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For other uses, see .
The X-Men are a fictional team of
appearing in
published by . Created by writer
and artist/co-writer , the characters first appeared in
#1 (September 1963). They are among the most recognizable and successful intellectual properties of Marvel Comics, appearing in numerous books, television shows, , and .
The X-Men are , a subspecies of humans who are born with superhuman abilities. The X-Men fight for peace and equality between normal humans and mutants in a world where antimutant bigotry is fierce and widespread. They are led by Charles Xavier, also known as , a powerful mutant telepath who can control and read minds. Their archenemy is , a powerful mutant with the ability to generate and control . Professor X and Magneto have opposing views and philosophies regarding the relationship between mutants and humans. While Professor X works towards peace and understanding between mutants and humans, Magneto views humans as a threat and believes in taking an aggressive approach against them, though he has found himself working alongside the X-Men from time to time.
Professor X is the founder of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters at a location commonly called the , which recruits mutants from around the world. Located in , the X-Mansion is the home and training site of the X-Men. The founding five members of the X-Men who appear in
#1 (September 1963) are Angel (), , , , and Marvel Girl ();
also make their first appearances in
#1. Since then, dozens of mutants from various countries and diverse backgrounds have held membership as X-Men.
In 1963, with the success of
in , as well as , , , and , co-creator
wanted to create another group of superheroes without coming up with new origins for how they got their powers. In 2004, Stan Lee recalled "I couldn't have everybody bitten by a radioactive spider or exposed to a gamma ray explosion. And I took the cowardly way out. I said to myself, 'Why don't I just say they're . They were born that way.'"
In a 1987 interview, Jack Kirby said,
"The X-Men, I did the natural thing there. What would you do with mutants who were just plain boys and girls and certainly not dangerous? You school them. You develop their skills. So I gave them a teacher, Professor X. Of course, it was the natural thing to do, instead of disorienting or alienating people who were different from us, I made the X-Men part of the human race, which they were. Possibly, radiation, if it is beneficial, may create mutants that’ll save us instead of doing us harm. I felt that if we train the mutants our way, they’ll help us - and not only help us, but achieve a measure of growth in their own sense. And so, we could all live together."
The X-Men #1 (Sept. 1963) is the debut of the X-Men, , and . Art by .
Lee devised the series title after Marvel publisher
turned down the initial name, "The Mutants," stating that readers would not know what a "mutant" was. Within the , the X-Men are widely regarded to have been named after
himself. Xavier however claims that the name "X-Men" was never chosen to be a self-tribute.[] The name is also linked to the "X-Gene," an unknown gene that causes the mutant evolution.[] The original explanation for the name, as provided by Xavier in The X-Men #1 (1963), is that mutants "possess an extra power... one which ordinary humans do not!! That is why I call my students... X-Men, for EX-tra power!"
Early X-Men issues introduced the original team composed of , , , , and , along with their archenemy
featuring , , , and . The comic focused on a common human theme of good versus evil and later included storylines and themes about
and , all of which have persisted throughout the series in one form or another. The evil side in the fight was shown in human form and under some sympathetic beginnings via Magneto, a character who was later revealed to have survived Nazi concentration camps only to pursue a hatred for normal humanity. His key followers, Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch, were . Only one new member of the X-Men was added, /Calvin Rankin, but soon left due to his temporary loss of power.
The title lagged in sales behind Marvel's other comic franchises. In 1969, writer
and illustrator
rejuvenated the comic book and gave regular roles to two recently introduced characters: /Alex Summers (who had been introduced by Roy Thomas before Adams began work on the comic) and Lorna Dane, later called
(created by
and ). However, these later X-Men issues failed to attract sales and Marvel stopped producing new stories with issue #66, later reprinting a number of the older comics as issues #67–93.
Giant-Size X-Men #1 (May 1975). Cover art by Gil Kane and Dave Cockrum.
#1 (1975), writer
and artist
introduced a new team that starred in a revival of The X-Men, beginning with . This new team, however, differed greatly from the original. Unlike in the early issues of the original series, the new team was not made up of teenagers and they also had a more diverse background. Each was from a different country with varying cultural and philosophical beliefs, and all were already well-versed in using their mutant powers, several being experienced in combat. The "all-new, all-different X-Men" were led by Cyclops, from the original team, and consisted of the newly created
(from the ),
(from Kenya), and
(a Native American from the
nation). In addition to the newly created members were three previously introduced characters:
(from Ireland),
(from Japan), and
(from Canada). Wolverine eventually became the
on the team and, in terms of comic sales and appearances, the most popular X-Men character. A revamped Jean Grey soon rejoined the X-Men as the popular "Phoenix". Angel, Beast, , and
also made significant guest appearances.
