1.根据文章内容In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in the Amazon forest. In
1980, there were only 200,000.可知答案为D
2.根据文章内容But in 1988, someone found gold in their forest, and suddenly 45,000
people came to the forest and began looking for gold. They cut down the forest
to make roads. They made more than a hundred airports.可知答案为D
3.根据文章内容But in 1988, someone found gold in their forest, and suddenly 45,000
people came to the forest and began looking for gold.可知答案为A
4.根据单词的意思，可知答案为B
5.根据文章内容大意可知答案为B
请选择年级七年级八年级九年级请输入相应的习题集名称(选填)：
科目：初中英语
来源：学年江苏扬州邗江区七年级下期第一次期末模拟考试英语卷（带解析）
题型：完型填空
Mr. Evans lived in a city. He was a math __1__ three years ago. He taught well and his students __2__ him. So he decided to work in the middle school all his life. But a terrible accident __3__ his life. One spring he took his class to __4__ a place of interest. The children saw a lot of ___5__ things and had a good time there. But on their way to school, their __6__ was hit by a truck because the young driver was drunk. Five students __7__ and more than half the students were __8__ in the accident. He didn’t know how it had happened and was very __9__ it and after he came out of hospital, he left school and became a __10__. He tried his best to stop the drivers from breaking the traffic laws(交通规则). He worked hard and was strict with the drivers. So they were afraid of him. One afternoon it was very hot. Mr. Evans was __11__. He was standing at the crossing and watching the traffic. Suddenly he saw a car___12__ the crossing. It ran so fast that it almost hit a man __13__ a bike. He stopped it at once and saw a girl in it.“_14__ your license (执照) to me, Madam,” said Mr. Evans.The girl handed her bag to him and said, “Please look for it in the bag __15__. I can’t see anything without glasses.”【小题1】A．workerB．teacherC．doctor D．farmer【小题2】A．likedB．wishedC．helped D．answered【小题3】A．hitB．wonC．lost D．changed【小题4】A．buildB．breakC．visitD．find【小题5】A．terribleB．dangerousC．safe D．interesting【小题6】A．busB．trainC．car D．ship【小题7】A．leftB．livedC．died D．fell【小题8】A．surprisedB．hurtC．locked D．unusual【小题9】A．sad aboutB．afraid ofC．interested in D．worried about【小题10】A．shopkeeper B．policemanC．cleaner D．driver【小题11】A．at home B．in the officeC．at work D．at school【小题12】A．rushed B．to rushC．rush D．rushing【小题13】A．on B．inC．by D．with【小题14】A．Send B．SellC．Show D．Lend【小题15】A．youB．I C．yourself D．myself
科目：初中英语
来源：学年浙江省宁波七中初二下学期期中考试英语试卷（带解析）
题型：阅读理解
An Englishman was showing a foreign visitor around London. "What's that strange building?" asked the visitor. "That's the Tower of London." "I see. How long did it take to build it?” “About 500 years." "In my country we can build it in five months." said the visitor. A short time after that, they come to St. Paul's Cathedral (大教堂)."Very interesting, "said the visitor, "How long did it take to build it?& Nearly forty years." said the Englishman. "In my country we can finish it in forty days." said the visitor. This went on all day. They visited most of the best known buildings in the city. Every time they saw a new one, the visitor asked what it was and how long it took to build it. Then he said that they could do the same things much faster in his country. At last the Englishman got angry with the visitor though he tried not to show it. A few days later they came to the House of Parliament(议会大厦) and the visitor asked his usual question. "What's that?” The Englishman answered, "I've no idea. It wasn't there last night."【小题1】The Englishman showed the foreign visitor around____________.A．the Tower of LondonB．St. Paul's CathedralC．some famous buildings in LondonD．the whole city of London【小题2】The visitor said that in his country it would take them ____________to build St. Paul's Cathedral.A．less than half a yearB．more than a monthC．five hundred yearsD．forty years【小题3】The Englishman was very angry by the end of the day, but he______________A．tried not to let the visitor know itB．tried not to show the visitor around the cityC．had no time to tell the visitorD．didn't want to say anything【小题4】The Englishman's last answer showed he______________.A．was sorry that he hadn't seen the building beforeB．could say nothing because he didn't know anything about itC．was not happy and decided to give him a surprising answerD．didn't know how to tell the visitor the name of the building【小题5】The best title (标题) for this passage is_______________.A．English historyB．Around LondonC．What's that strange building?D．How long did it take to build it?
