价为113元。这意味着，如果该消费者将到手的6996.6元全部消费，假设适用最高的增值税税率17%，则相应的增值税款为1016.6元（即.17×17%）。
　　另外一大税种为营业税，营业税适用的典型行业包括交通运输业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业等。即如果该消费者在餐厅消费，支付的金额中也包含一定的营业税。当前我国的营业税税率也分为几个档次，如交通运输业3%、邮电通信业3%、娱乐业5%-20%等。如果按照5%的税率，那么该消费者可能缴纳的营业税为349.83元。
　　此外，间接税中还有一个不能忽视的大税种―――消费税。中国对特定的消费品和消费行为加征消费税，很多奢侈品或者是不利于环保的商品，是消费税重点照顾的对象。需要缴纳消费税的商品包括烟、酒、鞭炮、化妆品、贵重首饰及珠宝玉石、高尔夫球具、高档手表、游艇、木制一次性筷子、摩托车、小汽车等。共有13个档次的税率，最低3%，最高56%。如当前税率最高的是卷烟，税率为56%加0.003元/支，如果该消费者的可支配收入全部购买香烟，那么消费税一项约可达3918元。以此极端情况下的税额与个税相加，月入万元者的税负大约是4698.4元。
　　延伸：业内呼吁降低间接税比重，中国间接税高于直接税引发专家关注
　　通过计算可以得知，该消费者的各项间接税缴纳，极其有可能超过直接税的比重。这也体现出，我国现行税制的格局是以间接税为主体的，间接税比重过大，直接税比重较小，绝大多数发达国家的税收收入都以直接税为主。而该问题，正是当前不少财税专家所关注的问题。
　　数字显示，无论从个人来讲还是从企业来讲，2009年，在全国6.3万亿元的税收总额中，包括个人所得税和企业所得税在内的直接税收占的比重只有28%；2010年我国税收总额73202亿元中，间接税的比重也占到了七成左右。从个人生活来看，构成低收入家庭和低收入者的真正生活负担的，并不是作为直接税的个人所得税，而是增值税和消费税等间接税，即每个家庭天天去超市买油、买盐、买米，或到餐馆吃顿饭，实际上都要缴很重的间接税。
　　财政部科研所所长贾康曾呼吁，降低间接税比重迫在眉睫。中国社科院财政与贸易研究所所长高培勇也曾表示，现行税制体系中，直接税的占比低而间接税占比高，两者间的配置极不均衡，应该逐步增加直接税比重。
　　财政部部长谢旭人此前也撰文表示，要逐步提高我国直接税的比重，更好地发挥税收调节收入分配的作用。从税收原理上，直接税能更好地体现调节收入分配的作用，间接税普遍课征的一般流转税调节收入分配的功能比较弱。
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