The revived series was illustrated by Cockrum, and later by , and written by . Claremont became the series' longest-running contributor. The run met with critical acclaim and produced such early storylines as the death of Thunderbird, the return of the Sentinels and the emergence of Phoenix, the saga of the
and the fight for control of the M'Kraan Crystal, the resurrection of Garokk the Petrified Man, the introduction of
saga. Other characters introduced during this time include , , , and , with her genetic research facility on .
This section, except for one footnote, needs additional citations for . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)
The 1980s began with the comic's best-known story arc, the , which saw Phoenix manipulated by the illusionist Mastermind and becoming corrupted with an overwhelming lust for power and destruction as the evil Dark Phoenix. Other important storylines included , the saga of
and the , the discovery of the Morlocks, the invasion of the Dire Wraiths and The Trial of Magneto, as well as , the partial inspiration for the 2003 movie .
By the early 1980s, X-Men was Marvel's top-selling comic title. Its sales were such that distributors and retailers began using an "X-Men index", rating each comic book publication by how many orders it garnered compared to that month's issue of X-Men. The growing popularity of Uncanny X-Men and the rise of comic book specialty stores led to the introduction of a number of ongoing spin-off series nicknamed "X-Books." The first of these was , soon followed by , , , and a solo
title. When Claremont conceived a story arc, the , which was too long to run in the monthly X-Men, editor
decided to have it overlap into several X-Books. The story was a major financial success, and when the later
was similarly successful, the marketing department declared that the X-Men lineup would hold such
Throughout the decade, Uncanny X-Men was written solely by Chris Claremont, and illustrated for long runs by John Byrne, Dave Cockrum, , , and . Additions to the X-Men during this time were /Shadowcat, , , , , , /Phoenix, and . In a controversial move, Professor X relocated to outer space to be with , Majestrix of the
Empire, in 1986. Magneto then joined the X-Men in Xavier's place and became the director of the New Mutants. This period also included the emergence of the , the arrival of the mysterious , and the villains , , , and .
In 1991, Marvel revised the entire lineup of X-Books, centered on the launch of a second X-Men series, simply titled . With the return of Xavier and the
to the team, the roster was split into two strike forces: Cyclops' "Blue Team" (chronicled in X-Men) and Storm's "Gold Team" (in Uncanny X-Men).
Its first issues were written by longstanding X-Men writer
and drawn and co-plotted by . Retailers pre-ordered over 8.1 million copies of issue #1, generating and selling nearly $7 million (though retailers probably sold closer to 3 million copies ), making it the best-selling comic book of all-time, according to , which presented honors to Claremont at the 2010 .
Another new X-book released at the time was , featuring the characters from , it was written by
and . Internal friction soon split the X-books' creative teams. In a controversial move, X-Men editor
sided with Lee (and Uncanny X-Men artist ) over Claremont in a dispute over plotting. Claremont left after only three issues of X-Men, ending his 16-year run as X-Men writer. Marvel replaced Claremont briefly with , who scripted both books for a few issues. Byrne was then replaced by Nicieza and , who would take over the majority of writing duties for the X-Men until Lee's own departure months later when he and several other popular artists (including former X-title artists Liefeld, Portacio, and ) would leave Marvel to form . Jim Lee's X-Men designs would be the basis for much of the
animated series and action figure line as well as several Capcom video games.
The 1990s saw an even greater number of X-books with numerous ongoing series and miniseries running concurrently. X-book crossovers continued to run annually, with "" in 1990, "" in 1991, "" in 1992, "" in 1993, "" in 1994, "Legion Quest"/"" in 1995, "" in 1996, and "" in 1997. Though the frequent crossovers were criticized by fans as well as editorial and creative staff for being artificially regular, disruptive to the direction of the individual series, and having far less lasting impact than promised, they continued to be financially successful.