科目：初中英语
来源：2012届北京市通州区九年级中考一模英语试卷（带解析）
题型：阅读理解
When I was a boy growing up in New Jersey in the 1960s, we had a milkman delivering milk to our doorstep. His name was Mr. Basille. He wore a white cap and drove a white truck.Of course, he delivered (分发) more than milk. There was cheese, eggs and so on. If we needed to change our order, my mother would write a note — “Please add a bottle of buttermilk next delivery”. Then she put the note and the empty bottles into the milk box. The next day, the buttermilk would magically appear.There was also a close relationship between families and their milkmen. Mr. Basille even had a key to our house, for those times when it was so cold outside that we put the box in the house, so that the milk wouldn’t freeze. And I remember Mr. Basille from time to time taking a break at our kitchen table, having a cup of tea and telling stories about his delivery.I am sad that there is no home milk delivery today. Big companies produce cheaper milk, and milk is for sale everywhere. People may not need the milkman anymore.Recently, I saw an old milk box in the countryside and it brought back my childhood memories. I took it home and put it outside the door. My son’s friends always ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship with his milk.【小题1】The milkman delivered milk to family _____ in the old days.A．by carB．by bikeC．on footD．by truck【小题2】The writer’s mother put the note _____. A．into the bottlesB．into the milk boxC．in the kitchenD．in front of the door【小题3】The writer brought back home an old milk box because he _____.A．missed the good old daysB．wanted to tell funny storiesC．needed it for his milk bottleD．wanted to give it to the milkman
科目：初中英语
来源：2012届江苏省泰州中学附属初中初三第二次模拟考试英语试卷（带解析）
题型：阅读理解
China's long-awaited rules on school bus safety finally came into force on Tuesday, including a list of ways aimed at reducing the risk of accident.Among the biggest changes is that buses carrying students will be given priority(优先权) in traffic, while companies and drivers will need licenses to offer school transport services.Officials have spent more than four months making the rules, during which time the country has been shocked by several big crashes because of overcrowded school buses.The latest accident happened on Monday in Yangchun, Guangdong province, in which three kindergarten pupils were killed and 14 others injured.Rules and fundingIn the new rules, a school bus is considered as a vehicle with more than seven seats that is transporting children receiving the State's nine-year compulsory education (ages 6 to 15) to or from school. This can also be for preschoolers(学龄前儿童) if a parent is unable to take them to or from kindergarten（幼儿园）.School buses must also operate in routes marked in the map by governments to ensure safety.PunishmentCompanies and bus drivers who fail to meet the rules face the punishment.Drivers against the rules will be fined 200 yuan ($32) and vehicles will be taken away from its owner if they have been used as an unlicensed school bus.【小题1】New safety rules for school buses can ________.A．make the students have a school busB．make fewer accidentC．make the school bus biggerD．punish the parents【小题2】The accident happened usually because ________.A．there were more students than there should be in the busB．the road is not wide enoughC．there were not any rule at firstD．companies and drivers faced no punishment【小题3】Which of the following is Not true?A．When a truck and a school bus meet, the school bus can go first.B．The students (ages 3—5) mustn’t take school bus according to the rules.C．Those who break the rules will be fined two hundred yuan.D．The school bus has at least 7 seats.【小题4】The passage mainly talks about ________.A．the accident in GuangdongB．the school bus safety rulesC．how to punish the driversD．what a school bus is like【小题5】A school bus must go _______.A．different ways every dayB．after other busesC．with all the studentsD．the same way all the days
科目：初中英语
来源：学年浙江省杭州市杭州二中树兰实验学校初三第二学期统测英语试卷
题型：阅读理解
