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iframe(src='///ns.html?id=GTM-T947SH', height='0', width='0', style='display: visibility:')英语翻译高级口译-5
英语翻译高级口译-5填空集题：&SECTION 1 LISTENING TEST
Part A Spot Dictation
? ?Directions:{{I}} In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?Perhaps all parents, at some point, look back wistfully at
earlier generations and assume that childrearing was easier for them than it is
now. Any supposed {{U}}?（1） ?{{/U}} seems elusive today, when "balancing"
and "juggling" are the operative words describing many parents’ lives and when
{{U}}?（2） ?{{/U}} and attention is often intense.? ?But now
there’s a modest bit of encouraging news: American parents are more involved in
their children’s lives than {{U}}?（3） ?{{/U}}, the U.S. Census Bureau
reports. They are reading to their children more often, eating more meals
together, and {{U}}?（4） ?{{/U}}.? ?At the same time, census
takers are not the only ones {{U}}?（5） ?{{/U}}. New studies and surveys
abound on both sides of the Atlantic, trying to {{U}}?（6） ?{{/U}} of
21st-century families. Individually, each represents a tiny piece of
{{U}}?（7） ?{{/U}}. Collectively, they offer varied perspectives that
attest to the {{U}}?（8） ?{{/U}}.? ?As if to challenge the
trend toward family togetherness reported by the Census Bureau, a study from the
government-backed Booktime {{U}}?（9） ?{{/U}} finds that children spend
very little spare time with adults. Working parents have little time
{{U}}?（10） ?{{/U}}, the group reports, and they {{U}}?（11） ?{{/U}}
to read with children. Even so, the more money a father makes, the more likely
he is to read with his children. For mothers, {{U}}?（12） ?{{/U}}. The
higher a woman’s earnings, the less likely she is to read with her
children.? ?Perhaps these findings represent cultural differences
{{U}}?（13） ?{{/U}}, or maybe it’s just a case of British parents being
{{U}}?（14） ?{{/U}} their limited time. ?American parents are also
monitoring their children more closely than in the past, the census
reports.? ?For some families, {{U}}?（15） ?{{/U}} and in
unusual ways. A year-old website, , provides a mini-license plate
that parents can {{U}}?（16） ?{{/U}}. Passersby who observe a nanny’s
conduct, good or bad, can {{U}}?（17） ?{{/U}} to the parent’s personal
account. In other families, {{U}}?（18） ?{{/U}} involves everything from
nanny cams in the home to GPS monitoring, {{U}}?（19） ?{{/U}}. What parents
and grandparents in previous generations could have imagined such high-tech ways
of {{U}}?（20） ?{{/U}}?单选集题：&Part B Listening Comprehension
? ?Directions:{{I}} In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
{{B}}Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following
conversation.{{/B}}（2）“需要
才能查看试题”
<B.QUESTIONS b news.（3）“需要
才能查看试题”
{{B}}Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following
Interview.{{/B}}（4）“需要
才能查看试题”
{{B}}Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following
talk.{{/B}}单选集题：&SECTION 2 READING TEST
? ?Directions:{{I}} In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, （A）, （B）, （C） or （D）, to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?In developing a model of cognition, we
must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain
independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively
correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will,
even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of
perception.? ?Cognition can be seen as the first step in the
sequence events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the
individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of
its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his
perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are
removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He
may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of
his goal, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been
previously demonstrated.? ?In the primitive beings, goal-directed
behavior can be very simple motivated. The presence of an attractive object will
cause an in its removal will result in the cessation of
that action. Studies have shown no evidence of the infant’ rather,
it appears that the infant ceases to desire the object when he cannot see it.
Further indications are that the infant’s attention to the attractive object
increase as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy
and another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch the
second. Often, once he has the one desired in his hands, he loses attention and
turns to something else.? ?In adult life, mere cognition can be
similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not
required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction
by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He
formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit
relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the
trained artist can separate the value of color, composition, and technique,
while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings
his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.?
?Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are
only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration
anticipatable events.? ?The impact of the socialization process,
particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively
directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of
fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overriding
influence.? ?The evolutionary process of development from body
schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of
language acquisition. Auditing develops first, reading and writing much later
on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individual being from
infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.?
?Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce
sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and
chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of
language. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligible
vocal communication.? ?From the earlier times, it is clear that
language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving
messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective
thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the
needs and aspirations of society.（2）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?Harry Truman didn’t think his successor
had the right training to be president. "Poor Ike―it won’t be a bit like the
Army," he said. "He’ll sit there all day saying” do this, do that’, and nothing
will happen." Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious
alliance―you didn’t tell Winston Churchill what to do―in a massive, chaotic war.
He was used to politics. But Truman’s insight could well be applied to another,
even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO-turned cabinet
secretary.? ?A 20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs
are geniuses, so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and
Paul O’Neill. ?Here are two highly regarded businessmen, obviously
intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs.?
?Actually, we shouldn’t be surprised. Rumsfeld and O’Neill are not doing
badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it. The record of
senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment. In
fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin, it is difficult to think of a CEO who
had a successful career in government.? ?Why is this? Well, first
the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser
to the CEO, the president. But even the president is not really the CEO. No one
is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically Structured. Power in
Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out. The secretary might think
he’s in charge of his agency. But the chairman of the congressional committee
funding that agency feels the same. In his famous study "Presidential Power and
the Modern Presidents", Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president
actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is "the
power to persuade".? ?Take Rumsfeld’s attempt to transform the
cold-war military into one geared for the future. It’s innovative but deeply
threatening to almost everyone in Washington. The Defense Secretary did not try
to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress, the budget office or the
White House. As a result, the idea is collapsing.? ?Second, what
power you have, you must use carefully. For example, O’Neill’s position as
Treasury Secretary is one with little formal authority. Unlike Finance Ministers
around the world, Treasury does not control the budget. But it has symbolic
power. The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the
administration and, if he plays it right, the chief economic adviser for the
president.? ?O’Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF’s
bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such
packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil. As a result, he has gotten the worst
of both worlds. The bailouts continue, but their effect in bolstering investor
confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his
skepticism.? ?Perhaps the government doesn’t do bailouts well. But
that leads to a third role: you can’t just quit. Jack Welch’s famous law for
re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product
category, or else get out of that business. But if the government isn’t doing a
particular job at peak level, it doesn’t always have the option of relieving
itself of that function. The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money. But it
can’t get out of the national-security business.? ?The key to
former Treasury Secretary Rubin’s success may have been that he fully understood
that business and government are, in his words, "necessarily and properly very
different". In a recent speech he explained, "Business functions around one
predominate organizing principle, profitability… Government, on the other hand,
deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing
objectives―for example, energy production versus environmental protection, or
safety regulations versus productivity."? ?Rubin’s example shows
that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it
as its own separate, serious endeavor. But having been bathed in a culture of
adoration and flattery, it’s difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen
and learn, particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens,
politicians, bureaucrats and the media. And even if he knows it intellectually,
he just can’t live with it.（3）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?In his classic novel, "The Pioneers",
James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, take his cousin on a tour
of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a
teeming metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a
stubby forest. "Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show
me?" she asks. He’s astonished she can’t see them." Where! Why everywhere," he
replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his
mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and
finished.? ?Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait,
future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the
the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally
attached to things to come. "America is therefore the land of the future," the
German philosopher Hegel wrote. "The American lives even more for his goals, for
the future, than the European," Albert Einstein concurred. ?"Life for him
is always becoming, never being."? ?In 2012, America will still be
the place where the future happens first, for that is the nation’s oldest
tradition. The early Puritans lived in almost Stone Age conditions, but they
were inspired by visions of future glories, God’s kingdom on earth. The early
pioneers would sometimes travel past perfectly good farmland, because they were
convinced that even more amazing land could be found over the next ridge. The
founding Fathers took 13 scraggly colonies and believed they were creating a new
nation on earth. The railroad speculators envisioned magnificent fortunes built
on bands of iron. It’s now fashionable to ridicule the visions of dot-com
entrepreneurs of the 1990s, but they had inherited the urge to leap for the
horizon. "The Future is endowed with such a life, that it lives to us even in
anticipation," Herman Melville wrote. "The Future is the Bible of the
Free."? ?This future-mindedness explains many modern features of
American life. It explains workaholism: the average American works 350 hours a
year more than the average European. Americans move more, in search of that
brighter tomorrow, than people in other land. They also, sadly, divorce more,
for the same reason. Americans adopt new technologies such as online shopping
and credit cards much more quickly than people in other countries. Forty-five
percent of world Internet use takes place in the United States. Even today,
after the bursting of the stock-market bubble, American venture-capital
firms―which are in the business of betting on the future―dwarf the firms from
all other nations.? ?Future-mindedness contributes to the disorder
in American life, the obliviousness to history, the high rates of family
breakdown, the frenzied waste of natural resources. It also leads to incredible
innovations. According to the Yale historian Paul Kennedy, 75 percent of the
Nobel laureates in economies and the sciences over recent decades have lived or
worked in the United States. The country remains a magnet for the future-minded
from other nations. One in twelve Americans has enjoyed the thrill and challenge
of starting his own business. A study published in the Journal of International
Business Studies in 2000 showed that innovative people are spread pretty evenly
throughout the globe, but Americans are most comfortable with risk.