There were many new popular additions to the X-Men in the 1990s, including , , and . Gambit became one of the most popular X-Men, rivaling even
in size of fanbase after his debut in Uncanny X-Men #266 (Aug. 1990). Many of the later additions to the team came and went, such as , , , , and a new . Xavier's
grew up and became , and the next generation of students began with , featuring Jubilee and other teenage mutants led and schooled by
and former villainess
at her Massachusetts Academy. In 1998,
ended and the latter was replaced with , starring
stranded in a . Marvel launched a number of solo series, including , , , , and , but few of the series would survive the decade.
In 2000, Claremont returned to Marvel and was put back on the primary X-Men titles during the
event. He was later removed from the two flagship titles in 2001 and created his spin-off series, . X-Men had its title changed to
and writer
took over. The book is often referred to as the Morrison-era, due to the drastic changes he made, beginning with "," where a new villain, , destroys , killing sixteen million mutants. Morrison also brought reformed ex-villain
into the primary X-Men team, and opened the doors of the school by having Xavier "out" himself to the public about being a mutant. The bright spandex costumes that had become iconic over the previous decades were replaced by black leather street clothes reminiscent of the uniforms of the X-Men films. Morrison also introduced , who would figure prominently in the climax of his run.
set in Marvel's revised imprint was also launched. While
began his controversial run on .
Several short-lived spin-offs and miniseries started featuring several X-Men in solo series, such as , , , , and . Another series, , started at the same time and concluded in December 2007 which led to New Exiles in January 2008 written by Claremont.
and 's books were merged into one book, . Following Morrison's departure, a third core X-Men title,
was launched which was written by .
was also launched focusing on the lives of the new young mutants at the Institute. This period included the resurrections of
and , a new death for , who later returned temporarily in the , as well as Emma Frost becoming the new headmistress of the Institute. The Institute formerly ran as a school, until the
of 98% of the mutant population served as a safe haven to mutants who are still powered.
In 2007, the
crossover saw the destruction of the Xavier Institute and the disbanding of the X-Men. It spun the new volumes of , following the team led by Wolverine, and , following Cable's attempts at protecting . X-Men was renamed into X-Men: Legacy which focused on Professor X, Rogue and Gambit. Under Cyclops' leadership, the X-Men later reformed in Uncanny X-Men #500, with their new base located in San Francisco. Uncanny X-Men returned to its roots as the flagship title for the X-Franchise and served as the umbrella under which the various X-Books co-exist. In 2009,
written by
served as the second part in the trilogy that began with Messiah Complex was released.
written by Matt Fraction, was a crossover of
and Uncanny X-Men that served as a part of the
storyline. A new
volume written by Zeb Wells, which featured the more prominent members of the original team reunited was launched. Magneto joined the X-Men during the
storyline to the dismay of other members of the X-Men, such as Beast, who left the team. Magneto began to work with Namor to transform Utopia into a homeland for both mutants and Atlanteans. After the conclusion of Utopia,
became the main character of X-Men: Legacy.
Notable additions to the X-Men have been Emma Frost, , , ,
and . While former villains such as , , , and
became members of the X-Men. Other notable story arcs of this decade are "" (2001), "," "," "" (2004), "" (2005),
(), "" (2007), "" (2008), "" (), , and "" (2009). The X-Men were also involved in the "" storyline.
In 2010, "" continued the plot threads on "Messiah Complex" and "House of M", while in 2012, "" served as a closure to story lines such as "House of M" and "Decimation". It also ended with the death of Professor X and reappearance of new mutants. The aftermath of the "" (2011) led to the fallout between
and . Featured in a new series titled , Wolverine rebuilt the original X-Mansion and named it as .
As part of the
relaunch in 2012, many of the X-Men titles were canceled and relaunched, including X-Force, X-Factor, X-Men: Legacy, , and Uncanny X-Men. The relaunched Uncanny X-Men features Cyclops, his team, and the new mutants, taking up residency in the
facility, which they have rebuilt into a school and named as the New Charles Xavier School for Mutants. New flagship titles such as ,
were launched. Uncanny Avengers featured a team of Avengers and X-Men members while All-New X-Men featured the original five X-Men members being brought to the present day. In 2013, for the 50th anniversary of the X-Men franchise, "" was published which involved members of both X-Men schools try to decide what to do about the time-displaced original X-Men.
Notable additions to the X-Men have been , ,
and . Other notable story arcs of this decade are "" (), "", "" (2011) and "" (2014).
The X-Men exist in the
along with other characters featured in Marvel Comics series. They often meet characters from other series, and the global nature of the mutant concept means the scale of stories can be highly varied. The X-Men's enemies range from mutant thieves to galactic threats.
