如果句子中有any宾语从句的时态变化应该怎样变化
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句子中有when 说明是什么时态？该怎么用？
提问者采纳
when 译为“当...时候 ”[when有引导过去式]； when I was young, I used to walk to the school. 当我小的时候，我过去经常步行去学校.[when也引导一般现在时]； Switch off the tape when you leave the bath room. 当你离开洗手间时，要关水龙头.
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其他2条回答
根据你的提问，when 应该是连接时间状语的连词，而不是最初学习的5大疑问词之一。通常连接过去的时间，比如，when I was young I did nothing but for sleep. 时态的确定要首先看时间状语，过去的时间、现在的时间、将来的时间，跟汉语中一样，时态与时间状语一致。
一般情况下看主句的时态 主句什么时态 when引导的从句也用什么时态 但是 有时候 when引导的从句是已经发生了的事 比如出生之类的 这时候用过去时
时态的相关知识
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1. 现在一般时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2) You read very well. (强调能力）
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every
time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）
6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）
He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long
time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）
2. 现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8)Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） I'm
finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
3. 现在完成时与过去一般时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every
day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every
day. (病已好了）
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）
4. 过去完成时与过去一般时
1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实)
Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)
5. 过去进行时与过去一般时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6. 将来一般时与现在进行时
1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
7. 现在一般时与过去一般式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)
9.现在一般时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet?
3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?
I have visited my parents recently.
4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.
5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week,
in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)
I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)
We have learned so many things from you so far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6．对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing （去过北京）
I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来）
Have you seen tiger before?
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法。
英语动词时态用法小结
上下文提示
一般现在时
经常反复的动作或状态
瞬间动词或持续性动词
often, sometimes, usually, every morning
多用于心理活动和个人嗜好的动词。
多出现在直接引语中
现在进行时
正在进行的动作或状态
多用持续性的动词，如果是瞬间动词多表示动作的重复。
the moment, at a certain time.
多用动作动词
前后有提示语，如：look
现在完成时
强调动作的结果和影响
瞬间动词或持续性动词
for, so far, until now, this morning(week) before, in
the past few weeks, ever
表示动作或状态的词。
有时时间状语不明显
一般过去时
过去的动作或状态
瞬间动词或持续性动词
week, yesterday, at that time, in 1990, 2 years ago,
in the past, just now
表示动作或状态的词。
有比较明显的表示过去的时间状语
一般将来时
将来的动作或状态
瞬间动词或持续性动词
tomorrow, in a few days, later
表示动作或状态的词
有时时间状语不明显
英语动词时态
（TENSES）
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此关是阅读之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的确不同变化形式表达时态。
一、 英语各种时态构成表；以play为例；
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 play is has has
plays am playing have played have been playing
过去 played was had played had beed playing
were playing
将来 shall shall shall shall
will play will be piaying will have playd will have been playing
过去should should should should
将来would play would be playing would have played would have
been playing
二、 一般现在时；
１、 构成；使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（１） 直接加“s”，works takes
（２） 以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”
carry DDcarries
（3）以“o，s，ch，ｓh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
（１） 表现在的事实，状态或动作；
eg； Birds fly。
She loves music
Mary‘s parents get up very early
（２） 表示习惯动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，
seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。
eg；I always take a walk after supper。
She writes to me very often
Tom and his girlfriend go out to take apicnic occasionally。
（３） 表客观真理，格言警句或事实；
The earth moves round the sun。
The sun rises in the east and sets in west。
Two and twomakes foｍａMMur。
No man but errs。人非圣贤，孰能无过。
（４） 表将来；
A． 在由when，after，befors，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even
if，in case，till ，until，unless，so long as，where，whatever，wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！！！）
I`ll tell her when she comes tomorrow
Even if it rains this afternoon，I`ll meet you。
Whatever happens，you should keep cool-headed（不错的句型，背下！！！）
I`ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go。（很感人的句型！）
B． 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
The play begins at 6；30 this evening。
When does the plane take off？
He leaves for that city next week。
According to the timetable，the express train to Shanghai starts
at nine in the morning（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）
二．现在进行时；is、am、are+现在分词
１、 表示现在正在进行的动作。如
The kettle is boiling。Shall Imake ted？
Don`t you think you eat too much？You`re putting on weight（体重增加）。
The workers are building a new bridge across the river。
2． 表现阶段正进行的动作。
He istaking physics this semester（本学期）。
We are preparing for our final examination this week。
3、go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join，etc。用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
Look！The bus is coming。看！车来了！
The old man is seriously ill，and he is dying。
Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother。
4、与always，forever，continually，constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩；赞赏或厌恶。
He is always thinking of others（他总是想着别人。）
The boy is continually making noises（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
The teacher is constantly （always）critizing her for being
late（老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5、下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
（此条戒律背10遍！！！）
believe（相信） doubt（怀疑） see（看见） hear（听见） know（知道） understand（理解）
belong（属于） think（认为） consider（认为） feel（觉得） look（看起来） seem（看上去）
show（显示） mind（介意） have（有） sound（听起来） taste（尝起来） require（要求）
possess（拥有） care（关心） like（喜欢） hate（讨厌） love（喜爱） detest（憎恨）
desire（意欲）
永远不要说I`m believing。。。或He is seeing a house。再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加―ing。
可怕的是；我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
注意；have a party|think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”
三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去试：
１、 表示过去某个特定时间或一段时间发生的动作或情况。
We visited the school last spring。
I went to school by bike when I was in middle school。
China was rounded in 1949。
２、 在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时（参考）
She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the
next day。
They would not leave until she came back。
My fyiend promised to marry me once she made her final decision。
３、 一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异；（别以为很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）
Her brother was a chemist。（已去世）
Her brother is a chemist（尚健在）
That`s all I had to say（话已说完）
That`s all I have to say（言之未尽）
It was so nice to see you（离别时用）
It is so nice to see you（见面时用）
Jane did a lot of work this morning（已是当天下午或晚上）
Jane has done a lot of work this morning（仍是上午）
四、 过去进行时；were|was+现在分词
１、 表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening。
When I arrived ，they were watching TV。
They were dong housework this time last week。
２、 用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping。
I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving
３、 过去某时将发生的事。
They told me that they were leaving for New York。
He was going out when I arrived。
五、 现在完成时；have|has+过去分词
１、 表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently（最近）ever，never等表示时间的副词搭配使用。
He hasn`t seen her her lately。
I haven`t finished the book yet。
２、 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如；so far（迄今为止），up
till now（直到现在），since，for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in
the past|in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）
He has worked here for 15 years。
I have studied English since I came here。
The foreigner has been away from China a long time。
So far，I haven`t received a single letter from my brother。
３、 某些非延续性动词（即；动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点；
A、 常见的非延续动词；die，arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go，refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend（全部会背）。