Entrepreneurs in the U. S. are more likely to believe that they possess the
ability to shape their own future than people in, say, Britain, Australia or
Singapore.? ?If the 1990s were a great decade of
future-mindedness, we are now in the midst of a season of experience. It seems
cooler to be skeptical, to pooh-pooh all those IPO suckers who lost their money
betting on the telecom future. But the world is not becoming more French. By
2012, this period of chastisement will likely have run its course, and
future-mindedness will be back in vogue, for better or worse.? ?We
don’t know exactly what the next future-mindedness frenzy will look like. We do
know where it will take place: the American suburb. In 1979, three quarters of
American office space were located in central cities. The new companies,
research centers and entrepreneurs are flocking to these low buildings near
airports, highways and the Wal-Mart malls, and they are creating a new kind of
suburban life. There are entirely new metropolises rising-boom suburbs like
Mesa, Arizona, that already have more people than Minneapolis or St. Louis. We
are now approaching a moment in which the majority of American office space, and
the hub of American entrepreneurship, will be found in quiet office parks in
places like Rockville, Maryland, and in the sprawling suburbosphere around
Atlanta.? ?We also know that future-mindedness itself will become
the object of greater study. We are discovering that there are many things that
human beings do easily that computers can do only with great difficulty, if at
all. Cognitive scientists are now trying to decode the human imagination, to
understand how the brain visualizes, dreams and creates. And we know, too, that
where there is future-mindedness, there is hope.（4）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?The miserable fate of Enron’s employees
will be a landmark in business history, one of those awful events that everyone
agrees must never be allowed to happen again. This urge is understandable and
noble, thousands have lost virtually all their retirement savings with the
demise of Enron stock. But making sure it never happens again may not be
possible, because the sudden impoverishment of those Enron workers represents
something even larger than it seems. It’s the latest turn in the unwinding of
one of the most audacious promise of the 20th century.? ?The
promise was assured economic security--even comfort--for essentially everyone in
the developed world. With the explosion of wealth, that began in the 19th
century it became possible to think about a possibility no one had dared to
dream before. The fear at the center of daily living since caveman days-- lack
of food, warmth, shelter―would at last lose its power to terrify. That
remarkable promise became reality in many ways. Governments created welfare
systems for anyone in need and separate programmes for the elderly （Social
Security in the U.S.）. Labour unions promised not only better pay for workers
but also pensions for retirees. Giant corporations came into being and offered
the possibility―in some cases the promise―of lifetime employment plus guaranteed
pensions? The cumulative effect was a fundamental change in how millions of
people approached life itself, a reversal of attitude that most rank as one of
the largest in human history. For millennia the average person’s stance toward
providing for himself had been. Ultimately I’m on my own. ?Now it became,
ultimately I’ll be taken care of.? ?The early hints that this
promise might be broken on a large scale came in the 1980s. U.S. business had
become uncompetitive globally and began restructuring massively, with huge
layoffs. The trend accelerated in the 1990s as the bastions of corporate welfare
faced reality. IBM ended it’s no-layoff policy. AT＆T fired thousands, many of
whom found such a thing simply incomprehensible, and a few of whom killed
themselves. The other supposed guarantors of our economic security were also in
decline. Labor union membership and power fell to their lowest levels in
decades. President Clinton signed a historic bill scaling back welfare.
