求助一篇关于污水处理或者微生物之类的英文文献，不要太长，A4纸正常大小字3-4页即可！最好有翻译！！_百度知道
求助一篇关于污水处理或者微生物之类的英文文献，不要太长，A4纸正常大小字3-4页即可！最好有翻译！！
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&2013 Baidu求一篇微生物的英文论文和对应的中文翻译，急我需要一篇超过五页的英文论文，以及他的中文翻译，有关于微生物的食品微生物的论文_百度作业帮
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求一篇微生物的英文论文和对应的中文翻译，急我需要一篇超过五页的英文论文，以及他的中文翻译，有关于微生物的食品微生物的论文
求一篇微生物的英文论文和对应的中文翻译，急我需要一篇超过五页的英文论文，以及他的中文翻译，有关于微生物的食品微生物的论文
微生物的英文论文和对应的中文翻译 我帮忙请采纳答案，支持我一下。求一篇关于建筑方面的英文文献
求一篇关于建筑方面的英文文献
08-12-25 & 发布
关于“Modern Architecture”的 Modern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building. 1. Origins Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions. Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, &Dark satanic mills& of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron an possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland. Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau. Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new. 2. Modernism as Dominant Style By the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology. Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture. In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style. This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984. Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors a floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles. Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as &machines for living&, but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was &bored with the box.& Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism. Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a &style& that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin &At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion.& At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question &Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?& In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of &air rights&,[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to &sever& the Park Avenue streetscape and &tarnish& the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and the builders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede I however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re- and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and instit residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.
请登录后再发表评论!求一篇关于医院管理的英文文献急用.3000字以上 如果有翻译会追加100分.最好是关于医风医德建设方面的_百度作业帮
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求一篇关于医院管理的英文文献急用.3000字以上 如果有翻译会追加100分.最好是关于医风医德建设方面的
求一篇关于医院管理的英文文献急用.3000字以上 如果有翻译会追加100分.最好是关于医风医德建设方面的
这是我自己找的,也不知道对你有没有帮助.你看看吧In her Lifetime Achievement Award Presentation duringthe annual meeting of the American Society for Bioethics& Humanities in Washington, on October 20, 2007, themedical sociologist and bioethicist Rene´e C. Fox addressedthe audience about her ideas about bioethics of the future:‘‘The bioethics that I envisage’’. In her view, bioethicsshould pay more attention to historical aspects of medicineand health care, and to the history of bioethics itself. Alsothe social context of bioethics should be taken more intoaccount. Finally, she held a plea for a multidisciplinaryapproach, thereby also focusing on the philosophicalbackground of bioethical notions, theories and models. In anutshell, this view of the future of bioethics is very similarto the view from which the scope and aims of MedicineHealth Care and Philosophy have resulted. After all, wewelcome papers from a broad range of disciplines includinghistory, ethics, anthropology, epistemology, logic,metaphysics, philosophy of science and technology, sociologyand political science, law, and the philosophy ofculture and religion. Thus we want to place medicine,health care, and bioethics in the broadest possible context.Because of its diversity of topics, theories and approaches,this issue is quite exemplary for the aims and scope ofMedicine Health Care and Philosophy.The first three papers have a phenomenological orientationin common. Linda Finlay and Pat Molano-Fisher focuson cochlear implants. Starting point are the experiences ofPat, one of the authors and since the age of five post-linguallyprofoundly deaf, who received a cochlear implant at the ageof 55. The authors describe and analyse Pat’s experiencesbased on an existential phenomenological method. Theauthors show how patients after such an implantation have tocome to terms with a changing relationship with the world,with others and with themselves. Pat has to reorient herselfand learn to cope with her transformed self and world. In theanalysis, typical phenomenological notions such as ‘‘lifeworld’’, ‘‘embodiment’’, and ‘‘being-in-the world’’ play acentral role. Likewise, the second paper focuses on theimplications of a new medical technology, i.e. tissue engineering,especially the engineering of heart valves. In thispaper too phenomenological notions such as ‘‘lived integrity’’and ‘‘the lived body’’ play a crucial role. Mechteld-HannaDerksen and Klasien Horstman develop a phenomenological–ethical perspective on bodies and technologies in whichconcrete experiences of health and illness are central. Theyattempt to escape from the dichotomy of tissue engineeringbeing ‘‘morally good’’ or ‘‘morally dangerous’’ based onspecific assumptions of the role of nature in medicine. Insteadthey propose that the ethics of tissue engineering should beframed not in terms of ‘‘natural’’ or ‘‘unnatural’’, but in termsof ‘‘good embodied life’’ and ‘‘lived integrity’’. In the thirdpaper, Elling Hulvestad attempts to explain