New York is one of the last large American cities to have some of its policemen on horseback. The New York police have 170 horses working in certain parts of the city. The horses are expensive to feed, but it is even more expensive to look after them. Because the horses must walk on the streets, they need special horseshoes. In fact , they need more than 8,000 of them each year. Every police horse in New York gets new shoes every month. Keeping these shoes in good repair is the job of six blacksmiths. There are only about thirty-five of these blacksmiths in the whole United States.The cost of shoing a horse is between twenty dollars and thirty-five dollars, and it takes a good blacksmith two or three hours to do the job.A blacksmith’s job is not an easy one. He must be able to shape a shoe from a piece of metal and then fit it to the horse’s foot. The blacksmith must bend over all the time when he is fitting the shoe and must hold the weight of the horse’s leg while he works. Clearly, a blacksmith must be very storng. But even more important, he must be able to deal with horses---for before the blacksmith can begin his work, he has to get the horse to lift its leg.One of the blacksmiths in New York is James Corbin. He came to the country from Ireland in 1948. He not only makes horseshoes for the police but also works for a group of horse owners near the city. Corbin became interested in blacksmithing because his father did it, and,as the puts it, “It’s a good way to make a living.” 【小题1】According to the reading passage, a blacksmith must be likely a______ man.A．cleverB．richC．strongD．lucky【小题2】James Corbin became a blacksmith because he__________.A．was interested in horsesB．was needed by the policemenC．drew a picture of the horseshoeD．had a make a living【小题3】In the reading passage “to shape a shoe” is to__________.A．fit it on the horse’s foot B．use it for two or three hoursC．make the from of a horseshoe from a piece of metalD．draw a picture of the shoe【小题4】The best title for the passage is “__________”.A．Policemen on HorsebackB．Blacksmiths and HorseshoeingC．James Corbin, a BlacksmithD．Horseshoeing is a Good Way to Make a Living【小题5】Which of the following is true?A．Only a few large American cities have some policemen on horseback.B．New York is the only city in America to have some policemen on horseback.C．Policemen on horseback enjoy travelling around the United States.D．Policemen on horseback are less expensive than those in cars.There have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history. Now we’re facing a sixth.
Resize Text
There have been five
in Earth's history. In the worst one, 250 million years ago, 96 percent of marine species and 70 percent of land species died off. It took millions of years to recover.
Nowadays, many scientists are predicting that we're on track for a sixth mass extinction. The world's species already seem to be vanishing . And humans are altering the Earth's landscape in far-reaching ways: We've hunted animals like the great auk to extinction. We've cleared away broad swaths of rain forest. We've transported species from their natural habitats to new continents. We've pumped billions of tons of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere and oceans, transforming the climate. Those changes could push many species to the brink. A 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggested that
of plant and animal species faced an increased risk of extinction this century if the planet keeps warming rapidly (though scientists
these estimates, with some lower, some far higher). So what happens if the extinction rate does speed up? That's one of the questions that New Yorker science writer Elizabeth Kolbert explores in her new book, , an in-depth look at the science of extinction and the ways we're altering life on the planet. We spoke by phone this week about the topic. Brad Plumer: Let's start by walking through the history of science here. Back in the 18th century, no one even knew that there were any extinct species. How did we get from there all the way to realizing that there had been five of these mass extinction events in Earth's history? Elizabeth Kolbert: There is an interesting history there. Up until the early 1800s, the concept of extinction didn’t really exist. Even early in the 19th century, you had Thomas Jefferson hoping that when he sent Lewis and Clark to the Northwest, that they would find mastodons roaming around. Mastodon bones had been unearthed — there was a very famous one unearthed in New York and displayed in Philadelphia — and people thought they must still exist somewhere.
