总体要求
公安边防消防和警卫函授招生考试是指公安边防消防警卫部队考生参加的选拔性考试。 院校根据考生的成绩，按已确定的招生计划，德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取。因此，考试应有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。
1.考试范围
英语考试范围包括语音、词汇、语法、日常交际用语和阅读和翻译六个方面，其中以测试英语基础知识和基于这些知识的基本语言应用能力为重点。
2.能力要求
英语考试主要在记忆、理解和综合应用三个层次上检测考生英语基础知识和基本技能。记忆：能记住本大纲规定的语音、语法知识；能记住单词的拼写、读音、基本词义及主要用法；能记住本大纲规定的短语和习惯用语的意思和主要用法。理解：能正确使用语言、语法和日常交际用语知识；能够恰当和基本正确理解使用中的各种语言现象；能够读懂英语表达连贯的基本语言材料。综合应用：能够使用本大纲规定的各类语言知识，整体理解不同形式的语篇；能够在特定的语境中比较得体地表达自己的连贯意思；能够有效地识别语篇中的明显失误。具有一定的英汉互译能力。
复习考试内容
第一部分 语音
掌握英语音素、英语字母及常用字母组合在单词中的读音。掌握英语的基本语调以及使用语调的规则，并能在实践中正确运用这些规则。能在简单的日常会话中使用正确的语音语调。
第二部分 词汇
掌握1800个左右常用英语单词和一定数量的短语和习惯用语，对单词能认，会读，了解词义及其在语句中的作用。对使用频率较高的单词和短语，要求会拼写和能正确使用，知道一些常用词的近义词和反义词。能够根据上下文或利用基本的构词法知识判断语篇中生词的含义。
第三部分 语法
较熟练地掌握下列各项语法知识并了解它们，并能在实际语言运用中正确使用。
一、词法
（一）名词的种类、数和所有格；名词分普通名词和专有名词。名词复数形式和构成(book---books, bus---buses, radio---radios, tomato---tomatoes, story---stories, knife--knives, man--men, sheep---sheep，child-children等)；专有名词(John, Young
Pioneer, America等)；名词的所有格 (Mike’s father, students’ bedroom, a map of the world等)；不可数名词 (water, tea, paper 等)；不可数名词量化表示法 (例a piece of paper, a cup of tea and a bowl of water )。
（二）冠词(a/an, the )的基本用法；
（三）代词的用法：人称代词的主格和宾格(we, you, they, she; us, you, them, her 等); 形容词性物主代词 (my , your ,her ,his 等); 名词性物主代词 (ours, yours, mine, his, hers, theirs 等); 指示代词 (this , that ,these , those 等);不定代词
(some, any 等);疑问代词(what , who ,whose , which, why, where, when等);关系代词(who, whom, whose, which, that, as 等); 关系副词( when, where, why)等。
（四）“it”作引导词，非人称代词和在强调句型中的用法；
It is important for us to learn English.
They find it interesting to do this experiment.
It was at 11 o’clock that they came back.
（五）数词的基本用法；
基数词的构成及其基本用法；序数词的构成及其基本用法；加、减、乘、除运算表示法；时间、年代、年龄表示法
（六）形容词和副词的用法：形容词的基本用法(作定语、表语、补足语等)和副词的基本用法(表示时间、地点、方式、程度和频度)。形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(-er, -est; more, the most 以及特殊的形式)基本句型: ----as +原级形式+as ---not as /so+原级形式+as ---比较级形式+than ---the
比较级形式the比较级形式 No sooner---than ---the+最高级形式+--in/of---
（七）动词的种类、时态、语态和非谓语动词；
1.动词的种类
（1）行为动词或实义动词
（2）连系动词( be, look, turn, get, become, etC.
（3）助动词 (be, do, have, shall, will, etc )
（4）情态动词 (can, may, must, need, etc )
2.时态
（1）一般现在时
He gets up at six o’clock in the morning.
She doesn’t speak Chinese.
The earth go around the sun.
（2）一般过去时
He was in Grade Two last year.
She got up five yesterday morning.
（3）一般将来时
Shall we go to your school tomorrow?
They will be free next week.
She is going to do her homework this evening.
（4）现在进行时
He is doing his homework now.
We are playing football on the playground now.
（5）过去进行时
They were singing when I came here.
They have lived there for five years.
（6）现在完成时
He has already finished his homework.
They have lived there for five years.
（7）过去完成时
We had learned 1000 words by the end of last year.
When I got there she had gone already.
（8）过去将来时
She said she would go to Beijing the next day.
Tom said he was going to see his uncle.
3.语态: 分为主动语态和被动语态。
（1）一般现在时的被动语态
English is taught in that school.
（2）一般过去时的被动语态
The song was written by that singer.
（3）一般将来时的被动语态
The work has been done already.
（4）带有情态动词的被动语态
She must be sent to hospital at once.
4.非谓语动词的基本用法
（1）动词不定式的用法
① 作主语
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
It is not easy to learn a foreign language.
② 作宾语
They began to read.
③ 作宾语补足语
Jim asked me to help him with his lessons.
Try to make him stay with us.
④ 作定语
I have an important meeting to attend.
⑤ 作表语
She went to see her grandma yesterday.
⑥ 作表语
She went to see her grandma yesterday.
⑦ 用在how, when, where, what, which 等之后
I don’t know how to us a computer.
Do you know when to start?
He didn’t know what to do next.
（2）动名词的用法
① 作主语
Seeing is believing.
It is useless arguing about it.
② 作表语
Her job is looking after children
③ 作宾语
I like singing.
He suggested having a party at the weekend.
④ 作定语
There is swimming pool in our school.
This is a sleeping car.
（3）分词的用法
① 作表语
The situation is encouraging
The boy was greatly encouraged.
② 作定语
Our country is a developing country.
The car ran along the school gate.
③ 作宾语补足语
I saw them waiting at the school gate
I saw the door closed.
④ 作状语
Hearing the noise, they immediately stopped talking.
Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like an elephant.
(八)常用介词和连词掌握词汇表中所列介词和连词的用法。
二、句法
（一）句子种类
1.陈述句（肯定式与否定式）
They go to school at seven in the morning.
She isn’t a worker.
2.疑问句
（1）一般疑问句
Are you a teacher?
Does she speak English?
（2）特殊疑问句
When were you born?
Why do you study English?
（3）反意疑问句
He comes here one or that one?
Does she life math or Chinese?
（4）选择疑问句 Do you want this one or that one ?
Does she like math or Chinese?
3.祈使句
Come here, please!
Don’t do anything like that!
4.感叹
What a fine day it is today!
How fine it is today!
5.并列句
I turned on the TV and we sat down and watched it.
6.复合句
（1）名词性从句：
主语从句:
What he said is right.
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
宾语从句：
I don’t know why he left without saying a word.
He said (that) he would come.
表语从句：
That is where he was born.
That is why he hasn’t come yet.
同位语从句：
Do you know the news that my father will come back from America?
That is the reason why he hasn’t come yet.
（2）定语从句:
The man who is reading the newspaper is Mr. Li.
A chemist’s shop is shop which sells medicine.
This is the room in which we lived last year.
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
The hospital where my mother works is in the north of the city.
Huang Hong, whose father is a doctor, studies computer science in the U.S
（3）状语从句
时间状语从句：
When Tom returns, I’ll give him the key.
地点状语从句:
He works where he studied and lived.
方式状语从句：
He didn’t do it as I had told him.
条件状语从句：
We’ll go to the Great Wall if it is fine tomorrow.
目的状语从句：
We climbed high so that we might get a better view.
结果状语从句：
A TV set can be made so small that it may be easily placed in a watch.
原因状语从句：
Now that we finish reading, we will go on to writing.
让步状语从句
He passed the exam although he had been ill for some time.
（二）句子主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、直接宾语和间接宾语。
（三）倒装结构
Hardly had I opened the door when when he rushed in.
（四）五种基本句型主语+连系动词+表语(S+Link-V+P)
The bike is new.
主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)
Children often sing this song.
主语+不及物动词 (S+Vi)
He sings well.
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+TV+IO+DO)
She showed her friends her pictures.
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(S+TV+O+C.
We keep our classroom clean and tidy.
（五）主谓的一致关系
Jim and Mike have seen the film.
There is a desk and two chairs in the room.
Two and there is (are) five.
Her family is large.
The family are sitting at the supper table.
三、日常交际用语
较熟练掌握日常交际用语，并能在实际生活中灵活运用，符合英美交际习惯。
（一）问候 Greetings
Good morning/afternoon/evening. Hello/Hi.
-------How are you? Fine, thank you, and you?
-------Very well, thank you.
（二）介绍 Introduction
1. This is Mr./ Mrs. /Miss /Ms /Comrade----
I’d like you to meet----
2. How do you do?
Nice/ Glad / Pleased to see / meet you.
3. My name is----
I’m a (student/teacher, etc.)
4. I’m Chinese.
（三）告别Farewell
1. I’m afraid I must be leaving now.
I think it’s time for us to leave now.