B、 这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能按常由for引导的时间状语。
C、 若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
She has qone away for a month。（误）
She has been away for a month。（正）
The man has died for two years。（误）
The man has been dead for two years（正）
How long have you bought the book？（误）
How long have you qot the book，（正）
４、 注意since的用法；
They haven`t had any trouble since they came here。
It has been ten years since we met last time。
He has been here since 1980。
He has been here since ten years age。
５、 几组对比；
He has gone to Shanghai（他到上海去了）
He has been to Shanghai（他去过上海）。
She has gone。（她已经走了）。
She is gone（or她死了）
The door has been closed（门关上了。表动作）。
The door is closed（门是关着的。表状态）。
英文最常用的时态有五个：一般现在时；现在进行时；一般过去时；一般将来时和现在完成时。
一、 一般现在时：
用动词原型表示，但单数第三人称后要加-s，在词尾加-s时要注意：
1． 一般情况：加-s 例：reads，writes，says
2． 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的词加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses
3． 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es 例：try―tries，carry―carries。
这个时态的疑问句一般以句首加助动词do，does构成。句中动词要用原型动词be提前：
do you know it？
are you students？
does she have a pen？
1．一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作：
we always care for each other and help each other。
they cycle to work every day。
2．现在的特征或状态：
he loves sports。
do you sing？a little。
i major in english。
3． 遍真理：
light travels faster than sound。
two and four makes six。
the moon moves round the earth。
有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think（以为），feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look（看起来），see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show（说明），prove，mind（在意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），matter，require，possess，desire等等。
i feel a sharp pain in my chest。
the soup contains too much salt。
you see what i mean？
the coat fits you very well。
how do you find the book？
有些表示动作的动词间或可用于这一时态，表示现刻的动作，由于动作持续时间机短，用于进行时不自然：
i send you my best wishes。
i salute your courage。
now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you。
在口语中这个时态用来表示一个按规定、计划或安排发生的情况（这是都有一个表示未来时间的状语）：
when do the train leave（stop at jinan）？
the plane take off at 11 am。
tomorrow is saturday。
is there a firm on tonight？
但这只限少数动词，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在时间或条件从句中，将来动作或状态多用这一时态表示：
tell her about that when she come。
turn off the light before you leave。
we‘ll start as soon as you are ready。
在口语中，这个时态间或可以用来表示一个已经发生的动作（这个动作发生的时间在说话人脑中处于很不重要的地位）：
they say xiao wu is back。is that true？
xiao yu tells me you‘re going abroad。
oh，i forget where he lives。
yes，you answer quite well。
此外一般现在时还多用于报刊、电影、电视解说等其他几种情况。
二、 现在进行时
现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式加现在分词构成，它的肯定、否定、疑问形式如下：
i am working。
i am not working。
am i working？
现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。
where are they having the basket-ball match？
they are putting up the scaffolding。
he‘s showing a foreign guest round the city。
在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字，在译为英语时却必须用进行时态：
how are you getting on with the work？
the work is going fairly smoothly。
you are making rapid progress。
it is blowing hard。
who are you waiting for？
whenever i see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她时，她总是在花园里干活。
在一般现在时所列的表示状态和感觉的动词，一般不能用于进行时态，因为他们不能表示正在进行的动作。但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态，试比较下面的句子：
do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人吗？
are you seeing someone off？你在给谁送行吗？
i hear someone singing。我听见有人唱歌。
they are hearing an english talk？他们在听一个英语报告。
what do you think of it？你觉得这怎么样？
what are you thinking about？你在想什么？
另外，表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等：
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳着。
the train is arriving。火车就要进站了。
the old man is dying。老头病危了。
现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安安排要进行的动作（这是多有一个表示未来时间的状语）：
we are leaving on friday。
are you going anywhere tomorrow？
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
xiao hong！coming。
who is interpreting for you？
we are having a holiday next monday。
但这仅限于少量动词，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。
另外，“be going+不定式”这个结构经常用来表示即将发生的事或打算（准备）做的事：
i am afraid it is going to rain。
it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
在这个结构中过去有许多人不赞成用go和come这两个动词，感到很别扭，主张不说are you going to go
anywhere tomorrow？而说are you going anywhere tomorrow？不说is she
going to come？而说is she coming？但现在在这种结构中用两个动词的人越来越多，这种用法基本上被大家接受了。
此外，在时间和条件状语从句中，间或也可用现在进行时表示将来的情况或一般情况：
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always
if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。
现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这是或是为了表示一种感情（a）如赞叹、厌烦等，或是为了强调情况的暂时性（b）
a． how are you feeling today？（比how do you feel today？更显亲切）
xiao hua is doing fine work at school。（比xiao hua does fine
work at school。更富赞美）
he is always thinking of his work。表赞许
he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是乱扔东西。（表不满）
he is always boasting。他老爱说大话。（表厌烦）
b．he is sleeping in the next room now。他现在现在是在隔壁房间睡了（不再原来房间睡了）。
the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary
where is he working？他现在在那里工作？（可能刚换工作）
for this week we are starting work at 7：30。
he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
be间或可用于进行时态，表示一时的表现：
you are not being modest。
he is being silly。
she is being friendly。
xiao hong is being a good girl today。
do not talk rot。i am being serious。
注： 在there和here引起的句子中，常可用一般现在时代替现在进行时：
here comes the bus。（=the bus is coming.）
there goes the bell. (=the bell is ringing.)
在某些情况下两种情况都可以用，没有多少差别：
i wonder (am wondering) how i should answer then.
does your leg hurt? (is your leg hurting?)
it itches (is itching) terribly.
my back aches (is aching).
i write (am writing ) to inform you.
未完待续。。。
(发帖时间:01-06 19:51:16)
---3dnow【外语学习成员】
三、 一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。这个时态的肯定、否定及疑问机构可表示如下：
i shall go.
i shall not go.
shall i go?
除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势，在口语中常紧缩为i’ll.
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作和情况：
i will (shall) arrive tomorrow.
will you be busy tonight?
the agreement will come into force next spring.
we won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.
有时表示将来的时间状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况：
i will think it over.
who will take the chair?
will she come?
they won’t object it.
在以i 或 we 作主语的问句中，一般用shall，这时或是征求对方的意见（a）,或是询问一个情况（b）:
a. shall i make a fair copy of it?
which book shall i read first?
where shall we meet?
b. shall we have any classes tomorrow?
when shall we have the rehearsal?
shall i be able to find them there?
在这类问句中，近年来也有不少人用will，特别是美国。
what will we do?
how will get there?
which will i take?
注意在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替：
i’ll let you have the book when i’m through.
they’ll fight till they win complete victory.
i’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
注：在两种情况下条件从句可以用一般将来时：
1． 表示愿望：
if they won’t cooperate, our plan will fall flat.
2.主句的谓语表时现在的情况：
if he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here。
表示将要发生的动作或情况，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他结构和时态：
1． be going +不定式（表打算、准备作的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事）：
we ‘re going to put up a building here.
how are you going to spend your holiday?
who is going to speak first?
2. be +不定式（表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方的意见）：
when is the factory to go into production?
the line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.
am i to (=shall i ) go on with the work?
3.一般现在时（限于某些动词，表示按计划或时刻要发生的事）：
school finishes on january 18th.
we get off at the next stop.
when does the winter vacation begin?
4.现在进行时（限于某些动词，表示按计划安排要发生的事）：
we are having an english evening tonight.
they are playing some folk music next.
i am talking the children to the zoo (on sunday ).
在单纯表示将来情况，特别是谈一连串的事情或在带时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时：
next term i will try to do better. i’ll speak more english
and do more reading-aloud.
he’ll come to see you when he has time.
he’ll tell you if you ask him.
在表示打算或准备时，如不提时间、条件等，多用be going to这个结构，用一般将来时时很少的，特别是在口语中：
he is going to buy a dictionary.(很少说he will buy a dictionary.)
在谈即将发生的情况时，用be going to 这个结构也多一些。在表示按计划安排要做得事时，用be to 的时候也不少。另外还有将来进行时等时态也可表示将来的动作。
注：be about to 可表示即将作某事
we are about to leave.
he is about to retire.
一般将来时有时还可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作：
a drowning man will catch at a straw.
crops will die without water.
oil will float on water.