Historically, the X-Men have been based in the , near Salem Center, in north-east , and are often portrayed as a family. The X-Mansion is often depicted with three floors and two underground levels. To the outside world, it acted as a higher learning institute until the 2000s, when Xavier was publicly exposed as a mutant at which point it became a known mutant . Xavier funds a corporation aimed at reaching mutants worldwide, though it ceased to exist following the "." The X-Men benefit from advanced technology such as Xavier tracking down mutants with a device called
the X-Men train within the , first depicted as a room full of weapons and booby traps, now as generating hol and the X-Men travel in their .
The X-Men train in the , as depicted in X-Men Origins #1 (Oct. 2008). Art by Mike Mayhew.
The X-Men introduced several fictional locations which are regarded as important within the shared universe in which
characters exist:
, an asteroid made by Magneto, a mutant utopia and training facility off of the Earth's surface.
, an island near Madagascar and a longtime
regime against mutants. Given control by the U.N. to
until the E Is for Extinction story.
, an island in , near Singapore. Its location is shown to be in the southern portion of the , south west of Singapore.
, fictional twisted amusement park designed by the Marvel supervillain known as Arcade.
, a remote island off the coast of . This is primarily known in the X-Men universe as the home of 's laboratory.
(also known as District X), an area in , populated largely by mutants and beset by poverty and crime.
, a preserved location in
which is home to a number of extinct species, most notably .
, Cyclops had Asteroid M raised from the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the San Francisco as a response to the rise of antimutant sentiment to form a mutant nation.
– In a world where
is killed before he can form the X-Men,
leads the X-Men in a dystopian world ruled by . Created and reverted via time travel.
have either killed or placed into concentration camps almost all mutants. Prevented by the time-traveling Kate Pryde (the adult Kitty Pryde/Shadowcat).
– Reality is altered by , with her father Magneto as the world's ruler. 2005's crossover event, it concludes with a reversion to the normal Marvel Universe, albeit with most mutants .
– Mutants are known as the "Witchbreed" in this alternate reality set during the time of . Carlos Javier creates a "school for the children of gentlefolk" to serve as a safe haven and training ground.
– Set in a dystopian world with new characters looking to the original X-Men as history, becoming
– Set in a world where
was captured along with his parents by the Shi'ar and only Alex escaped, allowing him to be the eventual leader of this Universe's X-Men ("The Six"). The Mutant X universe reimagines , , and Professor X as villains and
and Apocalypse as heroes.
– Set in the reimagined
– An alternate continuity diverging from X-Men, vol. 2 #3, continuing as though writer Chris Claremont had never left writing the series.
– Set in the 1930s, with the X-Men as a mysterious criminal gang and the Brotherhood as a secret society of corrupt cops.
– A possible ending to the X-Men's early 2005 status quo.
The conflict between mutants and normal humans is often compared to real-world conflicts experienced by minority groups in America such as African Americans, Jews, various religious (or "non-religious") groups, Communists, the
community, etc. It has been remarked that attitudes towards mutants do not make sense in the context of the , since non-mutants with similar powers are rarel X-Men editor
remarked that "I think that's literary, really - because there is no difference between
and . If a guy comes into my office in flames, or a guy comes into my office and turns to steel, I'm going to have the same reaction. It doesn't really matter that I know their origins. [...] as a book, The X-Men has always represented something different - their powers arrive at puberty, making them analogous to the changes you go through at adolescence - whether they're special, or out of control, or setting you apart - the misfit identity theme." Also on an individual level, a number of X-Men serve a
function as their powers illustrate points about the nature of the outsider.
"The X-Men are hated, feared and despised collectively by humanity for no other reason than that they are mutants. So what we have here, intended or not, is a book that is about racism, bigotry and prejudice."
—Uncanny X-Men writer , 1981
: Although this was not initially the case,
has come to be compared to
to the more militant . The X-Men’s purpose is sometimes referred to as achieving "Xavier’s dream," perhaps a reference to King’s historic "" speech. (Magneto, in the first film, quotes Malcolm X with the line ".") X-Men comic books have often portrayed mutants as victims of , evoking images of the
of African Americans in the age before the .
and antimutant hate groups such as , Humanity's Last Stand, the
are thought to often represent oppressive forces like the
giving a form to denial of civil rights and amendments. In the 1980s, the comic featured a plot involving the fictional island nation of , where mutants are segregated and enslaved by an
state. This is widely interpreted as a reference to the situation in
at the time.