2. Good-bye! (Bye-bye! Bye!)See you later/tomorrow.
(See you)Good night.
（四）感谢和应答 Thanks and responses
1. Thank you (very much).
Thank a lot. Many thanks.
Thanks for----
2. It’s very kind of you to----Not at all
It’s /That’s all right. You’re welcome
（五）祝愿、祝贺和应答Good wishes, congratulations &responses
1. Good luck! Best wishes to you! I wish you good luck/success!
Have a nice /good time.
2. Thank you. The same to you.
3. Happy New Year! Merry Christmas! Happy birthday to you.
（六）道歉、遗憾和应答 Apologies, regrets, sympathies & responses
1. Sorry/Pardon. I’m sorry.
I’m sorry for/about----I’m sorry to hest----
2. Excuse me (for-----) I’m afraid of----What a pity/shame!
3. That’s all right. It doesn’t matter. That’s nothing.
（七）邀请和应答 Invitations and responses
1. Will you come to---? Would you like to---? I’d like to invite you to----
2. Yes, I’d love to(---).Yes, it’s very kind /nice of you.
3. I’d love to, but----
（八）提供（帮助等）和应答 Offers and responses
1. Can/Could/Shall I help you?
Is there anything (else) I can do for you?
Do you want me to---? What can I do for you?
Let me do/carry /help--(for you).Would you like some---?
2. Thanks. That would be nice/ fine .That’s very kind of you.
Thank you your help. Yes, please, Here, take this /my ----
3. No, thanks/thank you. Thank you all the same.
That’s very kind of you, but---
（九）约会Making appointment
1. Are you/ will you be free this afternoon/tomorrow?
How about tomorrow morning/ afternoon/ evening?
Shall we meet at 4:30 at---?
2. Yes, that’s all right. Yes, I’ll be free then.
3. No, I won’t be free then .But I’ll be free ----
4. All right .See you then.
（十）意愿和希望 Intentions and wishes
1. I’m going to----I will---I’d like to---I (do not) want/hope to---
2. I want/hope/mish to ---
（十一）请求、允许和应答 Asking for permission and responses
1. May I---? Can/Could I-----?
2. Yes /Sure / Certainly. Yes, (do) please.
Of course (you may).
Go ahead, please. That’s OK/all right.
Not at all.
3. I’m sorry you can’t. I’m sorry, but---
You’d better not.
（十二）同意和不同意 Agreement and disagreement
1. Certainly/ Sure /Of course.
No problem.
Yes, please.
Yes, I think so. That’s true.
All right/OK. That’s a good idea---I/We agree (with you)
2. No, I don’t think so.
I’m afraid mot I’m afraid I (really) can’t agree with you.
（十三）喜好和厌恶 Likes and dislikes
1. I like/love--(very much).I like /love to---
2. I don’t like to(to)---I hate (to)---
（十四）决断和坚持 Determination , decision and insistence
I will---I have decided to/ that---
（十五）判断和意见 Judgment and opinion
1. Well done /Good work!
2. In my opinion---It seems—
（十六）能力 Ability
I can ---He is able to---
（十七）肯定和不肯定 Certainty and uncertainty
1. I’m sure (of that).I’m sure (that)—-
2. I’m not sure (of that). I’m not sure whether/ if---
3. Perhaps/Maybe.
（十八）禁止和警告Prohibition and warnings
1. You can’t/mustn’t---If you ---, you’ll---
You’d better not do it.
Don’t smoke! Don’t be late!
2. Look out! Take care! Be careful!
（十九）可能和不可能 Possibility and impossibility
He can / may---
It is possible that---
（二十）预见、猜测和相信 Prediction conjecture and belief
1. He will---
2. It seems (that)---
3. I believe that he is right.
（二十一）请求Requests
1. Can will /Could/ Would you---for me?
Will/ Can/Could / Would you please---? May I have---?
2. Please give / Pass me---Please wait (here /a moment).
Please wait (for) your turn .Please stand in line/ line up. Please hurry.
3. Don’t rush (hurry)/ crowd. No noise, please. No smoking, please.
（二十二）劝告和建议 Advice and suggestions
1. You’d better (not)---You should/ought to---You need (to)---
2. Shall we---? Let’s---What /How about---? Why not---? Why don’t you ---?
（二十三）许诺Promises
I promise---I will give --- to you.
（二十四）表示焦虑 Expressing anxiety
What’s wrong? What’s the matter (with you)?
I’m / He’s / She’s worried .Oh, what shall I / we do?
（二十五）表示惊奇 Expressing surprise
Really? Oh dear! Is that so? Good heavens!
（二十六）表示喜悦 Expressing pleasure
I’m glad/ pleased / happy to ---That’s nice/ wonderful / great.
（二十七）谈论天气 Talking about the weather
1. What’s the weather like today? How’s the weather in ---?
2. It’s fine / cloudy / windy / rainy---
It’s getting cold / warm---
It’s rather warm / cold / hot --- today, isn’t it ?
It’s a beautiful day today.
（二十八）购物 Shopping
1. What can I do for you? May / Can I help you?
2. I want / I’d like ---How much is it?
That’s too expensive, I’m afraid.
That’s fine. I’ll take it .Let me have ---
3. How many / much do you want? What color / size / kind do you want ?
4. Do you have any other kind / size / color, etc.?
（二十九）问路和应答Asking the why and responses
1. Excuse me .Where’s the men’s / ladies’ room?
Excuse me. Can you tell me the way to ---?
How can I get to ---? I don’t know the way .
2. Go down this street. Turn right / left at the first / second crossing.
It’s about --- meters from here. Go straight ahead till you see---
（三十）问时间、日期和应答 Asking the time, date and responses
1. What day is (it ) today? What’s the date today?
Excuse me .What time is it by your watch? What’s the time, please?
2. It’s Monday / Tuesday ---It’s January 10th.
It’s five o’clock/ five thirty (half past five )/ a quarter past (to) six.
It’s time for / to---
（三十一）就餐 Taking meals
1. What would you like (to have)? Would you like something (to eat/drink)?
2. I’d like ---Cok / Two eggs ---, please.
3. Would you like some ---? Help yourself to some---
4. Thank you. I’ve had enough. I’m full, thank you.
Just a little, please.
（三十二）打电话Making phone calls
1. Hello! Is (Tom) in? May / Could I speak to---? Is that --- (speaking)?
2. Hold on, please. Hello, who is it? He / She isn’t here right now.
Can I take a message for you?
3. Hello, this is --- speaking .I called to tell / ask you---
（三十三）传递信息 Passing on a message
1. Will you please give this note / message to---?
2. ---asked me to give you this note .c. Thanks for the message.
（三十四）看病 Seeing the doctor
1. There’s something wrong with---I’ve got a headache and a cough.
I feel terrible (beD..I don’t feel well.
2. Take this medicine three times a day.
Drink plenty of water and have a good rest .It’s nothing serious.
You’ll be all right / well soon.
（三十五）求救 Calling for help
1. Help! Thief!
2. What’s the matter?
（三十六）语言困难 Language difficulties
Pardon? Would you please say that again / more slowly?
What do you mean by ---? I’m sorry I can’t follow you.
I’m sorry I know only a little English.
