articulated reduction gear什么意思及同义词
沪江词库精选articulated reduction gear是什么意思、英语短语。
中文释义： 联接式减速齿轮
托收委托书
胃液采取术
2015articulated reduction gear是什么意思由沪江网提供。rate of energy absorbed by draft gear什么意思及同义词
沪江词库精选rate of energy absorbed by draft gear是什么意思、英语短语。
中文释义： 缓冲器能量吸收率
托收委托书
胃液采取术
2015rate of energy absorbed by draft gear是什么意思由沪江网提供。double-reduction gear什么意思及同义词
沪江词库精选double-reduction gear是什么意思、英语短语。
中文释义： 复式减速齿轮
托收委托书
胃液采取术
2015double-reduction gear是什么意思由沪江网提供。Treating Decompression Illness
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Diving Equipment & Gear
Treating Decompression Illness
By Fred Bove, M.D., Ph.D
It is not common to develop a decompression related illness, but if
you do, you should know something about the different forms of treatment
for decompression sickness (DCS) or arterial gas embolism (AGE). These
two injuries together are often referred to as decompression illness
(DCI). There are many manifestations of DCI. These can include pain
in an elbow or knee, or a neurologic injury that produces numbness or
weakness in a leg, difficulty with urination, or paralysis. Even more
severe injury can occur from pulmonary barotrauma and arterial air embolism.
Regardless of the seriousness of your symptom, your next step is to
recognize the fact that you have decompression sickness or air embolism,
and need recompression therapy. You may seek treatment yourself in a
hyperbaric chamber after the dive, or might be transported to a hyperbaric
When you learn about therapy, you will discover that the most common
treatment tables were developed by the United States Navy and have been
in use for many years in the treatment of decompression illness. There
are also treatment tables from the British Navy, from France, and an
interesting one from Australia that involves returning to depth in the
water. This was developed because dive sites in the South Pacific can
be far from a treatment facility.
Most treatment tables will take you to a depth of 60 feet for usual
types of decompression sickness, to 100 feet when injuries are severe,
and to 165 feet if the physician feels that brain injury from AGE is
most likely to improve with greater bubble compression.
Treatment for DCS and AGE usually starts with a recompression to 60
feet on 100 percent oxygen. This begins the standard Navy Table 6. In
some cases, when only a joint is involved, a short 60 feet oxygen table
(U.S. Navy Table 5) may be used. Both tables expose the injured diver
to 60 feet of 100 percent oxygen for a period of time, then ascend to
30 feet and provide further exposure to 100 percent oxygen. U.S. Navy
Table 6 (see chart) provides short intervals of air breathing to avoid
oxygen toxicity.
In the past, treatment of arterial air embolism with evidence of brain
injury involved use of Table 6a. It begins with a recompression to 165
feet on air, or a mixture of 50 percent oxygen in nitrogen. After 20
minutes at 165 feet, the diver is brought to 60 feet and the remainder
of the treatment is similar to Table 6. Research has demonstrated that
Table 6 usually provides the same benefit as Table 6a, which is now
used for refractory DCI that is not improving with Table 6. Most treatment
protocols described the use of Navy Table 4 when treatment fails with
either Table 6 or Table 6a. Table 4 is one of several saturation tables.
These expose divers to treatments in excess of 24 hours and are usually
reserved for large hyperbaric facilities. Navy Table 7 can be used for
severe cases of DCI that have not responded to more conventional therapy.
In-water Recompression Therapy
Divers in the South Pacific developed treatment tables that involve
underwater treatment. This is because of long distances and prolonged
delays expected when a diving accident occurs in remote sites. These
treatments follow a planned schedule, and use oxygen in a fashion similar
to other tables—supplied through a full-face mask. Appropriate
diving dress is needed to keep the injured diver warm. Equipment also
includes some form of communication between the surface, the attendant
and the injured diver. Treatment begins when the diver is lowered to
30 feet, breathing 100 percent oxygen. After 30 minutes in mild cases
or 60 minutes in severe cases, the diver begins ascent at a rate of
four minutes per foot. Total elapsed time for a mild case would be about
two and one-half hours, and for severe cases about three hours. Upon
surfacing, the injured diver is given surface oxygen, alternating one
hour on oxygen and one hour on air for 12 hours. For comparison, U.S.
Navy Table 6 has a minimum time of four hours and 45 minutes, but can
be extended by adding additional oxygen periods at either 60 feet or
30 feet. U.S. Navy Table 4 requires 38 hours and 11 minutes. U.S. Navy
Table 7 begins at 60 minimum time at 60 feet is 12 hours
and the patient uses periodic oxygen breathing as in Table 6. Decompression
starts with two-foot excursions. The total ascent time from 60 feet
to the surface is about 36 hours.
Chamber Configurations
The treatment tables must be modified when single-person chambers, or
monoplace chambers, are used. These are usually compressed with 100
percent oxygen and the patient breathes the chamber gas. In a large
chamber facility (a multiplace chamber), the chamber is compressed with
air and several patients breathe oxygen through masks. Air breaks are
possible by removing the masks. Monoplace therapy is usually provided
at 30 feet to avoid oxygen toxicity. Treatment should account for the
severity of the illness and the need for medical support. Unconscious
divers requiring assisted respiration can be treated in a monoplace
chamber, but they are better cared for in a multiplace chamber.
It is always important to locate the nearest treatment facility when
planning a dive trip, and be sure that the dive operation manager or
boat captain has a protocol for medical evacuation of an injured diver.
This information should be shared with the diving group.
Information about the nearest facility can be obtained by calling the
Divers Alert Network. Divers are also advised to purchase insurance
to provide funding for transportation and treatment of a diving injury.}