But right around that time, a French naturalist named Georges Cuvier came to the realization that look, if these animals were out there, we would have seen them by now. They are not there. And that made sense of a lot of things. There were these bones that were very, very hard to explain. And more and more of them as Europeans colonized the New World, they were getting these bones shipped to them. It made sense of these weird nautical creatures that had been found that no one ever found. S0 extinction actually predated the concept of evolution by about half a century — people knew that things went extinct, even though they didn't really understand how species came into being. But there was still some debate. Cuvier thought that when extinctions happened, it must be because the Earth changed quickly and catastrophically. Why else would an animal that was perfectly suited to life on this planet go extinct? His theory became known as "catastrophism." And Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin came along and said, that's ridiculous, the Earth changes slowly, we've never seen a catastrophe, that's because they don't exist. That paradigm persisted until the 1980s and 1990s. That was when Walter Alvarez and his father Luis Alvarez came up with the theory that an asteroid impact had done in the dinosaurs. And that idea was actually resisted for the same reasons — the dominant view was that the Earth does not change quickly. But then it was proven. And so now the prevailing view of change on planet Earth, as one paleontologist put it, is that the history of life consists of long periods of boredom interrupted occasionally by panic. It usually changes slowly, but sometimes it changes fast, and when it does, it's very hard for organisms to keep up. BP: Nowadays, scientists are aware of
in the past, starting with the End-Ordovician Extinction 450 million years ago and up to the End-Cretaceous Extinction that killed off the dinosaurs 66 million years ago (see chart). Is there a lot we still don't know about what caused these events?
EK: Yes, absolutely, although it depends. So I think with the dinosaurs, [the asteroid theory] is quite widely accepted at this point. There was
in Science on this subject last year, although there are still a couple of holdouts. The worst mass extinction of all time came about 250 million years ago [the ]. There's a pretty good consensus there that this was caused by
that went on for a long time and released a lot of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere. That is pretty ominous considering that we are releasing a lot of CO2 into the atmosphere and people increasingly are drawing parallels between the two events. The very first extinction event [the ], seems to have been caused by some kind of sudden cold snap, but no one's exactly sure how that happened. But then, with the other two, the causes of those are pretty murky and people have tried to come up with a unified theory for these extinctions, but that hasn't worked at all. The causes seem to be pretty disparate. BP: Now, at some point scientists realized that present-day extinction rates seem to be elevated — that species may now disappearing faster than . (Though precise estimates are tricky because measuring that background rate .) How did they realize this? EK: I think a point that's important to make is that, normally, you shouldn't be able to see anything go extinct in the course of a human lifetime. The normal background rate of extinction is very slow, and speciation and extinction should more or less equal out. But that's clearly not what is happening right now. Any naturalist out in the field has watched something go extinct or come perilously close. Even children can name things that have gone extinct. So as soon as this concept of background vs. mass extinction came into being in the 1980s, people realized that what we're seeing today is not just background extinction. Now, whether you make the jump to say that a major mass extinction is going on or just an elevated extinction rate, that's up for debate. But if you are looking at this in a rigorous way, you can see that something unusual is going on. BP: One thing your book explores is that no single factor will drive current and future extinctions. There's hunting and poaching. There's deforestation. There are invasive species. There's climate change and the acidification of the oceans. Which of these stands out as most significant? EK: To me, what really stood out... And I always say, look, I'm not a scientist, I'm relying on what scientists tell me. And I think many scientists would say that
could end up being the most significant. One-third of the carbon-dioxide that we pump into the air ends up in the oceans almost right away, and when CO2 dissolves in water, it forms an acid, that's just an unfortunate fact. The chemistry of the oceans tends to be very stable, and to overwhelm those forces is really hard. But we are managing to do it. When people try to reconstruct the history of the ocean, the best estimate is that what we're doing to the oceans or have the potential to do is a magnitude of change . And changes of ocean chemistry are associated with some of the worst extinction crises in history. BP: Are there lessons we can learn from past extinctions that provide clues for what the current changes hold? EK: A lot of people are trying to tease out what survived previous extinctions and ask what are the characteristics of those that survived. It's called the selectivity of extinction events. Why did some groups survive and others didn't? It turns out to be, 65 million years after the fact, very, very difficult. But speaking very broadly, the species that tend to survive mass extinction events often tend to be very widely distributed, or groups that have a lot of species. I'm not sure whom that's going to help today, but that seems to be the pattern. BP: In your book you talk about this quasi-experiment in Brazil dating back to the 1970s, where ranchers had down swaths of rain forest at random and scientists could study the effects on species. What did we learn about deforestation and extinction from that?