第四部分 阅读理解
主要考查学生的阅读能力，要求考生具有较好的智力及思维、观察、注意、记忆、想象、联想等能力。目的在于测试考生的语言运用能力。语言运用能力指学生运用语言获取、理解信息的能力， 理解和传递信息的能力包含判断、推理、归纳、分析和综合等能力。换言之，通过阅读理解，既要测试学生的阅读速度、阅读技巧及理解英语篇章结构的能力，又要考查判断、推理、归纳、分析和综合的能力。
阅读理解的内容必须选材广泛，内容应包括天文地理、科学技术、政治历史、文化教育、风俗习惯、生活常识、人物传记等。文章的题材也涉及记叙文、描写文、说明文、论说文等基本的文体。
第五部分 英汉互译
要求考生具备一定的英汉互译的基本技巧和能力，译文通顺，用词正确，无明显语法错误以及错译和漏译。
考试形式与试卷结构
试卷总分：150分
考试时间：120分钟
考试方式：闭卷，笔试
试卷结构和题型比例：
语音知识 约3 ％
词汇与语法知识 约22％
完形填空 约20％
阅读理解 约25％
补全对话 约10％
书面表达 约20％
语音知识题型为选择题，包括若干小题。每小题列出四个单词，每个单词中均有划线标明的一个字母或字母组合。要求考生辨别划线部分的读音，找出那个读音不同于组内其他划线部分读音的单词。
词汇与语法知识题型为选择题，包括若干小题。每小题是一个留有空白的不完整的英语句子。要求考生在小题下面的四个选择项中，选出可以填入句中空白处的正确或最佳的一项。
完形填空题型为选择题。本题向考生提供一篇约200个词以内的短文。文中留出15处空白，文后为每个空白提供四个选择项，要求考生在通读全文领会大意的基础上，根据已经掌握的词汇、语法知识并结合自己的常识进行分析判断，从选择项中为每个空白选出正确或最佳的一项，使全篇成为内容连贯、没有语法错误的通顺文章。
阅读理解题型为选择题或自由应答题。本题向考生提供四段短文，总阅读量不超过1000个词。短文题材包括日常生活、天文、地理、历史、文化、科技常识、人物传记等。体裁有记叙文、说明文和应用文等。每篇短文后有数量不等的关于短文内容的问题或不完整的句子。要求考生在仔细阅读短文以后，从每个问题或不完整的句子下面的四个选择项中，选出可以用来回答问题或补全句子的正确或最佳的一项。或者能根据短文意思补全句子，回答问题。考生应能通过阅读掌握每篇短文的主旨大意、主要事实、有关细节以及上下文的逻辑关系等；既能看懂短文的字面意思，又能推论出短文的隐含意思；既能回答就文章局部细节提出的问题，又能回答有关文章总体内容的问题。
补全对话题型为自由应答题或选择题。本题向考生提供一段不完整的对话。要求考生根据试题说明中交待的背景和情节，把缺少的部分补写出来，或者从选择项中选择合适或最佳项补全对话。考生除应掌握必要的词汇、语法知识外，还要熟悉英语中有关日常生活的某些表达方式，例如：问候、告别、介绍、感谢、道歉、邀请、提议、命令、请求、愿意不愿意、同意不同意等。
题型为写作题。要求考生根据要求，用英语写一篇100-120字的短文。文章应内容切题，能涵盖全部要点，语言流畅，表达形式丰富多样。
试题难度比例：
较容易题 约30％
中等难度题 约50％
较难题 约20％。
样 题
一、语音知识：找出划线部分读音与其他三个不同的选项（共5小题，每题1分，共5分）。
1. ( ) A. church B. latch C. butcher D. school
2. ( ) A. telescope B. astronaut C. robot D. control
3. ( ) A. develop B. possess C. remove D. recognize
4. ( ) A. surrounding B. shuttle C. destruction D. tunnel
5. ( ) A. grab B. patch C. galaxy D. blacken
二、单项选择：从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项（共25小题，每题1.5分，共32. 5分）。
6. There are sixty-three students in our class, ___________ are girls.
A. five-ninth of which B. five-ninths of them
C. five-ninths of whom D. five-nineths of whom
7. Though I came to know _______, I didn’t know ________ to do it well.
A. how to do; what B. how to do; how
C. what to do; how D. what to do; what
8. It wasn’t long before I learned the _______ news about the plane accident ______ made me feel very sad.
A. late; that B. later; what
C. latest; which D. lattest; which
9. Since all of us are here, let’s get down ________ the important problem.
A. to discuss B. discussing
C. of discussing D. to discussing
10. Our monitor and our secretary are good friend indeed. They always have _________ talks.
A. heart-to-heart B. face-to-face
C. arm-to-arm D. shoulder-to-shoulder
11. A movie is to be ________ show ________ the evening of May Day.
A. on; in B. in; on
C. on; on D. in; in
12. The journalists from both at home and abroad have come to ________ the two conferences held in Beijing.
A. watch B. write
C. discover D. cover
13. Would you mind having a photograph _______ with my cousin?
A. take B. taken
C. have taken D. have been taken
14. Beijing Review _______ foreign stories _______ very popular ________ middle school students and other young people.
A. as well as; is; with B. as well; are; for
C. together with; are; with D. following with; is; to
15. There is no time left _______ the headline, the paper must be published before five o’clock today.
A. to write B. for
C. for writing D. A,B and C
16. Can you imagine a little girl ______ a new comer _______ into the kitchen and ______ a bag of rice away?
A. seeing; steal; carry B. watch; come; taking
C. notice; enter; steal D. found; going; get
17. --- What a beautiful and valuable gift you gave me!
---________ I’m glad you kike it.
A. Not at all B. Thank you.
C. Oh, no. D. You’re welcome.
18. I’d like ________ the national basketball match this evening, but my parents feel like ________ home. What shall I do?
A. seeing; to stay B. to see; to stay
C. to see; staying D. seeing; staying
19. My color TV set needs _______. It hasn’t been working ________ for some days.
A. to repair; good B. repairing; properly
C. being repaired; better D. repairing; well
20. _________ on the moon is not so easy as it is on the earth.
A. Walk B. Walking
C. To walk D. having walked
21. Few pleasures can equal _______ of a cool drink in hot weather.
A. those B. that
C. any D. some
22. --- I have no idea ________ he is.
--- Is he Jerry’s father?
A. what B. who
C. whom D. which
23. Jack is going sailing with _______ boys.
A. little other two B. two little other
C. little two other D. two other little
24. This kind of tree in Tangsa grows up ________.
A. tall and straightly B. straight and high
C. taller and straighter D. straight and tall
25. We decided not to go camping since it was raining _______.
A. badly B. hardly
C. strongly D. heavily
26. He went to bed, _________.
A. coldly and hungrily B. was cold and hungry
C. cold and hungry D. full of cold and hungry
27. We’re ________ to know the result of the 27th Olympics soon.
A. likely B. like
C. maybe D. possible
28. For miles we did not see a single person ________.
A. in sight B. at sight
C. out of sight D. in the sight
29. Don’t be so hard ________ your little brother, he is too young.
A. for B. to
C. of D. on
30. In Britain, under _________ of the population smokes.
A. a thirds B. one thirds
C. a third D. one three
三、阅读理解：阅读下面的短文，然后根据短文的内容，从每小题的四个选项中选出可填入相应空白处得最佳选项。（共15小题，每题2.5分，共37.5分）
A
A common question asked by my students is “How can we make our English more standard?” This is often followed by “ Should we study American or British spoken English?”
Before trying to answer these questions I ask them to consider English in the context of contemporary China. Over its long history the Chinese languages developed into many different
dialects. It would be just as difficult for native Shanghai and Beijing people to understand each other as it would be for, say, an Englishman and a Frenchman unfamiliar to each other’s
tongue.
The Chinese have solved this problem by using one dialect as the standard for the whole country. The widespread use of putonghua is a great achievement of modern China.
Even the greatest admirer of European integration would not dream that in 50 years the citizens of Europe will be using a single language for their day to day learning and business.
The concept of “standard “ Chinese is so firmly rooted in the nation’s consciousness that it introduces a misunderstanding of the way English operates.
The plain fact is this---there is no single standard English.
In one future the world will speak with one voice: an American accent. In the other, existing cultures will make English their own. Regional accents will promote identities, retaining the
characteristics of their own language.
English will continue to develop and will be kept lively by the varied peoples who use it.
So, as simply as I can manage, the answer to the two questions would be that all usage within the context of clear pronunciation and grammar is “ standard English.” A nation’s language and
culture go hand in hand. A subtle Chinese accent is nothing to be ashamed of .
31. Which of the following can best show the writer’s attitude towards “Standard English?”
A． So long as your pronunciation and grammar are OK, that’s “Standard English”.
B． “Standard English” should either be British or American English.
C． There’s no standard at all for “Standard English”.
D． “Standard English” is contemporary English.
32. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A． The widespread use of putonghua is worth praising.
B． With the integration of Europe, there will be one single language for all the Europeans in 50 years.
C． It’s impossible to learn a language without knowing its culture.
D． Speaking English with regional accents is nothing to be ashamed of.
33. The underlined word “subtle” probably means “_______________”.
A． heavy
B． serious
C． slight
D． standard
34. Choose the best headline for the passage?
A． No single way to speak.
B． No single way to speak.
C． What makes Standard English.
D． How to learn standard English
B
American magician David Blaine left the glass box in which he has lived for 44 days without food on October 19. Hundreds of people came to watch the end of his starvation experiment, which
has become one of London’s main tourist attractions.
Looking thinner and darker, 30-year-old Blaine was taken out of his box over the River Thames and immediately went to hospital. He was then slowly reintroduced to food, which is a process
the doctors said could be life threatening. He had been drinking only water since September 5.
A native of Brooklyn, New York, Blaine first became known as a street magician in the early 1990’s. He soon found himself doing magic tricks in bars for the likes of American actor Leonardo
Dicaprio and his supermodel friends.
Over the last decade Blaines had become famous with a combination of breath taking magic and clever tricks aimed at getting a lot of attention.
In 1999, he was buried in a coffin for one week and, in 2000, he spent 62 hours in a giant block of ice. Last year he stood on top of a 25-meter pillar in the center of New York for 35
hours before jumping into a pile of boxes.
“ I think a lot of people are unable to accept that they’re able to do what they can do,” he said. “ They don’t realize we can survive. The human being is an amazing creation.”.
But he seems to have suffered from spending so long in the glass box. He said that at times he was unable to see, had serious back pains and lost his sense of taste.
35. It is _____________ for David Blaine to eat food after such a long starvation.
A． pleasant
B． delicious
C． dangerous
D． important
36. Having spent such a long time in the glass box, he suffered the following EXCEPT that ____________.
A． he had become blind
B． he had serious back pains
C． he lost his sense of taste
D． he was in weak health
37. Which of the following can best describe David Blaine?
A． Serious
B． Adventurous
C． Mad
D． Crazy
38. Which of the following is NOT true of David Blaine?
A． Blaine immediately went to hospital after he was taken out of his box because he was in dangerous condition.