Americans realized that Social Security won’t provide social security for any of
us.? ?A less visible but equally significant trend is affected
pensions. To make costs easier to control, companies moved away from defined
benefit pension plans, which obligate them to pay out specified amounts years in
the future, to defined contribution plans, which specify only how much goes into
the play today. The most common type of defined-contribution plan is the 401（k）.
The significance of the 401（k） is that it puts most of the responsibility for a
person’s economic fate back on the employee. Within limits the employee must
decide how much goes into the plan each year and how it gets invested―the two
factors that will determine how much it’s worth when the employee
retires.? ?Which brings us back to Enron? Those billions of
dollars in vaporized retirement savings went in employees’ 401（k） accounts. That
is, the employees chose how much money to put into those accounts and then chose
how to invest it. Enron matched a certain proportion of each employee’s 401（k）
contribution with company stock, so everyone was going to end up with some Enron
but that could be regarded as a freebie, since nothing
compels a company to match employee contributions at all. At least two special
features complicate the Enron case. First, some shareholders charge top
management with illegally covering up the company’s problems, prompting
investors to hang on when they should have sold. Second, Enron’s 401 （k）
accounts were locked while the company changed plan administrators in October,
when the stock was falling, so employees could not have closed their accounts if
they wanted to.? ?But by far the largest cause of this human
tragedy is that thousands of employees were heavily overweighed in Enron stock.
Many had placed 100% of their 401（k） assets in the stock rather than in the 18
other investment options they were offered. Of course that wasn’t prudent, but
it’s what some of them did.? ?The Enron employees’ retirement
disaster is part of the larger trend away from guaranteed economic security.
That’s why preventing such a thing from ever happening again may be impossible.
The huge attitudinal shift to I’ll-be-taken-care-of took at least a generation.
The shift back may take just as long. It won’t be complete until a new
generation of employees see assured economic comfort as a 20m-century quirk, and
understand not just intellectually but in their bones that, like most people in
most times and places, they’ re on their own.问答题：&SECTION 3 TRANSLATION TEST
? ?Directions:{{I}} Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}（1）European countries are buffeted by two global forces: One is climate change. The other is demography. Both prevalent pressures silently transform societies and the assumptions of public policy.
? ?The two have a lot in common. Both are easily recognized but less easily understood. Both are products of complex forces and unobtrusive influences. Both create huge effects from minuscule changes. A rise in global temperature by one degree or a fall in fertility by one point may sound trivial but, over 100 years, will make the earth unbearably hot, or reshape the size and composition of societies.
? ?Yet though every rich country has a climate-change policy, few have a population one （there are historical reasons for that）. And just as everyone whinges about the weather, but does nothing about it, so everyone in Europe complains, but does nothing, about population.
? ?Received opinion holds that "demography is destiny" and that Europe is doomed by its death-spiral population numbers. American observers argue that Europe is fast becoming a barren, ageing, enfeebled place. Vast numbers of old people, they reckon, will be looked after, or neglected, by too few economically active adults, supplemented by restless crowds of migrants. The combination of low fertility, longer life and mass immigration will put intolerable pressure on public health, pensions and social services, probably leading to upheaval.填空集题：&SECTION 4 LISTENING TEST
Part A Note-taking And Gap-filling
? ?Directions:{{I}} In this part of the test you will hear a short talk. You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap-filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?Today I’m going to look at the sense of hearing. In general,
we tend to assume that we all hear the same thing. But, in fact, this seems to
be a {{U}}?（1） ?{{/U}} because men and women are increasingly claiming
that there are {{U}}?（2） ?{{/U}} in what they hear. So are they right? Do
men and women have different {{U}}?（3） ?{{/U}} experience??
?The most fascinating thing about the {{U}}?（4） ?{{/U}} of the ear is
that a part that measures three millimeters in a child often will also measure
three millimeters in a very tall {{U}}?（5） ?{{/U}}. But can men and
women’s hearing vary despite this {{U}}?（6） ?{{/U}}? An Australian
{{U}}?（7） ?{{/U}} Alan Treece is adamant that they can. He believes that
men are better at discerning the {{U}}?（8） ?{{/U}} of a sound than women.