注：这一时态有时用来表示揣测（a）或容量（b）:
a. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister.
b. the hall will seat 500people.四、 一般过去时
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，动词be有was, were两个过去式，was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他情况。在构成否定及疑问句时，一般都借助助动词did,
动词be有其独特的疑问及否定形式（基本上和一般现在时一致）。这个时态的三种结构可表示如下
一般动词：
i worked there.
i did not work there.
did you work there?
i was there.
i was not there.
was i there?
一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作）
who put forward the suggestion?
when did she leave?
she often came to help us.
有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态：
i was glad to get your letter.
what was the final score?
how did you like their performance?
*在谈到已死去人的情况多用过去时：
lao she was a great writer.
my grandmother was kind to us.
有时两种时态都可以用：
brahms was/is one of the greatest representative of german
classicalism.
注：在口语中一般过去时有时可用来代替一般现在时，使语气变得婉转一些，例如在下面句子中用一般现在时或一般过去时都可以，但用过去时显得客气一些（带有更多商量的口吻）：
do/did you want to see me?
i wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.
i want/wanted to ask if i can/could borrow your bike.
未完待续。。让大家久等了。第一次自己敲键盘发帖子。好累呀。：（
---3dnow【外语学习成员】
五、 现在完成时
现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定、否定及疑问形式如下：
i have read it.
i have not read it.
have you read it?
现在完成时表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况，可以是：
1． 到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（可能时多次动作的总和，也可表示状态和习惯性动作）：
we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.
how many pages have you covered today?
i haven’t seen him for many days.
2. 对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作：
the delegation has already left.
i have seen the film many times.
the city has taken on a new look.
注： 这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历：
all our children have had measles.
man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.
he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.
这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是讲一个影响现状的动作，这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时：
1． 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（包括when）时，不能用现在完成时：
i saw her a minute ago.
just now xiao lin came to see you.
when did you get to know it?
2.当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时：
up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.
we haven’t had any physical training classes this week.
he has learned a good deal since he came here.
3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时：
this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.
have you got the plan ready yet? Cno, not yet.
i’ve just received a money order.
4.在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时：
did you get up very early?
has he got up?
what did you have for lunch?
have you had lunch?
i got the news from xiao yu.
i’ve got no news from him.
注： 有since引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态：
we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).
it has rained a great deal since you left.
we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted
in 1952). 但在表示时间长度时可用一般现在时。
l 在使用一个表示状态的动词（如be, seem等）作谓语时，间或也可用现在时态：
it’s ok since i fixed it.
it seems a long time since i was here.
i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 间或用过去时，特别时在口语中。
i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.
在since引起的状语从句中，通常用一般过去时。但间或可用现在完成时：
i haven’t seen him since i have been back.
since i have known her, she has been fond of sports.
有时同样一句汉语，由于使用场合不用，译成英语时可能需要不同时态：
has xiao yang come?
did xiao yang come?
how many people have gone to the factory?
how many people went to the factory?
we haven’t invited him.
we didn’t invite him.
有时同样一个动作，也随着说话的意图不同而用不同时态表示：
has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句谈动作本身，与现在无联系。
have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午饭了吗？在那吃的？
has she left? why did she leave so early?
某些动词的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态：
how have you been (recently)?
the conference has lasted five days.
we’ve known each other since we were children.
特别是动词be，是常常这样用的：
he’s been back for three days. （不能用has come back）
she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能说has become)
he has been in college for a year. (不能说has entered)
由于come, become, enter和get up 等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用be来表示延续的状态：
另外有少数动词（主要是work, study, teach, live等）可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作
how long have you worked here？
she has taught english for many years.
we’ve lived here for quite a few years.
但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。
注：have been (to)长可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事”
have you ever been to xi’an?
xiao liu has just been here.
we’ve been here(there)many times.
l 现在完成时还可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：
i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder
we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then
i will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through.
这利用“现在完成时”时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成。如果两个动词同时发生，或几乎同时发生，（也就是说一个动作紧接着另一个动作），一般就不用这个时态：
i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.
she’ll write you when she gets there.
在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的动作的动词时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可以用：
we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.
i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).
注：have got 形式上时现在完成时，却和have时同一个意思：
she has got (=has) a slight temperature.
have you got (=do you have) any sisters?
另外，现在有一种倾向，特别是在美国，在随便谈话时，常用一般过去时代替现在完成时：
i saw it already (=i have seen it already).
did you return the records yet （=have you returned the records
i just come back (=i’ve just come back)
时间状语
一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day,
in 1982, just now
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until,
up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday,
from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time,
tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
时态构成表（以play为例）
完成进行时态
been playing
been playing
be playing
have played
have been playing
一、一般现在时
1、构成：动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接+“s” works takes
（2）以辅音+“y”结尾，变“y”为 i + es carryà carries
（3）以“o”“s”“x”“ch”“sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
表现在的事实、状态、动作
如：She loves music
Mary’s parents get up very early
（2）表习惯动作或者职业，常与often， sometimes， usually ，always every week，
seldom， occasionally， frequently 等时间副词连用。
如：I always take a walk after supper
She writes to me very often
Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实：
The earth moves round the sun
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Two and two makes four
No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。
（4）表将来：
A 由when, after, before. as, as soon as, although, if, even
if, in case, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
（黄金重点）
I’ll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
Even if it rains this afternoon, I’ll meet you.
Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
无论发生什麽，你必须保持清醒的头脑。
I’ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go .
无论你去任何地方我都在这里等你
B 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在表达将来时的概念。
The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
When does the plane take off?
He leaves for that city next week.
According to the he timetable, the express to Shanghai starts
in the morning.按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。
The Browns___ a nice car and Brown’s brother___ a nice jeep.
A have /have B has/has C have/ has D has/have
2 ___ you think he will come?
If it ___ tomorrow, he will not come.
A Do/rains B Are/ rains C Do/ will rain D Are/will rain
3 The little child ___not even know that the moon____ around
the earth.
A do/move B do/moves C does/moves D did/moved
二、现在进行时 am/is/are+ 现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。如
The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea ?
Don’t you think you eat too much? You’re putting on weight.
（体重增加）
The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作。如
He is taking physics this semester.（本学期）
We are preparing for our final examination this week.
go , come , leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return
,join. 用于进行时态表示即将开始的动作；
Look ！ The bus is coming.看！车来了。
The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
always ,forever, continually, constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有强烈的感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶
He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人
The boy is continually making noises.这男孩不断发出吵闹声
The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being
老师一直在批评她迟到
下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
believe, doubt, see, hear, know, understand, belong, think,
consider, feel, look, seem, show, mind, have sound, taste,
require, possess, care, like ,hate, love, detest, desire.
简单记忆：
永远不要说 I’m believing … or He is seeing a house. 简单说这些词后面不要随意加---ing.
have a party/think about 可以用进行时，因为这里的”have” 意为“举行”; “think
“ 意为“考虑”。
How can you ___ if you are not___?
A listening/hearing B hear/listening
C be listening / heard D be hearing/listening to
2 The girl even won’t have her lunch before she ___her homework.
A will finish B is finishing C had finished D finishes
3 The old scientist ___to do more for the country.
A is wishing B has been wishing
C wishes D has been wished
三、 一般过去时
表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
We visited the school last spring.
I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
China was founded in 1949
在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the
They would not leave until she came back.
My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision
一般过去时，现在时和过去时的机组差异：
Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）
Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）
That’s all I had to say.（话已说完）
That’s all I have to say.（言之未尽）
It was so vice to see you （离别时用）
It is so nice to see you （见面时用）
Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）
Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）
Yesterday I____(think) that you were not in Beijing.
Alice usually____(sit) in the front of the classroom, but
she ____(sit) at the back this morning.
He ____(tell) the news to us three days ago.
He ____(begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
She would not telephone me if she____(have ) no time.