B． Blaine was born and brought up in England.
C． In Blaine’s opinions, people can create a wonder.
D． Blaine didn’t have any food for 44 days.
C
Bill Geates was born on October 28, 1955 in a wealthy family in Seattle.
He was a naughty but gifted child. At the age of 13, he began programming in the BASIC language. By the time he was 17, Gates had sold his first program—a school scheduling（安排） system,
which brought him $4,200.
Microsoft’s big break came in 1980. That year, Gates and his young comrades, who usually cared little about their dresses and appeared to be like some big boys at that time, signed an
agreement to provide operating system MS-DOS for International Business Machines’ new personal computer.
The managers at IBM never knew what hit them.
In March 1986, Microsoft stock （股票）went public in one of the most properly planned of offerings of its time. By the next year, the company’s on-going stock price had made Gates the youngest
self-made billionaire at age 31. and Gates, the world’s wealthiest man, built the Microsoft Empire （帝国）thanks to his “architect” genius（天才） by developing the Windows Operating System.
Microsoft fell behind Netscape in developing a commercial Internet browser（浏览器）. But it later gained the upper hand in the browser market after a battle that, some of its competitors said,
showed that it was monopoly (垄断).
Bill Gates announced his move from the CEO of Microsoft last year, when he was 44, to a new job as chief software architect, mainly working on software development. Immediately again Bill
Gates became the world-wide front page topic but this time no one could tell what this “Gates” would lead to.
39. From the passage we know that Bill Gates ______________.
A． never had a chance to go to university
B． once studied at Harvard university
C． graduated from Harvard University
D． did not finish his study at university
40. the most important turning-point in Bill Gates’s life was __________.
A． his agreement to sell MS-DOS to IBM
B． his first school scheduling system
C． his study of the BASIC language
D． that he was a genius in architect
41. In the beginning, it was IBM that __________.
A． made a very serious mistake about Microsoft and its MS-DOS system
B． supported Microsoft to develop its operating system MS-DOS
C． helped Microsoft to develop into a big company
D． agreed to provide MS_DOS system for Microsoft
42. Bill Gates is not longer the CEO of Microsoft, _____________.
A． which means he is too old for the job
B． which is what most people would like to see
C． so he is no longer the important part in the development of IT industry
D． no one could tell what he is going to do
D
Every day millions of letters go from one country to another. Letters mailed in Italy are received in Japan. Letters mailed in Canada are recveived in Africa. On the letters are many
different kinds of stamps, bought in different countries.
The Universal Postal Union helps each letter get to the right place as quickly as possible. It sets up rules about the size and weight of letters, postcards, and small packages. It has
rules that all countries must follow about international postal rates.
One hundred years ago international mail did not move so smoothly. One country did not always accept another country’s letters. Letters from some countries were too large to fit into the
mailboxes of other countries. Letters traveled by many different routes. Some were lost along the way.
Sometimes the person who sent the letter could pay only part of the postage. The person receiving the letter had to pay the rest. The United States was the first to suggest that all
countries work together to settle the questions of international mail. In 1874, men from twenty four countries met in Switzerland to form the Universal postal Union.
Today, more than 120 nations belong to this union. From its office in Switzland, the union helps the mail to move safely and quickly around the world.
43. It’s known to all that mail is important to _________ country/countries.
A． some
B． all
C． one
D． a
44. The word “postage” in the passage means ________.
A． money spent on an envelope
B． money paid for a stamp
C． the charge for carrying the mail by post
D． the pay a postman receives for his work
45. This passage is mainly about _________.
A． different kinds of stamps in different countries
B． an organization that makes rules
C． international mail
D． the size and weight of letters
四、完型填空（共15小题，每题2分，共30分）
阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意。然后从每小题的四个选项中选出可填入相应空白处得最佳选项。
I was deep in thought preparing a lecture to be given that evening at a college across town, when the phone rang. A woman I had 46 met introduced herself and said that she was the mother of
a seven-year-old boy and that she was 47 . She said that her doctor had advised her that discussing her coming death with her little boy would be too 48 for him, but somehow that didn’t
feel right to her.
49 that I worked with grieving (悲痛的) children, she asked for my advice. I told her that our heart was often smarter than our brain and that I thought she knew what would be best for her
son. I also 50 her to attend the lecture that night since I was speaking about how children deal with 51 and she said she would be there.
I wondered later if I would 52 her at the lecture, but my question was answered when I saw a 53 woman being half-carried into the room by two adults. I talked about the fact that children
usually 54 the truth long before they are told and that they often wait until they feel adults are 55 to talk about it before sharing their concerns and questions. I said that children
usually can deal with truth better than denial（拒绝相信）. 56 the denial is intended to protect them from pain. I said that respecting children meant 57 them in the family sadness, not shutting
them out.
At the break, she hobbled（跛行）to me and 58 her tears she said,” I knew it in my heart, I just knew I should tell him.” She said that she 59 that night.
The next morning I received another phone call from her. I managed to 60 the story through her choked （哽咽的）voice.
46．A. often B. never C. once D. already
47．A. ill B. sad C. dying D. better
48．A. early B. late C. meaningless D. cruel
49．A. Knowing B. Realizing C. considering D. Finding
50．A. allowed B. promised C. invited D. advised
51．A. death B. difficulty C. hardship D. trouble
52．A. interest B. recognize C. find D. help
53．A. tall B. strong C. poor D. weak
54．A. know B. sense C. tell D. get
55．A. anxious B. glad C. ready D. due
56．A. even though B. as though C. since D. if
57．A. inviting B. letting C. shutting D. including
58．A. in B. with C. through D. after
59．A. could B. would C. had D. should
60．A. hear B. finish C. write D. tell
五、补全对话:根据对话，把对话中缺少的部分写在短线处。所填写部分必须符合英语表达习惯。打句号的地方，用陈述句；打问号的地方，用疑问句。（共5小题，每题3分，共15分）
A: Look at this photo of my family. This is my father and this is my mother.
B: _______________________________________________________ (61)
A: It’s my little brother.
B: He looks very clever. _____________________________________ (62)
A: He is six years old. Look! He is riding a bike.
B: Could you ride a bike when you were six?
A: No I couldn’t. _______________________________________ (63)
B: I could when I was six. And I rode well.
A: By the way, _______________________________________(64)
B: No thanks. I’m not thirsty.
A: What about some moon-cakes?
B: __________________________________ (65) . Oh, they are delicious. Thank you.
六、书面表达（30分）
要求考生写一篇关于年轻人出国留学现象的看法。字数要求在100-120字之间。
文中应包括下列要点：
1.现在有很多青少年出国留学；
2.有些人认为这些做法是有益的；
3.我的看法。
参考答案
选择题答案：
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. A
11. C 12. D 13. B 14. A 15. D 16. A 17. B 18. C 19. D 20. B
21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. C
31. A 32. B 33. C 34. B 35. C 36. A 37. B 38. B 39. B 40. A
41. C 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. C
51. A 52. B 53. D 54. B 55. C 56. A 57. D 58. C 59. B 60. A
五、补全对话
61. Who is he?
62. How old is he?
63. How about you?
64. Do you want some water?
65. Yes, please!
评分说明: 本题应补填5处， 每处3分，共15分。如填写补全的部分内容恰当、语句正确、符合英语习惯、通顺的给满分。如填写补全的部分内容与答案不同，但意思、语言无错误的不扣分。大体正确的，给2分。所填写部分句子结构有错误，但尚能达意的，给1分。所填写部分句子结构有严重错误，给0.5或不给分。完全错误或只写个别单词的不给分。所填入部分中的拼写错误每1-2处扣给0.5分,不倒扣分。
六、书面表达
（一）评分标准
1. 本题总分为30分，按5个档次给分。
2. 评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定所应得分档次，然后依据相应档次的标准来衡量，确定或调整得分档次，确定最后实际得分。
3. 词数少于100或多于120的，从总分中减去2分。
4. 评分时要注意下列要点：内容要点、运用词汇和语法结构的丰富性、准确性以及文章的连贯性。
5. 评分时，要注意单词拼写与标点符号的准确性，要依据其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均符合要求。
6. 书写潦草、字迹模糊，影响理解，应将分数降低一个档次。
（二）内容要点
1. 现在有很多青少年出国留学；
2. 有些人认为这些做法是有益的；
3. 我的看法。
（三）各档次分值标准和要求
第五档（26-30分）：内容切题，能涵盖全部要点，语言流畅，表达形式丰富多样。
第四档（20-25分）：内容切题，能涵盖全部要点，语言基本正确，表达比较清楚。
第三档（15-20分）：内容基本切题，能涵盖主要要点，语言基本正确，意思基本清楚。
第二档（10 -14分）：内容尚切题，能涵盖2个以上要点，语言无重大错误，意思基本清楚。
第一档（0-9 分）：内容不切题，能涵盖各别要点，语言有重大错误，意思不清楚。
（四）参考答案
Now more and more young people are studying abroad. They go to some advanced countries for studying, such as U.S.A., the Great Britain and Canada.