Treece is also convinced that women are {{U}}?（9） ?{{/U}} programmed to
hear crying babies. He puts it down to the fact that women hear better than men
in terms of distinguishing {{U}}?（10） ?{{/U}} sounds. He links this to the
fact that women as the child bearers need the ability to hear if there is any
{{U}}?（11） ?{{/U}} coming from the child. But it does seem that when the
role of carer is {{U}}?（12） ?{{/U}}, men are mysteriously equally good at
hearing their {{U}}?（13） ?{{/U}}.? ?So what’s the scientific
truth behind such ideas? An ongoing study shows that women’s hearing is slightly
better than men’s. And this difference is observable from the moment of
{{U}}?（14） ?{{/U}}.? ?One mysterious difference between the
sexes was {{U}}?（15） ?{{/U}} recently when a number of women in
{{U}}?（16） ?{{/U}} started hearing strange sounds, which their husbands
simply couldn’t.? ?The local council has {{U}}?（17） ?{{/U}}
to work out what the sounds can be. What is really intriguing is that all the
{{U}}?（18） ?{{/U}} sent in to the Council offices so far have been from
{{U}}?（19） ?{{/U}}. No man seems to be able to hear it. This might give us
a {{U}}?（20） ?{{/U}} insight into the mysterious world of sound.问答集题：&Part B Listening and Translation
Ⅰ Sentence Tronslation
? ?Directions:{{I}} In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
问答集题：&Ⅱ Passage Translation
? ?Directions:{{I}} In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. You may take notes while you are listening.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
问答集题：&SECTION 5 READING TEST
? ?Directions: {{I}}Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}（1）“需要
才能查看试题”
? ?It isn’t just an urban myth: life in a city really is getting
more dangerous, and the sources of peril are not just human ones like muggers
and reckless motorists. A report by UN-Habitat, an agency responsible for human
settlements, says the number of natural disasters affecting urban populations
has risen four-fold since 1975.? ?Some of the reasons are obvious,
others less so. As the world’s population grows, people are crowding into
mega-metropolises, where life’s risks are horribly concentrated. The
after-effects of a natural disaster can be especially dire in a vast,
densely-packed area where sewers fail and disease spreads.? ?At a
pace that no urban planner can control, slums spring up in disaster-prone
areas―such as steep slopes, which are prone to floods, mudslides or particularly
severe damage in an earthquake. Many of the world’s cities are located on coasts
or rivers where the effects of climate change and extreme weather events, from
cyclones to heatwaves to droughts, are brutally and increasingly felt. Economic
dislocation and human pain are also caused by events （like recent floods in the
Indian city of Kolkata, see above） that are too small to grab global
headlines.? ?But there is no reason for the sort of fatalism that
regards disasters, and their disproportionate effects on the urban poor, as
something that has "always been with us" and will inexorably get
worse.? ?Intelligent planning and regulation make a huge
difference to the number of people who die when disaster strikes, says Anna
Tibaijuka, UN-Habita’s executive director. In 1995 an earthquake in the Japanese
city of Kobe killed 6,400 in 1999 a quake of similar magnitude in Turkey
claimed over 17,000 lives. Corrupt local bureaucracies and slapdash building
pushed up the Turkish toll.? ?The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004,
which killed at least 230,000 people, would have been a tragedy whatever the
l but even when disaster strikes on a titanic scale, there
are many factors within human control―a knowledgeable population, a good
early-warning system and settlements built with disasters in mind―that can help
to minimize the number of casualties.? ?In some places, says Saroj
Jha, a disaster specialist at the World Bank, tragic events have been a spur to
serious national efforts to learn lessons and make buildings and infrastructure
more robust. Often this has benefits that go far beyond the disaster-stricken
area. He cites Turkey, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka and Indonesia as countries that
have learned from catastrophes. For example, after a quake in Gujarat which
killed 20,000, India trained a small army of engineers, architects and builders
to raise the quality of construction.? ?The World Bank has
recently started to focus more on avoiding disasters, rather than just helping
to respond to them. There is more awareness that disaster-prone projects―such as
clams which could burst―are worse than a waste of money.? ?Given
that events like earthquakes and tsunamis cannot be escaped, the bank is also
doing more to help poor countries prepare for the worst. There are economic
reasons for this, as well as humanitarian ones. Many vulnerable cities are big
contributors to the surrounding country’s GDP―so an urban disaster could wreck
an entire national economy. These include Tehran （which produces 40% of national
GDP）, Dhaka （60%）, Mexico City （40%）, Seoul （SOX） and Cairo （50%）.?