They ____the trip until the rain stopped.
A continued B didn’t continue
C hadn’t continued D would continue
四、过去进行时 were /was+现在分词
表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
When I arrived, they were watching TV.
They were dong housework this time last week.
用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
I asked my friend to warn me about if as long as I was driving
过去某时将发生的事。
They told me that they were leaving for New York.
He was gong out when I arrived.
1 My brother ____while he _____his bicycle and hurt himself.
A fell/was riding B feel/were riding
C had fallen/rode D had fallen /was riding
2 He___ his leg as he ____ in a football match.
A broke/played B was breaking/was playing
C broke/was playing D was breaking/played
3 My father will be here tomorrow.
---I thought that he ____today.
A was coming B is coming C will come D comes
五、现在完成时： have /has+过去分词
1、表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的后果。
常与yet, just, before, recently, lately ,（最近）ever, never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
He hasn’t seen her lately.
I haven’t finished the book yet.
2 、表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：So far（迄今为止），
up till now （直到现在）， since, for a long time（很长时间），
up to present （直到现在）, in the past /in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these
days（目前）… …
He has worked here for 15 years.
I have studied English since I acme here.
The foreigner has been away from china for a long time
So far, I haven’t received a single letter from my brother.
3、延续性动词（即动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语搭配（由 引导的时间状语），但是这些词用在否定句中，可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
常见的非延续性动词：die, arrive, join, leave, go , refuse, fail ,finish,
buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend ……
She has gone away for a month. (误)
She has been away for a month. (正)
The man has died for two years. (误)
The man has been dead for two years. (正)
How long have you bought the book? (误)
How long have you got the book? (正)
4、Since的用法：
They haven’t had any trouble since they came here.
It has been ten years since we met last time. (十年未见面)
He has been here since 1980.
He has been here since ten years ago.
He has gone to Shanghai.他到上海去了。
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。
She is gone.她缺席了或她死了。
The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）
The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
1 The prices ___going up all the time in the past few ears.
A kept B kept C have kept D are keeping
2 Today is Jane’s wedding day. She ___John..
A have just married with B was just married to
C has just been married to D just has been married to
3 For the whole period of two months, there ___no rain in
this area.
A is B will be C has been D have been
六、现在完成进行时 have /has +been +现在分词
1、表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。I’ve been waiting for an hour
but she hasn’t come.
He has been running after her for 8 years. run after : 追求
2、表示某种感情色彩。
I‘ve been waiting to see you for so many years.
Who’s been telling you such nonsense.
要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
Jim has painted the door.（吉姆已将门漆过了。）
Jim has been painting the door.（吉姆一直在漆门。）
1 they ____us since five o’clock this morning .
A are helping B have been helping
C have been helped D have helped
I _____the book the whole day, yet I t finished it.
A have been reading B have read
C am reading D had been reading
Please come in! We _____about you paper.
A talk B had been talking C have been talking D would have
七、过去完成时 had +过去分词
1、表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作
They had got everything ready before I came.
The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2、过去完成时常用于hardly /scarcely …when, no sooner …than 等固定结构中.
(这两个句型非常重要，意思为：一… 就…)
She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
当铃声响起，她就上床睡觉。
No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met
her parents.
他一到火车站，就见到了她的父母。no sooner：放在句首，句型倒装。
3、intend mean hope want plan等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而未做的事情。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came
to see me just when I was about to leave.（…原想昨天去看你…）
They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they
had to cancel it because the bad weather. (…原计划上周举行一场足球比赛…)
1、---Let’s hurry! The president is coming.
---Oh, I was afraid that we ______.
A already miss him B had already missed him
C will miss him already D have already missed him
2 You letter came just as I ____my office.
A was leaving B would leave C had left D left
I ____my keys, I can’t remember where I last saw them.
A was losing B lost C had lost D have lost
八、 一般将来时 shall /will +动词原形
1、表示将要发生的动作或状态。
He will graduate from the college next year.
We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2、将来时的其他结构：
(1) be going to do something. 打算做某事
I’m going to buy a new coat this fall.
“be going to”与 “will”的对比：
I’ll be sixteen years old next year.
It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
When he comes, I will give him your message.
(2) be +to do sth. 表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
Am I to take over his work?
We are to meet at the gate.
(3) be about to do sht. 即将做某事。
The talk is about to begin.
3、重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
Set out to do sth,. 着手做某事
Set about doing sth. .开始做某事
1 It ____be Wednesday tomorrow.
A is going to B will C is about to D is to
2 Our next meeting ___on 1st December.
A has been held B will hold C is to be held D is holding
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句子中有when 说明是什么时态？该怎么用？
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when 译为“当...时候 ”[when有引导过去式]； when I was young, I used to walk to the school. 当我小的时候，我过去经常步行去学校.[when也引导一般现在时]； Switch off the tape when you leave the bath room. 当你离开洗手间时，要关水龙头.
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根据你的提问，when 应该是连接时间状语的连词，而不是最初学习的5大疑问词之一。通常连接过去的时间，比如，when I was young I did nothing but for sleep. 时态的确定要首先看时间状语，过去的时间、现在的时间、将来的时间，跟汉语中一样，时态与时间状语一致。
一般情况下看主句的时态 主句什么时态 when引导的从句也用什么时态 但是 有时候 when引导的从句是已经发生了的事 比如出生之类的 这时候用过去时
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1. 现在一般时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2) You read very well. (强调能力）
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every
time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）
6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）
He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long
time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）
2. 现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8)Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） I'm
finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后)
Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)
3. 现在完成时与过去一般时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every
day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every
day. (病已好了）
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）
4. 过去完成时与过去一般时
1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实)
Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)
5. 过去进行时与过去一般时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)
6. 将来一般时与现在进行时
1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)
7. 现在一般时与过去一般式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)
8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)
9.现在一般时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)
(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)
现在完成时是英语时态中最不好掌握的时态，因为对我们来说，它很难在汉语中找到相对应的说法，下面笔者从几个方面分析一下现在完成时的用法。
1．现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。
2．强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。
常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语；多是一般疑问句。
I have already seen the film.
Have you decided yet?
3．刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks
注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。
I have just phoned him?
I have visited my parents recently.
4．从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：since, （可用作介词和连词）for
注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。
I have lived here for 20 years.
I have lived here since I came to this city
I have learned English since 10 years ago.
He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.
5．从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。
常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week,
in this year, in my life
注意：这两句话的区别
I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)
I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)
We have learned so many things from you so far.
I have seen any bird like this in my life.
6．对过去的体验和经历。
常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times
注意：这两句话的区别
I have been to Beijing （去过北京）
I have gone to Beijing（去北京了，人还没回来）
Have you seen tiger before?
I have been to Shanghai many times.
从上面几方面的分析， 我们把现在完成的用法和时间状语联系起来一起考虑，掌握完成时态的用法。
英语动词时态用法小结
上下文提示
一般现在时
经常反复的动作或状态
瞬间动词或持续性动词
often, sometimes, usually, every morning
多用于心理活动和个人嗜好的动词。
多出现在直接引语中
现在进行时
正在进行的动作或状态
多用持续性的动词，如果是瞬间动词多表示动作的重复。
the moment, at a certain time.