Some people think that studying abroad benefits young people in some ways. Studying abroad offers young people chances of better education. Some advanced colleges and universities in
advanced countries have excellent facility and teachers. The young people learn a lot from them. The learning environment and teaching approaches in these countries are different from those
of our country. The young people are able to learn the different ways of studying there and have new and creative ideas. Based on my understanding, I think it is a good way to study abroad,
which offers the young people more experience and chances.
更多学历考试信息请查看学历考试网
}

干货！这23个英语要点一定要掌握，七年级预习必看，一起来看看。
什么时候加be动词
be是英语动词中比较特殊的一类动词，其使用频率很高，牵涉到各种句型、时态和语态等用法，今天就跟大家分享一下be动词的各类用法。
一、系动词be
作为系动词（也叫连系动词，link verb）的be，是英语学习者接触最早的用法，而且其用法也很多。其基本含义为“是”，基本用法结构为“主语+be+表语”，也就是我们常说的主系表结构，其中的表语一般都由名词、形容词、数词或表地点、时间等的短语来充当。
系动词be有各种时态的变化，也会和情态动词连用。
（一）be的时态变化
系动词be会有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时等的时态变化。如：
Heisa student.
Theywerein the park yesterday.
Itwill becloudy tomorrow.
Hehas beenill for six days.
Ithad beenthree hours before she left the hat shop.
（二）be与情态动词的连用
其用法为：情态动词+系动词be原形。如：
Itmust beLucy's book. Her name is on the cover.
Itcan bevery difficult for us to memorize too many words within such a short time.
Sheshould behere on time tomorrow.
更多有关系动词的用法，大家可以戳这里：一站式珍藏：英语九大词类
二、助动词be
作为助动词，be没有具体含义，而是与主要动词一起构成句子的谓语动词。这种情况下，be主要用来构成进行时和被动语态。
（一）进行时态中的be
此时，be可以与主要动词的现在分词一起，构成各种进行时态。如：
Heisreading in the library now. （现在进行时）
Shewasswimming in the river this time yesterday. （过去进行时）
Theywill bearriving in Beijing tomorrow. （将来进行时）
Wehave beenlearningEnglish for ten years. （现在完成进行时）
（二）被动语态中的be
助动词be能够与主要动词的过去分词一起构成被动语态，即be done结构。如：
Chineseiswidely used around the world nowadays.
The windowwasbroken by the naughty boy just now.
Your watchhasalreadybeenrepaired.
【注意】
助动词be能够构成特殊句型。如：
1、be going to do
be going to do表示“打算或将要”。如：
Heisgoing to visit us next week.
Itisgoing to rain soon.
2、be about to do
be about to do表示“刚要，即将”。与be going to do表“将要”不同的是，be about to do表示的是说完话后马上就要去做或是短期内马上就要去做。如：
The planeisabout to take off in five minutes' time.
3、be to do
be to do表示“按计划要做”。如：
One night an angel came to Mary and told her that shewasto have this special boy.
The new storeisto be opened tomorrow.
三、特殊句型中的be
（一）There be句型
与上面用法都不同的是，be可以与there一起构成there be句型，用来表示存在。考虑到There be句型较为重要，内容较多，在此不做赘述，后面再找时间跟大家单独分享。今天就先给几个常见的例句。
There isa white ruler on the desk.
There werea greatmany people in the car race last year.
（二）祈使句中的be
这种情况下，句子一般以Be开头或是Don't be开头，表示命令或建议等。如：
Bepatient! （耐心点！）
Don't beso hard on me! （不要对我们这么严厉！）
（三）虚拟语气中的be
be有时可以放在句首，引起虚拟语气。如：
Be he rich or poor, she will marry him.
Be it true or not, shewill see it herself.
此时的be引导的句子其实相当于一个让步状语从句。以上两句话就相当于：
Whether he be rich or poor, she will marry him. （无论他是否有钱，她都会嫁给她。）
Whether it be true or not, she will see it herself. （无论这是否是真的，她都会亲自去见证。）
如果觉得好，欢迎继续关注我的原创微信订阅号“新概念英语的教与学”！
什么情况下要加be动词
一、大写字母的运用
1.句首第一个字母大写。
2.人名、国名、节日名、语言名、组织名等专有名词的首字母大写。
3.星期、月份的首字母大写。
4.特指的学校、政府、党派、委员会或涉及具体人名的称呼或职位，首字母大写。
5.某些特殊词汇、缩略词、标志语、特殊用语等，首字母大写或全大写。
6.句中要强调的部分通常全大写。
7.诗的每一行首字母要大写。
二、与字母发音相同的单词
如：Bb-bee, Cc-see/sea, Rr-are, Tt-tea, Ii-I/eye, Oo-oh, Uu-you, Yy-why.
三、缩略形式
如：I’m = I am,
you’re = you are,
she’s = she is/she has,
won’t=will not,
can’t =can not,
isn’t=is not,
let's = let us.
四、同音异形词
如：to/too/two,
their/there,right/write,pair/pear,four/for,know/no,sun/son.
五、反义词
如：day-night,
come-go,yes-no,up-down,big-small.short-long\tall,fat-thin,low-high,
slow-fast,
六、名词复数的变化规则
1.一般情况下，直接加s，
如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds.2.以s，x，sh，ch 结尾，加es，
如：bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches.3.以辅音字母加y 结尾，变y 为i, 再加es，
如：family-families, hobby-hobbies.4.以f 或fe 结尾，变f 或fe 为v, 再加es，
如：thief-thieves, knife-knives.5.以o 结尾，加es，　如：mango-mangoes.
加s，如：radio-radios，photo-photos.6.不规则变化，　　
如：man-men,woman-women,child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth.7.不可数名词有:bread, juice, tea, coffee, water, rice 等。(不可数名词 相对应的be 动词是is/was)
七、名词所有格
表示人或物品所属关系时，就需要使用名词所有格。
名词所有格的构成有以下规 则：
1.一般情况下，在名词的末尾加’s 构成。
如：Tom’s book
2.以“-s”结尾的复数名词的所有格，只在其末尾加’。
如：our teachers’ books
3.表示几个人共同拥有的东西时，只在最后一个名字上加所有格。
如：Su Hai and Su Yang’s bedroom
八、a, an 和the 的用法
1.单词或字母的第一个读音是辅音读音：a book, a peach, a “U”.
单词或字母的第一个读音是元音读音：an egg, an hour, an “F”.2.the 要注意的：球类前面不加the，乐器前面要加the，序数词前面要加the。
九、人称代词和物主代词
1
人称代词
1.人称代词分为第一、第二、第三人称，且有单复数之分。
2.人称代词的主格在句中做主语，一般用在动词前（疑问句除外）。
3.人称代词的宾格在句中做宾语，多用于动词、介词后。
4.人称代词能代替表示人称的名词。
2
物主代词
1.表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。
2.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。物主代词也有人称和数的 变化。
3.形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用，后面一定要跟名词，表示该名词所代表的 事物是属于谁的。
4.名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。
如：This is my bag.= This is mine.
3
熟记人称代词和物主代词的绕口令
我是" I " ,你是“you", "he, she, it" 他，她，它" 我的“my”，你的"your", 他的"his", 她的"her"
主 格 I you he she it we you they宾 格 me you him her it us you them形 物 my your his her its our your their名 物 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
十、形容词、副词的比较级
1.形容词的比较级：用于两者的比较。
（1）基本句式的构成：
A（主格）+ be + 形容词的比较级 + than + B（宾格）.
（2）表示一样的情况时用原级，结构是：
as + 原级 + as
2.副词的比较级：
（1）基本句式的构成：
A（主格）+ 动词 + 副词的比较级 + than + B（宾格）.
（2）表示一样的情况时用原级，结构是：as + 原级 + as
3.形容词、副词比较级的变化规则：
（1）单音节词末尾加er；
（2）单音节词如果以字母e 结尾，加r；
（3）重读闭音节词如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，须双写这个字母，再加er；
（4）以辅音字母加y 结尾，变y 为i，再加er；
（5）双音节和多音节词的比较级在原级前加more；
（6）不规则变化, 如：well-better, much/many-more。
十一、基数词和序数词
1.one--first,
two--second,
three--third,
five--fifth,
nine--ninth,
twelve--twelfth,
twenty-twentieth,
forty-one--forty-first.