?And some of these urban spaces are disasters waiting to occur. The
Bangladeshi capital of Dhaka （with a population of 11. 6m and rising） is built
on alluvial terraces, exposed to flooding, earthquakes and rising seas. Tehran
is in such an earthquake-prone area that some have suggested moving the entire
city of 12m people. Tha but better foundations could save
countless lives if―or when―an earthquake strikes.（2）“需要
才能查看试题”? ?The German Train Drivers’ Union （GDL）, the country’s oldest,
used to be among its most obscure. That changed in July when its feisty leader,
Manfred Schell, rejected an agreement between Deutsche Bahn, the main railway
company, and the bulk of its workforce. His members, he said, deserve a big rise
in their "miserable pay"―up to 31%, the union has hinted. The threat of an
economy-crippling strike, which could happen as early as August 28th, is
shocking enough. Still more is GDL’s challenge to Germany’s tradition of
trade-union solidarity.? ?Big unions are appalled by the prospect
of some workers snatching better pay and conditions from weaker fellows.
Employers accustomed to labour peace fret that Germany will face "English
conditions" of rival unions competing by striking.? ?GDL is not
the first to break ranks. In 1999 airline pilots pulled out from DAG, the
white-collar employees’ union, to fight for their own deals. Six years later
doctors abandoned an alliance with ver.di, a grouping formed by the merger of
five service-sector unions, to strike for a bigger pay rise than the behemoth
could win for them. GDL’s defection seems to confirm the unravelling of a system
based on umbrella labour contracts for whole industries or firms. Companies
complain that such contracts subvert competitiveness by imposing similar
conditions regardless of size or strength. ?But they lose fewer work days
to strikes than European rivals. Germany’s prowess in manufacturing, rare for a
rich country, may be due in part to the security such contracts
provide.? ?Is that about to change? A separate deal for GDL would
have "huge consequences for the next round" of labour negotiations, says
Hans-Joachim Schabedoth, head of policy planning for the German Trade Union
Confederation （DGB）, the main union umbrella group. "Wage disputes will become
harder to settle.’ Yet GDL’s behaviour probably threatens workers more than
employers. German employment is recovering after years of stagnation and some
trades are starting to benefit. Even so, recovery will not restore unions’
self-confidence or the relative equality among workers （in West Germany, at
least） that prevailed before German unification in 1990. Instead, growing
prosperity may be accompanied by a bitter quarrel over how to divide
it.? ?Things have been going badly for the big trade unions ever
since the fizzling in the mid- 1990s of the unification boom. Growth slowed,
unemployment soared and workers in newly capitalist eastern Europe stole German
jobs. Since 1991 the DGB has lost 44% of its members. Employers exploited
unions’ weakness by demanding opt-out clauses in labour contracts and sometimes
dispensing with them altogether. Collective agreements now cover 65% of workers
in western Germany, compared with 76% in 1998, says Reinhard Bispinck of the
Hans-B6ckler Foundation, the DGB’s research arm.? ?Workers’
flexibility made the recovery possible. Companies "drove up productivity
tremendously by having docile and productive unions," says Anke Hassel of the
Hertie School of Governance, a private university. And now some are benefiting.
Metal-bashing and electronics firms have added 85,000 jobs since employment hit
bottom in April 2006. IG Metall, that industry’s union, won a pay rise of over
4% for June 2007-October 2008. "Employees are no longer prepared to accept
（hourly） wage increases much below the long- term average" of about 2（作图）%, says
Eekart Tuchtfeld, an economist at Commerzbank. But high-productivity sectors,
particularly manufacturing, will gain more than less-productive services. Global
competition will continue to pressure wages overall. "The underlying situation
will not change," says Mr. Tuchtfeld.? ? Under the constitution,
unions and employers are autonomous and disputes have been resolved by the
courts. But breakaway unions make it more difficult for courts to defend one
union’s right to negotiate on behalf of a company’s entire workforce. The right
to strike may now have to be regulated by law, Mr. Schabedoth believes.