多用动作动词
前后有提示语，如：look
现在完成时
强调动作的结果和影响
瞬间动词或持续性动词
for, so far, until now, this morning(week) before, in
the past few weeks, ever
表示动作或状态的词。
有时时间状语不明显
一般过去时
过去的动作或状态
瞬间动词或持续性动词
week, yesterday, at that time, in 1990, 2 years ago,
in the past, just now
表示动作或状态的词。
有比较明显的表示过去的时间状语
一般将来时
将来的动作或状态
瞬间动词或持续性动词
tomorrow, in a few days, later
表示动作或状态的词
有时时间状语不明显
英语动词时态
（TENSES）
英语时态是英语语法中的第一道难关，攻下此关是阅读之关键。汉语用不同词表达相应时态，而英语用同一词的确不同变化形式表达时态。
一、 英语各种时态构成表；以play为例；
一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态
现在 play is has has
plays am playing have played have been playing
过去 played was had played had beed playing
were playing
将来 shall shall shall shall
will play will be piaying will have playd will have been playing
过去should should should should
将来would play would be playing would have played would have
been playing
二、 一般现在时；
１、 构成；使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（１） 直接加“s”，works takes
（２） 以辅音加“y”结尾，变“y”为“i”，再加“es”
carry DDcarries
（3）以“o，s，ch，ｓh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
（１） 表现在的事实，状态或动作；
eg； Birds fly。
She loves music
Mary‘s parents get up very early
（２） 表示习惯动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，every week，
seldom，occasionally，frequently等时间副词连用。
eg；I always take a walk after supper。
She writes to me very often
Tom and his girlfriend go out to take apicnic occasionally。
（３） 表客观真理，格言警句或事实；
The earth moves round the sun。
The sun rises in the east and sets in west。
Two and twomakes foｍａMMur。
No man but errs。人非圣贤，孰能无过。
（４） 表将来；
A． 在由when，after，befors，as，as soon as，although，because，if，even
if，in case，till ，until，unless，so long as，where，whatever，wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。（黄金重点，所有考试都不放过它！！！）
I`ll tell her when she comes tomorrow
Even if it rains this afternoon，I`ll meet you。
Whatever happens，you should keep cool-headed（不错的句型，背下！！！）
I`ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go。（很感人的句型！）
B． 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在时表达将来时概念。
The play begins at 6；30 this evening。
When does the plane take off？
He leaves for that city next week。
According to the timetable，the express train to Shanghai starts
at nine in the morning（按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。）
二．现在进行时；is、am、are+现在分词
１、 表示现在正在进行的动作。如
The kettle is boiling。Shall Imake ted？
Don`t you think you eat too much？You`re putting on weight（体重增加）。
The workers are building a new bridge across the river。
2． 表现阶段正进行的动作。
He istaking physics this semester（本学期）。
We are preparing for our final examination this week。
3、go，come，leave，arrive，land，meet，die，start，return，join，etc。用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。
Look！The bus is coming。看！车来了！
The old man is seriously ill，and he is dying。
Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother。
4、与always，forever，continually，constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩；赞赏或厌恶。
He is always thinking of others（他总是想着别人。）
The boy is continually making noises（这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。）
The teacher is constantly （always）critizing her for being
late（老师一直在批评她迟到。）
5、下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
（此条戒律背10遍！！！）
believe（相信） doubt（怀疑） see（看见） hear（听见） know（知道） understand（理解）
belong（属于） think（认为） consider（认为） feel（觉得） look（看起来） seem（看上去）
show（显示） mind（介意） have（有） sound（听起来） taste（尝起来） require（要求）
possess（拥有） care（关心） like（喜欢） hate（讨厌） love（喜爱） detest（憎恨）
desire（意欲）
永远不要说I`m believing。。。或He is seeing a house。再简单一点说，这些动词后面不要随意加―ing。
可怕的是；我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错！
注意；have a party|think about可以用进行时，因为这里have意为“举行”；think意为“考虑”
三．一般过去时。定义动词的过去试：
１、 表示过去某个特定时间或一段时间发生的动作或情况。
We visited the school last spring。
I went to school by bike when I was in middle school。
China was rounded in 1949。
２、 在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时（参考）
She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the
next day。
They would not leave until she came back。
My fyiend promised to marry me once she made her final decision。
３、 一般过去时，现在时和过去时的几组差异；（别以为很简单，下面的差异你不一定明白。）
Her brother was a chemist。（已去世）
Her brother is a chemist（尚健在）
That`s all I had to say（话已说完）
That`s all I have to say（言之未尽）
It was so nice to see you（离别时用）
It is so nice to see you（见面时用）
Jane did a lot of work this morning（已是当天下午或晚上）
Jane has done a lot of work this morning（仍是上午）
四、 过去进行时；were|was+现在分词
１、 表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening。
When I arrived ，they were watching TV。
They were dong housework this time last week。
２、 用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping。
I asked my friend to warn me about it as long as I was driving
３、 过去某时将发生的事。
They told me that they were leaving for New York。
He was going out when I arrived。
五、 现在完成时；have|has+过去分词
１、 表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently（最近）ever，never等表示时间的副词搭配使用。
He hasn`t seen her her lately。
I haven`t finished the book yet。
２、 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如；so far（迄今为止），up
till now（直到现在），since，for a long time（很长时间），up to present（直到现在），in
the past|in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these days（目前）
He has worked here for 15 years。
I have studied English since I came here。
The foreigner has been away from China a long time。
So far，I haven`t received a single letter from my brother。
３、 某些非延续性动词（即；动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。
黄金要点；
A、 常见的非延续动词；die，arrive（到达），join（加入），leave（离开），go，refuse（拒绝），fail（失败），finish，buy，marry，divorce（离婚），awake（醒），buy，borrow，lend（全部会背）。
B、 这类动词并非不能用现在完成时，而是不能按常由for引导的时间状语。
C、 若是用在否定句中，非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。
She has qone away for a month。（误）
She has been away for a month。（正）
The man has died for two years。（误）
The man has been dead for two years（正）
How long have you bought the book？（误）
How long have you qot the book，（正）
４、 注意since的用法；
They haven`t had any trouble since they came here。
It has been ten years since we met last time。
He has been here since 1980。
He has been here since ten years age。
５、 几组对比；
He has gone to Shanghai（他到上海去了）
He has been to Shanghai（他去过上海）。
She has gone。（她已经走了）。
She is gone（or她死了）
The door has been closed（门关上了。表动作）。
The door is closed（门是关着的。表状态）。
英文最常用的时态有五个：一般现在时；现在进行时；一般过去时；一般将来时和现在完成时。
一、 一般现在时：
用动词原型表示，但单数第三人称后要加-s，在词尾加-s时要注意：
1． 一般情况：加-s 例：reads，writes，says
2． 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的词加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses
3． 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es 例：try―tries，carry―carries。
这个时态的疑问句一般以句首加助动词do，does构成。句中动词要用原型动词be提前：
do you know it？
are you students？
does she have a pen？
1．一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作：
we always care for each other and help each other。
they cycle to work every day。
2．现在的特征或状态：
he loves sports。
do you sing？a little。
i major in english。
3． 遍真理：
light travels faster than sound。
two and four makes six。
the moon moves round the earth。
有些表示状态和感觉的动词常常可用于一般现在时：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think（以为），feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look（看起来），see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show（说明），prove，mind（在意），have（有），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），matter，require，possess，desire等等。
i feel a sharp pain in my chest。
the soup contains too much salt。
you see what i mean？
the coat fits you very well。
how do you find the book？
有些表示动作的动词间或可用于这一时态，表示现刻的动作，由于动作持续时间机短，用于进行时不自然：