序数词前一定要加the。
2.基数词变成序数词的方法：
（1）直接在基数词词尾加上th，
如：seventh 第七，tenth 第十，thirteenth 第 十三；
（2）以y 结尾的基数词，变y 为ie，再加上th，
如：twentieth 第二十。
（3）不规则变化，
如：first 第一, second 第二， third 第三，fifth 第五， eighth 第八，ninth 第九，twelfth 第十二。
（4）基数词“几十几”变为序数词时，表示“几十”的基数词不变，只把表示 “几”的基数词变成序数词，
如twenty-first 第二十一。
3.序数词的缩略形式是由阿拉伯数字和序数词的最后两个字母构成的，
如：1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd , 4 th 。十二、be 动词（am, is, are）
1.口诀：我用am, 你用are, is 用在他她它，复数全用are。
2.否定形式：am not（没有缩写形式）, is not=isn’t, are not=aren’t。
3.过去式：am/is(was), are(were)。
十三、情态动词
（can,must,could,would,may,shall,should）
1.情态动词后面用动词原形。
2.其否定形式是在情态动词的后面加not。
十四、助动词
（do, does, did）
1.do, does 用于一般现在时，does 用于第三人称单数，其余一律用do。
2.did 用于一般过去时。
3.它们的否定形式为：do not=don’t, does not=doesn’t. did not=didn’t.
十五、介词 in 的用法
1.用在某范围或某空间内，
如：in the desk
2.在一段时间内，
如：in the morning
3.以，用……方式，
如：in English in 和on 的区别：树上长出来的用on,不是树上长出来的则用in。
in, on, at 的区别：
in, on, at 都可以用来放在时间前面，但是in 后面一般是morning，afternoon， evening,月份、年份、季节或者指某一段时间内；
on 用在具体某一天，如：on Sunday morning；
at 一般用在某个假期期间（不是指具体的某一天），它还可 以用在具体的时间，如：at Spring Festival, at five o’clock.
小学英语教材中出现的介词有：
in, on, from, of, by, about, for, under, behind, after, before, with, near, off, at, to, around, nearby 等。
十六、there be 结构与have, has 的区别
there be 结构:
1.there be 结构表示“某地存在着什么事物或人”。
在一般现在时中，there be 结构应该用there is 或there are 表示；
在一般 过去时中，there be 结构则应该用there was 或there were 表示。
2.主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is(was),是复数时用are（were）。
3.there be 结构遵循就近原则。
4.在陈述句中为了强调地点，可将介词短语提到句首。
5.否定句：在be 动词后面加not，如果句中有some，要变成any。
6.一般疑问句：把be 动词提到句首，首字母大写，句尾改成问号。
7.What is + 地点介词短语？（无论主语是单数还是复数都用is）
there be 结构与have, has 的区别:
there be 表示某地存在着什么事物或人；
have(has) 表示某物或人拥有某物。
十七、现在进行时
1．现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。
常与now 连用，当句首有look, listen 时，也用现在进行时。
2．现在进行时肯定句的基本结构为：
主语+ be 动词+动词的现在分词（doing， 即动词的ing 形式)
（1）其中be 动词随着主语的变化而变化，be 动词包括am, is, are。
（2）动词现在分词的变化规则：
A 一般情况下，直接在动词后加ing，
如：cook-cooking.
B 以不发音的e 结尾的动词，去掉e 后加ing，
如：make-making, dance-dancing.
C 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，双写末尾字母后加ing,
如：run-running, swim-swimming.
D 以ie 结尾的动词，变ie 为y，再加ing,
如：lie-lying, die-dying.
3．现在进行时的否定句：
在be 动词后面加not。
4．现在进行时的一般疑问句：
把be 动词提到句首，首字母大写，句尾改成问号。
十八、一般现在时
1.一般现在时表示一般情况下经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常与 usually, sometimes, often, always 等词连用。
2.一般现在时的谓语动词为be 动词时，be 的变化遵循“我用am, 你用are, is 用在他她它，复数全用are”的规律。
3.一般现在时的谓语动词为其它动词时，当主语为第三人称单数时，动词要用第 三人称单数形式。
如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。
4.动词第三人称单数的变化规则：
（1）一般的动词，直接在词尾加s，
如：cook-cooks, like-likes.
（2） 以s，x，sh，ch，o 等结尾的动词，加es，
如：wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes, do-does.
（3）以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词，变y 为i, 再加es，
如：study-studies.
（4）不规则变化，如：have-has.
5.一般现在时的变化：
（1）be 动词的变化。
否定句：主语+ be + not +其它。
如：He is not a worker.他不是一名工人。
一般疑问句：Be +主语+其它?
如：Are you a student?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？
如：Where is my bike?
（2）行为动词的变化。
否定句：主语+ don't( doesn't ) +动词原形(+其它)。
如：I don't like bread.
当主语为第三人称单数时，要用doesn't 构成否定句。
如：He doesn't like PE.
一般疑问句：
Do( Does ) +主语+动词原形+其它?
如：Do you often play chess?
当主语为第三人称单数时，要用does 构成一般疑问句。
如：Does she like PE?
特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句？
如：How does your father go to work?
十九、一般过去时
1.一般过去时表示在过去的某一时间里发生的事情，我们用动词的过去式来表 示。
常与yesterday, last night，just now, a moment ago 等表示过去的时间 状语连用。
2.be 动词在一般过去时中的变化：
(1)am 和is 在一般过去时中变为was。（was not=wasn’t）
(2)are 在一般过去时中变为were。（were not=weren’t）
(3)带有was 或were 的句子，其否定句、疑问句的变化和is, am, are 一样，即 否定句在was 或were 后加not，一般疑问句把was 或were 提到句首。
3.句中没有be 动词的一般过去时的句子：
否定句：didn’t +动词原形，
如：Jim didn’t go home yesterday.
一般疑问句：
在句首加did，句子中的动词过去式变回原形，
如：Did Jim go home yesterday?
4.动词过去式变化规则：
（1）一般情况下，在动词原形后面加ed，
如：cook-cooked.
（2）以不发音的e 结尾的单音节词，只加d，
如：taste-tasted.
（3）以辅音字母加y 结尾的词，变y 为i，再加ed，
如：study-studied.
(4) 以重读闭音节或r 结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个字母后再 加ed，
如：stop-stopped.
(5)不规则变化，
如：go-went, sit-sat.
二十、一般将来时
1.一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
常 常与tomorrow, next Sunday 等时间状语连用。
2.基本结构：
（1）be going to do sth.
（2）will do sth.
3.否定句：
在be 动词（am, is, are, was, were）或will 后加not。
4.一般疑问句:
把be 动词或will 提到句首，some 改为any, and 改为or，第一、 二人称互换。
二十一、现在完成时
1.表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与一些时间状语,
如:already, yet, ever, never, just, before, once, twice （次数）等连用,
也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语,如these days, today, recently, this year, so far(=by now)等连用.
2.基本结构：
助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词 e.g. I have already posted the letter.
二十二、some /any
肯定句：I have some toys in my bedroom.
一般疑问句和否定句中：Do you have any brothers or sisters? He doesn’t have any pencils in his pencil case.
表示建议、请求等：Would you like some juice? Can I have some stamps?
二十三、祈使句
Sit down, please. Don’t open the door.. Let’s go to the park.
}

快速识别语文病句的八个方法
　　病句，就是有问题的句子。凡是 违反语法结构规律（ 语法错误）或 客观事理（ 逻辑错误）的句子都是病句。以下是小编收集整理的快速识别语文病句的八个方法，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
　　一、留意句中的介词
　　大多数介词是从动词虚化而来的，这就使得介词的使用比较复杂。它可以和动词一样带宾语，如果使用不当，往往会造成语病。这类介词主要有：由、由于经、经过通过对、对于当在正。这些词在病句考题中出现的频率非常高，出错的频率也非常高，要引起注意。例：
　　①三年前，电脑上网对人们可能是陌生的。(谁对谁呢?颠倒了主客体。)
　　②为什么对于这种浪费人才的现象至今没有引起有关部门重视呢?(对于湮没了句子主语，应去掉)
　　③只有把想法付诸于行动，才能最大限度地达到我们的目标。(诸即之于，与于重复。)
　　二、留意句中的程度副词
　　副词一般是用来修饰形容词的，一般情况下是不会出错，但我们须细心分析一下后面的形容词是否本身就包含了这个副词的含义，有没有造成语义的重复。这类副词主要有十分非常很过分等。例：
　　①许多家长对孩子过于溺爱，饭来张口，衣来伸手，这对孩子的成长是有害的。(溺爱含有过分宠爱的意思。)
　　②这是非常奇缺的药品，不到万不得已，是不能动用的。(奇缺就是非常缺少的意思。)
　　三、留意句中指代性的词语
　　使用代词的目的是使行文简洁。但如果使用不当，则会指代不明，使文意模糊。在病句题中，代词使用的考查也较常见，所以一旦句中出现了代词，就要认真分析，弄清它所指代的对象。例：
　　①搜集史料不容易，鉴定、整理和运用史料更不容易。中国过去的大部分史学家，主要的功力用在这方面。(这指搜集史料，还是鉴定、整理和运用史料呢?)