?Another statutory fix, championed especially by ver. di, is a proposed
minimum wage of 7.50 an hour.? ?The sense of crisis may ebb if
mediators appointed by GDL and Deutsche Bahn manage to avoid a separate contract
for GDL’s drivers. But that will not solve the underlying problem. the
discovery, as Germany recovers from its slump, that some workers are more equal
than others.（3）“需要
才能查看试题”? ?The British government says Sir Michael Barber, once an
adviser to the former prime minister, Tony Blair, has changed pretty much every
aspect of education policy in England and Wales, often more than once. "The
funding of schools, the governance of schools, curriculum standards, assessment
and testing, the role of local government, the role of national government, the
range and nature of national agencies, schools admissions" ―you name it, it’s
been changed and sometimes changed back. The only thing that hasn’t changed has
been the outcome. According to the National Foundation for Education Research,
there had been （until recently） no measurable improvement in the standards of
literacy and numeracy in primary schools for 50 years.? ?England
and Wales are not alone. Australia has almost tripled education spending per
student since 1970. No improvement. American spending has almost doubled since
1980 and class sizes are the lowest ever. Again, nothing. No matter what you do,
it seems, standards refuse to budge. To misquote Woody Allen, those who can’t
do, those who can’t teach, run the schools.? ?Why bother,
you might wonder. Nothing seems to matter. Yet something must. There are big
variations in educational standards between countries. These have been measured
and re-measured by the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment
（PISA） which has established, first, that the best performing countries do much
better than the worst and, second, that the same countries head such league
tables again and again: Canada, Finland, Japan, Singapore, South
Korea.? ?Those findings raise what ought to be a fruitful
question, what do the successful lot have in common? Yet the answer to that has
proved surprisingly elusive. Not more money. Singapore spends less per student
than most. Nor more study time. Finnish students begin school later, and study
fewer hours, than in other rich countries.? ?Now, an organisation
from outside the teaching fold- McKinsey, a consultancy that advises companies
and governments―has boldly gone where educationalists have mostly never gone:
into policy recommendations based on the PISA findings. Schools, it says, need
to do three things, g get the
step in when pupils start to lag behind. That may not sound exactly
"first-of-its-kind": schools surely do all this already? Actually, they don’t.
If these ideas were really taken seriously, they would change education
radically.? ?Begin with hiring the best. There is no question
that, as one South Korean official put it, "the quality of an education system
cannot exceed the quality of its teachers." Studies in Tennessee and Dallas have
shown that, if you take pupils of average ability and give them to teachers
deemed in the top fifth of the profession, they end up in the top 10% of student
if you give them to teachers from the bottom fifth, they end up at
the bottom. The quality of teachers affects student performance more than
anything else.? ?Yet most school systems do not go all out to get
the best. The New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, a
non-profit organisation, says America typically recruits teachers from the
bottom third of college graduates. Washington, DC recently hired as chancellor
for its public schools an alumna of an organisation called Teach for America,
which seeks out top graduates and hires them to teach for two years. Both her
appointment and the organisation caused a storm.? ?A bias against
the brightest happens partly because of lack of money （governments fear they
cannot afford them）, and partly because other aims get in the way. Almost every
rich country has sought to reduce class size lately. Yet all other things being
equal, smaller classes mean more teachers for the same pot of money, producing
lower salaries and lower professional status. That may explain the paradox that,
after primary school, there seems little or no relationship between class size
and educational achievement.? ?McKinsey argues that the best
performing education systems nevertheless manage to attract the best. In Finland
all new teachers must have a master’s degree. South Korea recruits
primary-school teachers from the top 5% of graduates, Singapore and Hong Kong
from the top 30%.问答题：&SECTION 6 TRANSLATION TEST
? ?Directions: {{I}}Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.{{/I}}（1）孔子学院秉承孔子“和为贵”、“和而不同”的理念，推动中外文化的交流与融合，以建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界为宗旨。儒家“吾日三省吾身”等理念早已广为人知。在不久的将来，国际上汉语热潮将持续涌动。不可否认，汉语热的出现是我国综合国力不断增强的表现。改革开放以来，我国的国内生产总值以高于8%的平均增长率持续增长。孔子学院和汉语热的兴起印证了“国富民强，国强语盛”的说法。同时，作为创新知识、传播文化、传承文明的学术机构，大学理应在促进不同文化的交流与理解、维护世界和平与人类共同发展等方面承担起更大的责任。
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