why there are sofew structural aberrations to be found in chronic fatiguesyndrome (CFS) and why a specific treatment is so difficultto establish. In his view, the CFS can be properly understoodonly by taking an integrated perspective in whichevolutionary, developmental and ecological aspects areconsidered. Although the phenomenological perspective inthis paper is not so elaborately developed as in the two previouspapers, Hulvestad comes to the conclusion that thephenomenological dimension enriches biological accountsof health and disease and adds a new dimension to clinicalstudies. When it comes to elucidation of CFS, biological andphenomenological investigations should be looked upon ascomplementing and not competing alternatives.The next three papers are in the field of psychiatry,mental health care, and neurology. In the first one, TimThornton takes a stance toward a recently developedguideline of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA). Hebases his argument on an analysis of an important chapterin the history of psychiatry, i.e. Windelband’s rectorialaddress of 1894 on the distinction between idiographic andnomothetical understanding. In 2003, the WPA hasemphasized the importance of idiographic understanding asa distinct component of a comprehensive diagnosis inpsychiatry. In the elaboration of this idea, idiographicunderstanding is often assimilated to the notion of narrativejudgement. Thornton argues that we must clearly distinguishbetween an idiographic and narrative judgement. Inthe call for comprehensive diagnosis, narrative rather thanidiographic elements should have an important role. Thesecond paper, written by Enric Novella, is about the recentprocesses of deinstitutionalization and reform of mentalhealth services. He starts with a critical review of the mostpopular theoretical accounts of these developments, especiallypaying attention to the approaches of mainstreampsychiatry and the social sciences respectively. His conclusionis that it is still a long way to an adequateexplanation of these phenomena. For a comprehensiveunderstanding of these transformations we need a thoroughevaluation of the facts, a consideration of shifting socialvalues and needs and a historical analysis of deinstitutionalizationpolicies. The third paper draws our attentionto the problem of self care in patients with a diminishedcapacity of self care, especially persons with Alzheimer’sdisease (AD). Ursula Naue argues that concepts such aspersonhood, well-being, autonomy and rationality need tobe re-thought when we try to tackle the problem ofdementia care and of the increasingly aging population.Naue considers AD a social–medical construct which is tobe understood in the context of power relations. As in theprevious article about mental care, here also Foucault’shistorical and epistemological analyses, for example, about‘‘technologies of the self’’ play a major role.Although very different in topic and scope, the next twopapers might be subsumed under the heading of thepatient–physician relationship. The first one, written byReidar Pedersen, is an hermeneutically inspired analysis ofempathy, a much discussed phenomenon in the patient–physician relationship. In the first part of his paper hecriticizes the quite common positive connotation ofempathy: isn’t empathy a wolf in sheep’s clothing? In thesecond part he comes up with an alternative description ofempathy, i.e. empathy conceived of as ‘‘appropriateunderstanding of another human being’’. In this alternativedescription the inherent relationship between empathy andmorality is accentuated. The second paper tackles a newphenomenon in medicine and health care, i.e. the so-called‘‘e-medicine’’, in particular the role of Internet in thecommunication between patient and physician. ChristianSimon and Sarah Schramm studied the so-called indirectInternat use among cancer patients and their families. Inindirect Internat use patients report receiving onlineinformation from their relatives and social networks. Thisstudy illustrates that indirect Internat use is a central featureof the cancer experience. In contrast to other literaturein this area, the authors suggest that indirect Internat usemay have normatively positive and negative implicationsfor patients.The last two papers in this issue regard biomedical andclinical research, but deal with quite different topics.Deborah Barnbaum analyses the notion of supererogation(‘‘going beyond the call of duty’’) and its applicability inclinical research. Supererogation is a much discussednotion in clinical ethics, but has so far received littleattention in research ethics. According to Barnbaum,patients, research participants, and also researchers themselveshave, like physicians, the opportunity to performacts of supererogation. Such praiseworthy acts, she argues,should be accorded the moral respect that they deserve.The final paper in this issue is in line with the plea of Rene´eFox for a more socially embedded bioethics. Drawing upon10 interviews with stem cell researchers Alan Cribb et al.explore and illustrate the ways in which the role positionsof researchers are shaped by the normative structure ofscience and medicine. The emphasis is on the social constructionof role positions in medicine, medical researchand medical ethics. The authors argue that, unless weunderstand the social construction of ethical positions, andthe division of ethical labour thereby produced, we will beunable to understand what is going on in translational stemcell research
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