i send you my best wishes。
i salute your courage。
now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you。
在口语中这个时态用来表示一个按规定、计划或安排发生的情况（这是都有一个表示未来时间的状语）：
when do the train leave（stop at jinan）？
the plane take off at 11 am。
tomorrow is saturday。
is there a firm on tonight？
但这只限少数动词，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在时间或条件从句中，将来动作或状态多用这一时态表示：
tell her about that when she come。
turn off the light before you leave。
we‘ll start as soon as you are ready。
在口语中，这个时态间或可以用来表示一个已经发生的动作（这个动作发生的时间在说话人脑中处于很不重要的地位）：
they say xiao wu is back。is that true？
xiao yu tells me you‘re going abroad。
oh，i forget where he lives。
yes，you answer quite well。
此外一般现在时还多用于报刊、电影、电视解说等其他几种情况。
二、 现在进行时
现在进行时用助动词be的人称形式加现在分词构成，它的肯定、否定、疑问形式如下：
i am working。
i am not working。
am i working？
现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。
where are they having the basket-ball match？
they are putting up the scaffolding。
he‘s showing a foreign guest round the city。
在不少情况下，表示正在进行的动作的汉语句子，并没有“正在”这样的字，在译为英语时却必须用进行时态：
how are you getting on with the work？
the work is going fairly smoothly。
you are making rapid progress。
it is blowing hard。
who are you waiting for？
whenever i see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她时，她总是在花园里干活。
在一般现在时所列的表示状态和感觉的动词，一般不能用于进行时态，因为他们不能表示正在进行的动作。但如果词义转变，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态，试比较下面的句子：
do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人吗？
are you seeing someone off？你在给谁送行吗？
i hear someone singing。我听见有人唱歌。
they are hearing an english talk？他们在听一个英语报告。
what do you think of it？你觉得这怎么样？
what are you thinking about？你在想什么？
另外，表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等：
he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳着。
the train is arriving。火车就要进站了。
the old man is dying。老头病危了。
现在进行时有时可用来表示一个在最近按计划或安安排要进行的动作（这是多有一个表示未来时间的状语）：
we are leaving on friday。
are you going anywhere tomorrow？
a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。
xiao hong！coming。
who is interpreting for you？
we are having a holiday next monday。
但这仅限于少量动词，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。
另外，“be going+不定式”这个结构经常用来表示即将发生的事或打算（准备）做的事：
i am afraid it is going to rain。
it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。
she is not going to speak at the meeting。
在这个结构中过去有许多人不赞成用go和come这两个动词，感到很别扭，主张不说are you going to go
anywhere tomorrow？而说are you going anywhere tomorrow？不说is she
going to come？而说is she coming？但现在在这种结构中用两个动词的人越来越多，这种用法基本上被大家接受了。
此外，在时间和条件状语从句中，间或也可用现在进行时表示将来的情况或一般情况：
do not mention this when you are talking with him。
remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always
if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。
现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，这是或是为了表示一种感情（a）如赞叹、厌烦等，或是为了强调情况的暂时性（b）
a． how are you feeling today？（比how do you feel today？更显亲切）
xiao hua is doing fine work at school。（比xiao hua does fine
work at school。更富赞美）
he is always thinking of his work。表赞许
he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是乱扔东西。（表不满）
he is always boasting。他老爱说大话。（表厌烦）
b．he is sleeping in the next room now。他现在现在是在隔壁房间睡了（不再原来房间睡了）。
the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary
where is he working？他现在在那里工作？（可能刚换工作）
for this week we are starting work at 7：30。
he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。
be间或可用于进行时态，表示一时的表现：
you are not being modest。
he is being silly。
she is being friendly。
xiao hong is being a good girl today。
do not talk rot。i am being serious。
注： 在there和here引起的句子中，常可用一般现在时代替现在进行时：
here comes the bus。（=the bus is coming.）
there goes the bell. (=the bell is ringing.)
在某些情况下两种情况都可以用，没有多少差别：
i wonder (am wondering) how i should answer then.
does your leg hurt? (is your leg hurting?)
it itches (is itching) terribly.
my back aches (is aching).
i write (am writing ) to inform you.
未完待续。。。
(发帖时间:01-06 19:51:16)
---3dnow【外语学习成员】
三、 一般将来时
一般将来时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成，shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。这个时态的肯定、否定及疑问机构可表示如下：
i shall go.
i shall not go.
shall i go?
除英国以外的说英语的国家，在陈述句中，即使在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势，在口语中常紧缩为i’ll.
一般将来时表示将要发生的动作和情况：
i will (shall) arrive tomorrow.
will you be busy tonight?
the agreement will come into force next spring.
we won’t (shan’t) be free tonight.
有时表示将来的时间状语，有时没有时间状语，这时要从意思上判断是否指未来的动作或情况：
i will think it over.
who will take the chair?
will she come?
they won’t object it.
在以i 或 we 作主语的问句中，一般用shall，这时或是征求对方的意见（a）,或是询问一个情况（b）:
a. shall i make a fair copy of it?
which book shall i read first?
where shall we meet?
b. shall we have any classes tomorrow?
when shall we have the rehearsal?
shall i be able to find them there?
在这类问句中，近年来也有不少人用will，特别是美国。
what will we do?
how will get there?
which will i take?
注意在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替：
i’ll let you have the book when i’m through.
they’ll fight till they win complete victory.
i’ll be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
注：在两种情况下条件从句可以用一般将来时：
1． 表示愿望：
if they won’t cooperate, our plan will fall flat.
2.主句的谓语表时现在的情况：
if he won’t arrive this morning, why should we wait here。
表示将要发生的动作或情况，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他结构和时态：
1． be going +不定式（表打算、准备作的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事）：
we ‘re going to put up a building here.
how are you going to spend your holiday?
who is going to speak first?
2. be +不定式（表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方的意见）：
when is the factory to go into production?
the line is (going) to be opened to traffic next week.
am i to (=shall i ) go on with the work?
3.一般现在时（限于某些动词，表示按计划或时刻要发生的事）：
school finishes on january 18th.
we get off at the next stop.
when does the winter vacation begin?
4.现在进行时（限于某些动词，表示按计划安排要发生的事）：
we are having an english evening tonight.
they are playing some folk music next.
i am talking the children to the zoo (on sunday ).
在单纯表示将来情况，特别是谈一连串的事情或在带时间或条件状语从句的句子中，谓语多用将来时：
next term i will try to do better. i’ll speak more english
and do more reading-aloud.
he’ll come to see you when he has time.
he’ll tell you if you ask him.
在表示打算或准备时，如不提时间、条件等，多用be going to这个结构，用一般将来时时很少的，特别是在口语中：
he is going to buy a dictionary.(很少说he will buy a dictionary.)
在谈即将发生的情况时，用be going to 这个结构也多一些。在表示按计划安排要做得事时，用be to 的时候也不少。另外还有将来进行时等时态也可表示将来的动作。
注：be about to 可表示即将作某事
we are about to leave.
he is about to retire.
一般将来时有时还可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作：
a drowning man will catch at a straw.
crops will die without water.
oil will float on water.
注：这一时态有时用来表示揣测（a）或容量（b）:
a. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister.
b. the hall will seat 500people.四、 一般过去时
一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，动词be有was, were两个过去式，was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他情况。在构成否定及疑问句时，一般都借助助动词did,
动词be有其独特的疑问及否定形式（基本上和一般现在时一致）。这个时态的三种结构可表示如下
一般动词：
i worked there.
i did not work there.
did you work there?
i was there.
i was not there.
was i there?
一般过去时主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况（包括习惯性动作）
who put forward the suggestion?
when did she leave?
she often came to help us.
有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态：
i was glad to get your letter.
what was the final score?
how did you like their performance?
*在谈到已死去人的情况多用过去时：
lao she was a great writer.
my grandmother was kind to us.
有时两种时态都可以用：
brahms was/is one of the greatest representative of german
classicalism.