: Explicitly referenced in recent decades is the comparison between antimutant sentiment and anti-Semitism. Magneto, a
survivor, sees the situation of mutants as similar to those of Jews in . At one point he even utters the words "never again" in a 1992 episode of the X-Men animated series. The mutant slave labor camps on the island of , in which numbers were burned into mutant's foreheads, show much in common with , as do the internment camps of the classic "" storyline. In the third X-Men film, when asked by Callisto: "If you're so proud of being a mutant, then where's your mark?" Magneto shows his concentration camp tattoo, while mentioning that he will never let another needle touch his skin. In the prequel film , a fourteen-year-old Magneto suffers
during his time in the camps and witnesses his mother's death by gunshot.
: Characters within the X-Men mythos hail from a wide variety of nationalities. These characters also reflect religious, ethnic or sexual minorities. Examples include ,
who are Jewish,
who are Muslim,
who is a devout Catholic, and
who is . Jubilee is Chinese American,
is born to
parents from , and Warpath along with his deceased brother the first
are Apache Native Americans.
represents two aspects of the African diaspora as her father was African American and her mother was Kenyan.
was portrayed as a devout Catholic from Vietnam, who regularly attended Mass and confession when she was introduced as a founding member of the New Mutants. This team also included
(a devout Scots Presbyterian),
(a Cheyenne Native American) and , and was later joined by
(a devout Greco-Roman classical religionist). Different nationalities included , , , D Psylocke, Wolf , S M N S , Neal Shaara, etc.
: Some commentators have noted the similarities between the struggles of mutants and the
community, noting the onset of special powers around
and the parallels between being
and the mutants' concealment of their powers. In the comics series, gay and
characters include , , , , , , ,
(whose marriage was depicted in the comics in 2012), , ,
of Colossus. In the film , 's mother asks him, "Have you ever tried not being a mutant?" after revealing the comics version of the character was then revealed to be gay in 2015.
issues also come up with shapechangers like Mystique, , and
who can change gender at will. It has been said that the comic books and the X-Men animated series delved into the AIDS epidemic with a long-running plot line about the , a seemingly incurable disease thought at first to attack only mutants (similar to the AIDS virus which at first was spread through the gay community).
: Occasionally, undercurrents of the "Red Scare" are present.
proposal of a
is similar to the efforts of
to try to ban Communism in the United States. In the 2000
film, Kelly exclaims, "We must know who these mutants are and what they can do," even brandishing a "list" of known mutants (a reference to Senator 's list of
members who were working in the government).
: Religion is an integral part of several X-Men storylines. It is presented as both a positive and negative force, sometimes in the same story. The comics explore
through the person of
and his Purifiers, an antimutant group that emerged in the 1982 graphic novel . The Purifiers believe that mutants are not human beings but children of the devil, and have attempted to exterminate them several times, most recently in the "Childhood's End" storyline. By contrast, religion is also central to the lives of several X-Men, such as , a devout Catholic, and , a devout Sunni Muslim who wears an Islamic .
: In some cases, the mutants of the X-Men universe sought to create a subculture of the typical mutant society portrayed. The , though mutants like those attending Xavier's school, hide away from society within the tunnels of New York. These Morlock tunnels serve as the backdrop for several X-Men stories, most notably
crossover. This band of mutants illustrates another dimension to the comic, that of a group that further needs to isolate itself because society won't accept it. In ’s stories of the early 2000s, mutants are portrayed as a distinct subculture with "mutant bands," mutant use of code-names as their primary form of self-identity (rather than their given birth names), and a popular mutant fashion designer who created outfits tailored to mutant . The series
takes place in an area of New York City called "Mutant Town." These instances can also serve as analogies for the way that minority groups establish subcultures and neighborhoods of their own that distinguish them from the broader general culture. Director
has remarked that the X-Men franchise has served as a metaphor for acceptance of all people for their special and unique gifts. The mutant condition that is often kept secret from the world can be analogous to feelings of difference and fear usually developed in everyone during adolescence.[]
The insecurity and anxieties in Marvel's early 1960s comic books such as The Fantastic Four, The Amazing Spider-Man, The Incredible Hulk, and X-Men ushered in a new type of superhero, very different from the certain and all-powerful superheroes before them, and changed the public's perception of superheroes.
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