　　②张主任和技术员小李正在谈话，他告诉他说：攻下这道关，就可以试制了。(谁告诉谁?两个他均指代不明。)
　　四、留意并列的短语和句子
　　并列的句子和句中的并列短语，也是一个最容易出错的地方，往往顾此失彼，造成一些错误。所以，在做题时，只要见到并列短语，就该留心。例：
　　①今年春节期间，这个市的210辆消防车、300多名消防官兵，放弃休假，始终坚持在各自值勤的岗位上。(只有消防官兵能和放弃休假，始终坚持在各自值勤的岗位上搭配，210辆消防车却不能。这属于一种顾此失彼的错误。)
　　②最近一段时间，各种传媒、报纸、电视、广播、互联网大量报道了美国在阿富汗进行的反对恐怖主义的战争。(这是一种比较典型的例子，各种传媒和报纸、电视、广播、互联网是包含关系，不能并列。)
　　五、留意句中两面性的词语
　　两面性的词是指词语本身表达两个相反的语意。如成败、得失、好坏、高低、能否、是否等。因为它们表达的是不确定的两个方面的意思，所以它要求语句的上下文必须有与之相照应的词语或者语意。否则就会造成语意上的不对称。例：
　　①这场篮球赛的胜败关键是队员们的齐心协力。(前半句讲胜败，后半句只讲胜，两面对一面，不一致，应改为取胜的关键，或改为是队员们能否齐心协力。)
　　②选择最可靠、最恰当的材料，对一篇文章的成败，常常有很重要的作用。(最可靠、最恰当是单面的，而成败是双面的。)
　　六、留意否定句和带有否定意义的词语
　　否定句主要应该关注双重否定句和疑问句中嵌套否定形式的句子，带有否定意义的词语主要有以防防止劝阻阻止避免忘记等。这些句子和词语经常出现的错误是把要表达的意思说反，且具有很强的迷惑性，易造成误判。例：
　　①专家认为，减少烟害，特别是劝阻青少年戒烟，对预防肺癌有重要意义。(劝阻和戒烟都有否定的意义，这样使用反而把意思表达反了。)
　　②许多有识之士认为，防止文化不受污染已经成为互联网行业进一步发展必须重视的问题。(滥用否定，表意相反，应把不去掉。)
　　③我们并不完全否认这部书没有透露出希望，而是说这希望是非常渺茫的。(三重否定，把意思表达反了。)
　　七、留意句中的特殊短语
　　有些短语平时经常误用，而在病句题中常出现这样一些习惯性的不规范用法，很有麻痹性，考生做题时尤其要注意。例：
　　①美国进行军事打击的目的，是为了摧毁伊拉克生产大规模杀伤性武器的基地，还希望通过军事打击除掉萨达姆。(目的和为了都表示目的，用语重复，必须删掉其中一个。)
　　②不管气候条件和地理环境都极端不利，登山队员仍然克服了困难，胜利攀登到顶峰。(不管后面跟的情况是不确定的，而气候条件和地理环境都极端不利是一种确定性情况，所以应改为尽管。)
　　③世界稀有雉类，和大熊猫一样获得中国国宝称誉的四川山鹧鸪近年成倍减少，目前仅有两千多只，因此筹建山鹧鸪保护区已迫在眉睫。(成倍减少不合逻辑，在表示数字增减时，不能用成倍来说减少。)
　　八、留意句中的是
　　是在句中表示判断。命题时，往往在较长或结构复杂的句子中偷换主语或缺失宾语。例：
　　①修建青藏铁路是加快西部大开发的重要举措，是民族团结的重要纽带。(这个句子中的第二个分句承第一个分句的主语修建青藏铁路，但修建青藏铁路是一种行为，而纽带是名词，二者不属于同一种事物，不能构成判断句。)
　　②纵观20世纪世界各国的发展，可以清楚地看到，国家的强大，民族的振兴，取决于多方面因素，良好的国民素质，无疑是最重要和最具潜力的。(后一个判断句的主语是国民素质，它是多方面的因素中的一个因素，所以是后面的宾语最重要和最具潜力的缺少了名词性的中心语因素。)
　　扩展资料：
　　掌握“读”、“找”、“改”、“验”四字诀
　　在修改病句的训练中，教者要自始至终贯彻“四字诀”，确实提高学生运用语言的能力。具体说来，这“四字诀”就是“反复读”、“认真找”、“仔细改”、“改后验”、
　　1、反复读
　　俗话说：“书读百遍，其义自现”多读，对于发现问题是很有帮助的;多读，对于看看句子所要表达的语义内容与句子结构形式是否统一也是很有必要的。在朗读中如发现有不妥的地方，就可以找出病句所在。
　　2、认真找
　　医生治病救人，只有对症下药，才能药见其效。修改病句正是如此，在朗读明义之后，要认真分析病因，才能进行修改，否则盲目找，只会越改越乱、错上加错。教者在教学时，不仅要让学生知道这个病句属于哪个类型，还要知道常见的改法;不仅要把注意力集中在具体问题的答案是否正确上，而且要注意学生学习的过程，不能忽视。
　　3、仔细改
　　找出病因后，修改这一环节非常重要。修改以不改变句子的原意为基础，合理利用常见病句的修改方法进行修改，使句意表达的清楚、完整，符合实际情况。
　　4、改后验
　　修改完后还要认真校验，看看还有没有其它问题，标点符号丢没丢，句子是否通顺等，不能因马虎而出错。如常见病句类型1搭配不当所举例句①的修改，就需要在改后注意标点问题。常见病句类型6前后矛盾所举的例句②在改法上“猜想”和“肯定”前后矛盾，两者任划其一，但按这种改法如删去“猜想”一词，结果这个句子就不通顺了，细心检验后，可以把“猜”或“肯定”任删一个，表意才准确无误。
　　一、语感审读法。
　　在审读过程中，从语言的感性认识上觉察语句是否有毛病，如果觉得句子别扭，就再作分析比较，找到语病所在。用这种方法做题，要做到胆大心细。胆大就是要敢于相信自己的第一印象，心细就是要有仔细分析和查找语病的耐心，二者要相辅相成，不可偏废。如：“作为一个共产党员、党的领导干部，办事、想问题，都要从党和人民的根本利益为出发点。”这个句子我们初读时就会觉得不顺畅，仔细分析会发现这个句子犯了句式杂糅的毛病。类似这样的句子，我们凭语感就能判断出来。
　　二、筋脉梳理法。
　　所谓筋脉梳理法，就是划分句子成分，即运用语法手段，先找出句子的主干(主语、谓语、宾语)，审查句子主干是否存在搭配不当或残缺不全等错误;再清理句子枝叶(定语、补语、状语)，仔细审查修饰成分内部是否有毛病以及与中心语的搭配是否得当。如：“两队的比赛还没开始，看台上已坐满了数万名热情的人群。”这个句子，凭语感很难看出有什么错误，但通过划分句子成分，我们能很容易发现这个句子中的定语出了问题，即“数万名”与“人群”搭配不当。
　　三、逻辑分析法。
　　有的语病不容易从语法上分析，这时就要从事理上着眼，看其是否违反事理。要注意从概念、判断和推理等多个侧面进行分析。如：“田野里的高梁熟了。远远望去一片金黄。”这个句子，读起来顺畅，语法上找不到错误，但一推敲，问题就出来了，因为成熟了的“高粱”根本不是“金黄”，而应该是红色的。
　　四、造句类比法。
　　有的句子，从语法、事理等方面不好判定它是否有毛病时，可以仿照原句的结构造一个常用的句子，经过分析比较来确定该句是否有语病。如：“这些软件单买共要1000元，可合在一起买才要333元，价钱便宜了近三分之二。”这个句子是否有错误，有的同学弄不清，甚至认为句中的“近三分之二”是错误的，在这种情况下，我们可用造句类比法来判断：如：原来卖1元，现在卖5角，价钱便宜了一半;原来卖1000元，现在卖500元，价钱便宜了一半;原来卖1000元，现在卖333元，价钱便宜了近三分之二。以上三句是正确的，因此，原句也是正确的。再如：“围墙用的是红砖砌的。”这个句子，读起来有点别扭，但是否有毛病则拿不太准，这时，同学们可以仿造一些句子，如：“文章用的是英语写的`。”“衣服用的是布做的。”这两种说法都是错误的，因此推断出原句是错误的。
　　五、前后对应法。
　　有些句子本身具有特殊的语法标志，其语病往往就出现在那些地方。如：有多个否定词的句子，往往出现否定失当的错误;出现了“忌”“禁止”“预防”“防止”等词的句子，其错误也往往出现在否定失当上;有“能否”“是否”“成败”等词语的句子，往往出现一面与两面不能对应的错误;介词出现在句首的句子，往往出现介词掩盖主语的错误;概念并列时往往出现包容与交叉的问题等等。做题时，可根据这类句子的特点，准确地找到错误所在，从而快速地作出判断。
　　病句修改原则
　　一、修改病句须遵守的原则
　　1、在不改变原来句意的前提下，对句中有明显错误的词句进行修改，使语句正确、通顺。
　　2、无病不改，以免没有毛病的句子被改出毛病来，避免弄巧成拙。