注：在口语中一般过去时有时可用来代替一般现在时，使语气变得婉转一些，例如在下面句子中用一般现在时或一般过去时都可以，但用过去时显得客气一些（带有更多商量的口吻）：
do/did you want to see me?
i wonder/wondered if you could spare a few minutes.
i want/wanted to ask if i can/could borrow your bike.
未完待续。。让大家久等了。第一次自己敲键盘发帖子。好累呀。：（
---3dnow【外语学习成员】
五、 现在完成时
现在完成时由have的人称形式加过去分词构成。他的肯定、否定及疑问形式如下：
i have read it.
i have not read it.
have you read it?
现在完成时表示现刻以前发生的动作或情况，可以是：
1． 到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（可能时多次动作的总和，也可表示状态和习惯性动作）：
we have opened up 200 mu of land this year.
how many pages have you covered today?
i haven’t seen him for many days.
2. 对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作：
the delegation has already left.
i have seen the film many times.
the city has taken on a new look.
注： 这个时态有时还可以表示过去曾发生过一次或多次的情况，也可以说是一种经历：
all our children have had measles.
man’s hairs have grown white in a single might.
he says that he has seen a meteor at some time.
这个时态的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是讲迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是讲一个影响现状的动作，这样它不是从时间上就是从后果上和现在联系起来。根据这个特点我们可以判断什么时候用一般过去时，什么时候用现在完成时：
1． 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（包括when）时，不能用现在完成时：
i saw her a minute ago.
just now xiao lin came to see you.
when did you get to know it?
2.当有一个表示到现在为止这段时间的状语时，多用现在完成时：
up till now we have planted over 24,000 fruit trees.
we haven’t had any physical training classes this week.
he has learned a good deal since he came here.
3.在用already, yet, just, as yet, ever, never这类副词作状语时，常可用现在完成时：
this is the second game. they ’ve already won a game.
have you got the plan ready yet? Cno, not yet.
i’ve just received a money order.
4.在单独谈一个过去的动作，不涉及它对现在的影响时，通常用一般过去时，如果谈一件已经发生的事，不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑对现在的影响，多用现在完成时：
did you get up very early?
has he got up?
what did you have for lunch?
have you had lunch?
i got the news from xiao yu.
i’ve got no news from him.
注： 有since引起的状语时，主要谓语通常用完成时态：
we met in 1972,and have been good friends ever since (then).
it has rained a great deal since you left.
we haven’t seen each other again since them (since we parted
in 1952). 但在表示时间长度时可用一般现在时。
l 在使用一个表示状态的动词（如be, seem等）作谓语时，间或也可用现在时态：
it’s ok since i fixed it.
it seems a long time since i was here.
i’m getting interested in china since you came here. 间或用过去时，特别时在口语中。
i lost ten pounds since i started swimming.
在since引起的状语从句中，通常用一般过去时。但间或可用现在完成时：
i haven’t seen him since i have been back.
since i have known her, she has been fond of sports.
有时同样一句汉语，由于使用场合不用，译成英语时可能需要不同时态：
has xiao yang come?
did xiao yang come?
how many people have gone to the factory?
how many people went to the factory?
we haven’t invited him.
we didn’t invite him.
有时同样一个动作，也随着说话的意图不同而用不同时态表示：
has he gone to town? how did he go there? 后一句谈动作本身，与现在无联系。
have you had your lunch? where did you have it？ 你吃中午饭了吗？在那吃的？
has she left? why did she leave so early?
某些动词的现在完成时刻表示一直持续到现在的状态：
how have you been (recently)?
the conference has lasted five days.
we’ve known each other since we were children.
特别是动词be，是常常这样用的：
he’s been back for three days. （不能用has come back）
she has been a teacher for ten years. (不能说has become)
he has been in college for a year. (不能说has entered)
由于come, become, enter和get up 等动词都只代表一个短暂的动作，不能代表一个延续的状态，这是需要用be来表示延续的状态：
另外有少数动词（主要是work, study, teach, live等）可用于现在完成时表示一直持续到现在的一个动作
how long have you worked here？
she has taught english for many years.
we’ve lived here for quite a few years.
但大多数动词不宜这样用，而需用现在完成进行时。
注：have been (to)长可用来表示“到过某地”或“刚去做过某事”
have you ever been to xi’an?
xiao liu has just been here.
we’ve been here(there)many times.
l 现在完成时还可用在表示时间或条件的状语从句中，表示将来某时业已完成的动作：
i’ll go and see the exhibition as soon as i have got the recorder
we’ll start at five o’clock if it has stopped raining by then
i will gibe my opinion when i have read the book through.
这利用“现在完成时”时表示这动作将在另一动作之前完成。如果两个动词同时发生，或几乎同时发生，（也就是说一个动作紧接着另一个动作），一般就不用这个时态：
i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.
she’ll write you when she gets there.
在这样的情况下（特别是当我们用的是get, arrive, see, hear, leave, return 等代表迅即完成的动作的动词时），多用一般现在时。有时两种时态都可以用：
we’ll leave as soon as it stops(has stopped) raining.
i’ll tell him after you leave (have left).
注：have got 形式上时现在完成时，却和have时同一个意思：
she has got (=has) a slight temperature.
have you got (=do you have) any sisters?
另外，现在有一种倾向，特别是在美国，在随便谈话时，常用一般过去时代替现在完成时：
i saw it already (=i have seen it already).
did you return the records yet （=have you returned the records
i just come back (=i’ve just come back)
时间状语
一般现在时 every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day,
in 1982, just now
一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+时间,
现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until,
up to now, in past years, always, recently
过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as
过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday,
from nine to ten last evening… when, while
将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time,
tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
时态构成表（以play为例）
完成进行时态
been playing
been playing
be playing
have played
have been playing
一、一般现在时
1、构成：动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。
（1）直接+“s” works takes
（2）以辅音+“y”结尾，变“y”为 i + es carryà carries
（3）以“o”“s”“x”“ch”“sh”结尾的动词加“es”
goes dresses watches brushes
表现在的事实、状态、动作
如：She loves music
Mary’s parents get up very early
（2）表习惯动作或者职业，常与often， sometimes， usually ，always every week，
seldom， occasionally， frequently 等时间副词连用。
如：I always take a walk after supper
She writes to me very often
Tom and his girlfriend go out to take a picnic occasionally
（3）表客观真理，格言警句或事实：
The earth moves round the sun
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
Two and two makes four
No man but errs. 人非圣贤，熟能无过。
（4）表将来：
A 由when, after, before. as, as soon as, although, if, even
if, in case, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。
（黄金重点）
I’ll tell her when she comes tomorrow.
Even if it rains this afternoon, I’ll meet you.
Whatever happens, you should keep cool-headed.
无论发生什麽，你必须保持清醒的头脑。
I’ll be right here waiting for you wherever you go .
无论你去任何地方我都在这里等你
B 按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件，用一般现在表达将来时的概念。
The play begins at 6:30 this evening.
When does the plane take off?
He leaves for that city next week.
According to the he timetable, the express to Shanghai starts
in the morning.按照时刻表，开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。
The Browns___ a nice car and Brown’s brother___ a nice jeep.
A have /have B has/has C have/ has D has/have
2 ___ you think he will come?
If it ___ tomorrow, he will not come.
A Do/rains B Are/ rains C Do/ will rain D Are/will rain
3 The little child ___not even know that the moon____ around
the earth.
A do/move B do/moves C does/moves D did/moved
二、现在进行时 am/is/are+ 现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作。如
The kettle is boiling. Shall I make tea ?
Don’t you think you eat too much? You’re putting on weight.