The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project in Brazil (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute)
EK: Right, the . It's in the Amazon rain forest north of the city of Manaus. What happened there was that this area was already being converted into ranches, so in collaboration with some American scientists, they deforested it in an interesting way. They left these square patches surrounded by ranch. You can see it from the air, it's quite striking. And this group of scientists surveyed the habitat in this forest before everything was cut down and then monitored it for 35 years. And what you find are variations on this theme of loss. First most of the primate species don't survive in these smaller patches or even in the bigger patches of forest. Then you lose a lot of your bird species. In some cases species leave, and in some cases, when you maroon them in small patches of habitat, their populations shrink, and very small populations are just more vulnerable to chance. So when people talk about the dangers of habitat fragmentation, on the one hand, a big animal that needs a large range can't survive in a small patch. But it's also smaller animals that don't need that much space become vulnerable to the dynamics of small populations. BP: Did that Brazil project yield any lessons for protecting rain forest habitats? EK: Don't deforest! For one. But also in the 1980s there was this battle about protecting forests, and whether it was better to do it in lots of little patches or in one big patch. And this project has resolved that. You need big areas if you want to preserve biodiversity, for the reasons I just mentioned. BP: You discuss global warming in your book. And the big concern here seems to be that a lot of species are adapted to particular climate ranges, and if those heat up, some species
to more suitable climates. How much do we really know about these dynamics? EK: What people are finding, what the scientists that I was out in the Peruvian cloud forest with are finding, is that things move at very different rates. People have calculated how fast species would have to move to keep up with rising temperatures, whether it's moving up a mountain or moving to higher latitudes.
And some organisms can keep up with that fantastically high pace — for example, in Peru, there was this one genus of tree called , which is sometimes used as a house plant, and that genus is moving really fast up the mountain. But some of the other plants weren't moving at all, and others were moving but not nearly fast enough. So the lesson is that all those pretty complicated relationships, which in the tropics have been been pretty stable for a long time, are going to break up. And we just don't know what the fall-out from that is going to be. BP: So you end up with pretty wide estimates for how many species could go extinct if the planet heats up this much. Some studies suggest that
are at risk of extinction if the planet warms 2°C. Other scientists think those estimates . EK: There's still a lot we don't know here. You often hear that what we're doing is a planetary experiment, but we only have one planet, and we can only run this experiment once. So some of these modeling efforts get pretty complicated. Just because a species lives in a certain climate under a certain set of conditions, could it live under different conditions? Or is this just where it's maximally competitive? What happens if some of your competitors are disadvantaged? We just don't know. Life turns out to be incredibly complicated. BP: That brings me to another question. Most of the people in your book who study these trends tend to think they're horrible news. Did you come across researchers who had a more optimistic view?
EK: I guess one point to make: Even in moments of extremes, certain organisms do thrive. They're sometimes called "disaster taxa," and they do very well. After the End Permian extinction, which was the worst mass extinction of all time, there was an animal called , was a pig-sized animal that just did phenomenally well. It was the biggest animal on the planet, you find fossils everywhere. And the question of why did it do so well? We just don't know. But some things will thrive. Some things will thrive in an acidified ocean because all of their competitors will drop out. So some things will do well, and undoubtedly there will be surprises. But I have not met anyone who hasn't said, we're going to be vastly simplifying the web of life. A lot of things are going to drop out. It's hard to make predictions of what they are. BP: There's another angle in your book that tends to get less attention. The spread of people across continents has transported all sorts of species to new habitats — and sometimes that's had catastrophic results, like when the
was introduced into Guam and wiped out the native birds. Is this sort of exchange speeding up, or are there efforts to slow it down?