　　3、病因要查清，保持原意，力求少改。
　　二、修改方法
　　1、读懂原句意思，找准病因，辨清病句的类别。
　　2、运用修改符号，在病句上进行修改。
　　3、将修改后的句子进行复查、校对，看句子是否通顺，有无新语病产生。如果发现问题，再重新修改。
　　三、病句类型
　　凡是违反客观事理或语言结构规律的句子都是病句。主要类型有句子成分残缺;句子成分搭配不当;前后矛盾;用词不当;概念不清，分类不当;褒贬不分;重复啰嗦;词序颠倒;比喻不当，夸张过分;指代不明;不合事理;一动词两宾语等。
　　四、辨析病句的方法
　　1、检查病句，判明原因。先阅读原句，看看毛病出在哪儿。语法、修辞、逻辑方面的毛病，有不同的修改要求。找出病因是修改病句的前提。
　　2、语感审读法。在审读过程中，从语言的感性认识上觉察语句是否有毛病，如果觉得句子别扭，再作分析比较，找到语病所在。用这种方法做题，要胆大心细。
　　3、筋络梳理法。所谓脉络梳理法，就是划分句子成分，即运用语法手段，先找出句子的主干，审查句子主干是否存在搭配不当或残缺不全等错误;再理清句子枝叶，仔细审查修饰成分内部是否有毛病以及与中心句的搭配是否得当。
　　4、逻辑分析法。有的语病不容易从语法上分析，这时就要从事理上着眼，看其是否违反事理。要注意从概念、判断和推理等多个侧面进行分析。
　　5、造句类比法。有的句子，从语法、事理等方面不好判定它是否有毛病时，可以仿造原句的结构造一个常用的句子，经过分析比较来确定该句是否有语病。
　　6、前后对比法。 有些句子本身具有特殊的语法标志，其语病往往就出现在这些地方。
　　7、先主后次，对症下药。如果是语法错误造成的病句，首先要找出句子的主干，看看是否残缺，搭配是否得当，结构是否混乱，并将发现的错误加以改正，然后在检查附加部分，把误用的词语、颠倒的词序或同中心语搭配不当的附加成分一一加以改正。
　　病句类型　　
　　一、常见的病句类型
　　(1)搭配不当
　　句子成分的搭配不当包括主谓搭配不当，动宾搭配不当，定语、状语、补语和中心语搭配不当及关联词搭配不当等。例如：
　　①春风一阵阵吹来，树枝摇曳着，月光、树影一齐晃动起来，发出沙沙的声响。(主谓搭配不当，“月光”不会发出声响。)
　　② 解放前，爸爸和哥哥两人挣来的钱还不够养活一家人的生活。(动宾搭配不当，“养活”的只能是人，不能是“生活”。)
　　③ 这次大会上，对工资问题交换了广泛的意见。(修饰语和中心语搭配不当，并不是意见广泛，而是交换的范围广泛，应改为“广泛地交换了意见”。)
　　④我们中学生如果缺乏创新精神，也不能适应知识经济时代的要求。(关联词搭配不当，应将“也”改为“就”。)
　　(2)成分残缺
　　成分残缺，常见的有缺主语、缺谓语、缺宾语和必要的修饰限制语。例如：
　　①通过特级老师的这次讲课，对大家的启发很大。(缺主语。多用了介词或介宾结构，使原来的主语变为状语。应去掉“通过”或“对”。)
　　②他主动参与社会灾害性事故处理，化解风险，安定社会生活的责任。(缺谓语，应在“参与”前加上“承担”。)
　　③只要有勤奋、肯吃苦，什么样的难题都难不倒你。(缺宾语，在“肯吃苦”后加上“的决心”。)
　　④细菌是有害的。(缺必要的限制语，与事实不符，应加上“有些”。)
　　(3)重复多余
　　句子结构完整，句意清晰，仍使用了不必要的词语作句子的成分，也叫赘余。常见的情况有：第一，语法成分重复;第二，语意堆砌。例如：
　　①篮球场上，十位队员正在激烈地打比赛。(谓语重复，应删去“打”。)
　　② 其实这是过虑的想法。(语意堆砌，“虑”就是想，应删去“的想法”。)
　　③ 走近美丽的丹阳中学，我停下脚步驻足欣赏。(停下脚步和驻足意思重复，删除一个。)。
　　(4)语序不当
　　语序不当是多种多样的，要结合语意、语言结构等灵活分析。常见的情况有：词语的前后顺序排列不当;修饰语和中心语的位置颠倒;多层修饰语语序不当;不符合语言习惯;关联词语位置不当。例如：
　　①文件对经济领域中的一些问题，从理论上和政策上作了详细的规定和深刻的说明。(词语的前后顺序排列不当，“深刻说明”应照应“理论”，“详细的规定”应照应“政策”。)
　　②我国棉花的生产，现在已经自给有余。(定语和中心语的位置颠倒，应改为“生产的棉花”。)
　　③在休息室里，许多老师昨天都同他热情地交谈。(多层状语语序不当，表对象的介宾短语一般紧挨中心语，应改为“热情地同他交谈”。)
　　④这首歌是广大音乐爱好者倍受欢迎的。(语序不合习惯，应把“倍受”移至“广大”的前面。)
　　⑤要是一篇作品的思想有问题，那么文字即使很不错，也是要不得的。(“即使”应移到“文字”前。照原句就变成了只是文字要不得，不是作品要不得。)
　　(5)句式杂糅
　　句式杂糅指把两个意思或两种句式杂糅在一句之中，造成结构混乱，意思不清。例如：
　　①我们向老师提建议是学生的责任。(把“我们向老师提建议”和“向老师提建议是学生的责任”两句意思凑在一块了，应该删去“我们”。)
　　②听了他的报告，对我启发教育很大。(把“他的报告对我启发教育很大”与“听了他的报告，我受到很大的启发教育”两种句式杂糅在一起，应选其中一种。)
　　(6)句意歧义
　　所谓有歧义的句子，是指失去了确定性，可以这样理解，也可以那样理解的句子。例如：
　　①局长、副局长和其他局领导出席了这次表彰会。(其他局领导是本局领导还是别局领导，不明确。)
　　②呼啸队对百花队的进攻是早有准备的。(是“呼啸队进攻百花队”还是“百花队进攻呼啸队”，不清楚。)
　　③现全渠已勘测完毕144华里。(没说全渠有多长，如果全长不是144华里，那么144华里只是全渠的一部分，那就不能说“完毕”，该说“现全渠已勘测了144华里”。)
　　④ 介绍荷兰的一部权威著作。(可以解释为“介绍一部权威著作”，也可以解释为“介绍荷兰”。如果作者意思是后者，就应把“一部”提到句首。)
　　(7)不合事理
　　不合事理是指在表述中，或违反人们的逻辑思维，或违背客观现实情况，或前后矛盾，或顾此失彼等，造成不合事理。例如：
　　①他是多少个死难者中幸免的一个。(既然“幸免”，自然是没有死，怎么能说是“死难者中的一个”呢?应改为“多少人死难了，他是幸免的一个”。)
　　②再就业工程能否顺利实施，是维护社会安定的重要条件。(“能否”包含正反两方面的意义，只能说“再就业工程能顺利实施，是维护社会安定的重要条件”，而不能包含“再就业工程不能顺利实施，也是维护社会安定的重要条件”义项。)
　　(8)用词不当
　　用词不当包括词性使用不当，词义使用不当，词的感情色彩使用不当等。例如：
　　①这次试验能否成功，还是个怀疑。(动词“怀疑”误用作名词，应改为“疑问”。)
　　②大家对于我很热情友好。(介词运用不当，表示人与人之间的关系，只能用“对”，不能用“对于”。) 　　③他的父亲仍然健在，享年83岁，精神尚佳。(“享年”一词是对死去之人岁数的说法，前后矛盾，属于用词错误。)
　　二、辨析及修改病句的基本方法
　　辨析：
　　(1)语感法
　　辨析句子正误，首先得认真阅读，仔细考虑，从整体把握，看看句意是否明确，内容是否合理，句意间关系与关联词语是否一致等，凭借语感，就可以发现一些句子的毛病。
　　(2)紧缩法
　　找出句子的主干，检查主谓宾(中心语)是否残缺，是否搭配得当。
　　(3)分解法
　　理清枝叶(附在主、谓、宾上的附加成分)，检查枝叶和相应的主干是否搭配得当。
　　(4)聚焦法
　　对于句中出现的修饰性词语、关联词应格外留意，尤其是成对出现的词语，先检查漏用、错用、或搭配不当的毛病，再看分句次序是否合理。
　　修改：
　　修改病句的方法有增、删、调、换，即增加字词、删去多余字词、调整字词顺序、更换字词。无论用那种方法，修改病句都要遵循两条原则：一是保留原句基本意思不变，二是多就少改。
【快速识别语文病句的八个方法】相关文章：
巧妙识别语文病句的方法解析12-25
语文快速判断出病句方法12-23
语文修改病句的类型及方法12-23
小升初语文病句修改方法12-23
小升初语文病句修改方法归纳12-25
语文快速背诵的方法12-23
快速背诵语文的方法12-25
修改病句的方法11-29
高中语文辨析病句的方法指导12-17
}