（体重增加）
The workers are building a new bridge across the river.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作。如
He is taking physics this semester.（本学期）
We are preparing for our final examination this week.
go , come , leave, arrive, land, meet, die, start, return
,join. 用于进行时态表示即将开始的动作；
Look ！ The bus is coming.看！车来了。
The old man is seriously ill, and he is dying.
Alice is leaving for Beijing with her mother.
always ,forever, continually, constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有强烈的感情色彩：赞赏或厌恶
He is always thinking of others. 他总是想着别人
The boy is continually making noises.这男孩不断发出吵闹声
The teacher is constantly (always) criticizing her for being
老师一直在批评她迟到
下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。
believe, doubt, see, hear, know, understand, belong, think,
consider, feel, look, seem, show, mind, have sound, taste,
require, possess, care, like ,hate, love, detest, desire.
简单记忆：
永远不要说 I’m believing … or He is seeing a house. 简单说这些词后面不要随意加---ing.
have a party/think about 可以用进行时，因为这里的”have” 意为“举行”; “think
“ 意为“考虑”。
How can you ___ if you are not___?
A listening/hearing B hear/listening
C be listening / heard D be hearing/listening to
2 The girl even won’t have her lunch before she ___her homework.
A will finish B is finishing C had finished D finishes
3 The old scientist ___to do more for the country.
A is wishing B has been wishing
C wishes D has been wished
三、 一般过去时
表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。
We visited the school last spring.
I went to school by bike when I was in middle school.
China was founded in 1949
在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。
She told me that she would not go with us if it rained the
They would not leave until she came back.
My friend promised to marry me once she made her final decision
一般过去时，现在时和过去时的机组差异：
Her brother was a chemist.（已去世）
Her brother is a chemist.（尚健在）
That’s all I had to say.（话已说完）
That’s all I have to say.（言之未尽）
It was so vice to see you （离别时用）
It is so nice to see you （见面时用）
Jane did a lot of work this morning.（已是当天下午或晚上）
Jane has done a lot of work this morning.（仍是上午）
Yesterday I____(think) that you were not in Beijing.
Alice usually____(sit) in the front of the classroom, but
she ____(sit) at the back this morning.
He ____(tell) the news to us three days ago.
He ____(begin) to teach Chinese in 1990.
She would not telephone me if she____(have ) no time.
They ____the trip until the rain stopped.
A continued B didn’t continue
C hadn’t continued D would continue
四、过去进行时 were /was+现在分词
表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。
I was playing chess at 8 yesterday evening.
When I arrived, they were watching TV.
They were dong housework this time last week.
用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。
She told me to wake him up if she was sleeping.
I asked my friend to warn me about if as long as I was driving
过去某时将发生的事。
They told me that they were leaving for New York.
He was gong out when I arrived.
1 My brother ____while he _____his bicycle and hurt himself.
A fell/was riding B feel/were riding
C had fallen/rode D had fallen /was riding
2 He___ his leg as he ____ in a football match.
A broke/played B was breaking/was playing
C broke/was playing D was breaking/played
3 My father will be here tomorrow.
---I thought that he ____today.
A was coming B is coming C will come D comes
五、现在完成时： have /has+过去分词
1、表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的后果。
常与yet, just, before, recently, lately ,（最近）ever, never等表时间的副词搭配使用。
He hasn’t seen her lately.
I haven’t finished the book yet.
2 、表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：So far（迄今为止），
up till now （直到现在）， since, for a long time（很长时间），
up to present （直到现在）, in the past /in the last few years（在过去的几年里），these
days（目前）… …
He has worked here for 15 years.
I have studied English since I acme here.
The foreigner has been away from china for a long time
So far, I haven’t received a single letter from my brother.
3、延续性动词（即动作开始便终止的动词），在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语搭配（由 引导的时间状语），但是这些词用在否定句中，可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
常见的非延续性动词：die, arrive, join, leave, go , refuse, fail ,finish,
buy, marry, divorce, awake, buy, borrow, lend ……
She has gone away for a month. (误)
She has been away for a month. (正)
The man has died for two years. (误)
The man has been dead for two years. (正)
How long have you bought the book? (误)
How long have you got the book? (正)
4、Since的用法：
They haven’t had any trouble since they came here.
It has been ten years since we met last time. (十年未见面)
He has been here since 1980.
He has been here since ten years ago.
He has gone to Shanghai.他到上海去了。
He has been to Shanghai. 他去过上海。
She has gone. 她已走了。
She is gone.她缺席了或她死了。
The door has been closed.门关上了。（动作）
The door is closed. 门是关着的。（状态）
1 The prices ___going up all the time in the past few ears.
A kept B kept C have kept D are keeping
2 Today is Jane’s wedding day. She ___John..
A have just married with B was just married to
C has just been married to D just has been married to
3 For the whole period of two months, there ___no rain in
this area.
A is B will be C has been D have been
六、现在完成进行时 have /has +been +现在分词
1、表示从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在且可能延续下去的动作。I’ve been waiting for an hour
but she hasn’t come.
He has been running after her for 8 years. run after : 追求
2、表示某种感情色彩。
I‘ve been waiting to see you for so many years.
Who’s been telling you such nonsense.
要点：现在完成时与现在完成进行时的对比：现在完成时强调“结果”，而完成进行时强调“动作的延续”。
I have thought of it.（我已想到了这一点。）
I have been thinking of it.（我一直在想这一点。）
Jim has painted the door.（吉姆已将门漆过了。）
Jim has been painting the door.（吉姆一直在漆门。）
1 they ____us since five o’clock this morning .
A are helping B have been helping
C have been helped D have helped
I _____the book the whole day, yet I t finished it.
A have been reading B have read
C am reading D had been reading
Please come in! We _____about you paper.
A talk B had been talking C have been talking D would have
七、过去完成时 had +过去分词
1、表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作
They had got everything ready before I came.
The play had begun before I got to the theater with my boyfriend.
2、过去完成时常用于hardly /scarcely …when, no sooner …than 等固定结构中.
(这两个句型非常重要，意思为：一… 就…)
She had hardly/scarcely gone to bed when the bell rang.
当铃声响起，她就上床睡觉。
No sooner had he arrived at the railway station than he met
her parents.
他一到火车站，就见到了她的父母。no sooner：放在句首，句型倒装。
3、intend mean hope want plan等动词的过去完成时用来表示本打算做而未做的事情。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but someone came
to see me just when I was about to leave.（…原想昨天去看你…）
They had planed to hold a football match last week, but they
had to cancel it because the bad weather. (…原计划上周举行一场足球比赛…)
1、---Let’s hurry! The president is coming.
---Oh, I was afraid that we ______.
A already miss him B had already missed him
C will miss him already D have already missed him
2 You letter came just as I ____my office.
A was leaving B would leave C had left D left
I ____my keys, I can’t remember where I last saw them.
A was losing B lost C had lost D have lost
八、 一般将来时 shall /will +动词原形
1、表示将要发生的动作或状态。
He will graduate from the college next year.
We shall finish our work as quickly as possible.
2、将来时的其他结构：
(1) be going to do something. 打算做某事
I’m going to buy a new coat this fall.
“be going to”与 “will”的对比：
I’ll be sixteen years old next year.
It will be the 20th of August tomorrow.
When he comes, I will give him your message.
(2) be +to do sth. 表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。
Am I to take over his work?
We are to meet at the gate.
(3) be about to do sht. 即将做某事。
The talk is about to begin.
3、重点补充：
be on the point of doing sth. 正要做某事
Set out to do sth,. 着手做某事
Set about doing sth. .开始做某事
1 It ____be Wednesday tomorrow.
A is going to B will C is about to D is to
2 Our next meeting ___on 1st December.
A has been held B will hold C is to be held D is holding
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