Minnesota fisheries supervisor Brad Parsons, holds a 12 kg bighead carp, at the state's Department of Natural Resources headquarters in St. Paul, Minn. on April 20, 2011. The 86 cm carp, caught two days earlier in the St. Croix River near Prescott, Wis., is among several invasive Asian carp species that could cause serious damage to the Great Lakes region's aquatic ecosystems. (Richard Marshall/The St. Paul Pioneer Press/Associated Press)
EK: There are certain moments of time where you see a huge exchange of species. After Columbus arrived in the New World, . And as global travel becomes very rapid, that speeds up exchanges. Organisms that couldn't survive on the Mayflower could survive in a modern supertanker or plane and get transported from one continent to another. So we've ratcheted things up a notch. So we don't do as much purposeful moving of species as we used to — where we've decided we'd like to have this bird in a new place. We've done a lot to prevent that. You're not supposed to just take a bird from South America and release it in Australia. But the unconscious transport of species, I think there's no doubt that is increasing very dramatically as the sheer amount of cargo increases. And it can still have devastating effects. Look at the Asian carp, . There's the Asian longhorn beetle, a pretty recent invader causing in this country. There's the , quite a recent one, which has led to all these signs in the Northeast telling people not to move firewood, to avoid moving these invaders around.
There are zebra mussels, which recently moved into Massachusetts, where they weren't, taking over lakes there. The
in the Northeast and in the D.C. area, that’s an invasive pathogen that was brought in, it’s a fungus. We can just name one thing after another. And I’m sure if we have this conversation a year from now there will be new ones that we know about.
BP: Now what about attempts to save species from extinction? What are some of the more interesting efforts you encountered? EK: A lot of them involve zoos or conservation organizations. So there are these really fascinating and pretty ugly animals called , they’re these big salamanders that could feature in a horror movie. They are very endangered, and what people are trying to do is raise them to a certain size at the Bronx Zoo, and then repopulate streams in upstate New York. Also at the Bronx Zoo there's this amazing project with this endangered bird from an island in the Pacific []. It lays these enormous eggs that have to be incubated in volcanic soil. They bury the egg and the egg is warmed by volcanic activity in the area, which is just amazing. So the zoo is trying to make an incubator that mimics these volcanic soils. Then they trick the birds, by taking away their eggs so that they lay another. And there are hundreds and hundreds of these efforts. BP: Don't these sorts of efforts tend to favor "charismatic" animals over things like tiny organisms in the ocean that could affect entire food webs? EK: Yes. We only see what we see. And we don't know where the link is that may turn out to be absolutely crucial, because we’re not participating in the food web at that level of specificity. The really scary thing is when scientists find
that can’t survive under conditions that we predict will occur in next century or so. That has happened. Then you can potentially get these big knock-on effects on the food chain. If you talk to marine scientists, that's exactly what they're worried about. And you might be able to raise that
in a tank, but it really doesn’t matter. Because we’re talking about things that exist on a massive scale. Too numerous to count. That's what keeps the food chain going. BP: As a final question, what's the big thing you took away after reporting and writing this book? EK: Here's the big thing I took away, and it’s a very sobering thought: Many of our best qualities as humans —our creativity, our cleverness, our cooperation, the fact that we can work in these huge societies, and pass knowledge on from generation to generation — those things can turn out to be damaging. It's not just that we go out and poach things, although that's a problem. We've very smart and inventive and we can change the planet by doing things that have no evil intent. For example, going on vacation and bringing a bat fungus from Europe to the United States completely unintentionally. So it's not always clear how you would separate out what we do just by being human from what we do that has all of these unfortunate side effects. Interview has been lightly edited for length and clarity.
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