如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与高中英语同位语从句句

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2016考研英语:如何区分定语从句与同位语从句
2016考研英语:如何区分定语从句与同位语从句
考研中心  
们在语法学习中经常容易混淆同位语从句和定语从句,对两种从句的混淆有时会直接影响到阅读的准确理解及翻译正确翻译的采用,以下对两种从句的区分方法进行专项,以便同学们轻松掌握,[|]。两种从句的区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如:
The possibility that the majority of the labor force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常大多数力将会在家里的可能性。(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场的是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑,《》()。(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般做主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)
【真题例句】
The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
句子可拆分为:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
主句为:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by& and by&。主句主语的结构为: The issue of whether&and whether&。of 短语修饰the issue, of 短语较长一般译在后面;that the Red Planet&是evidence的同位语从句,(即是evidence的具体内容)。that bacterial fossils&是suggestions的同位语从句,说明suggestions的具体内容。)第一个同位语从句可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。第二个同位语可以放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。
【参考译文】
越来越多的证据表明,这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态,而且人们对从火星落到地球上的细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论,使火星上是否存在过和是否至今仍有生命的问题成为了引人注目的重点。
    〖预览〗
  题型一:求极限
  求极限是高等数学的基本要求,所以也是每年必考的内容。无论数学一、数学二还是数学三,每年的考题都会涉及到,区别在于有时以4分小题形式出现,题目简单;有时以大题出现,需要使用的方法综合性强。比如大题可能需要用到等价无穷小代换、泰勒展开式、洛比达法则、分离因式、重要极限等几种方法,有时考生需要选择多种方法综合完成题目。另外,分段函数在个别点处的导数,函数图形的渐近线,以极限形式定义的函数的连续性、可导性的研究等也需要使用极限手段达到目的。
  题型二:利用中值定理证明等式或不等式,利用函数单调性证明不等式
  证明题虽不能说每年一定考,但也基本上十年有九年都会涉及。等式的证明包括使用4个常见的微分中值……【】    〖预览〗
  1极限的四则运算法则
  2极限的脱帽定理
  3无穷小的定阶定理
  4函数连续性定理的证明
  5函数奇偶性与周期性的证明
  6费马定理、柯西定理及牛顿莱布尼茨定理的证明
  7洛必达法则证明
  8函数凹凸性判定法则的证明
  9不等式的证明与方程根的证明
  10含有一个中值或者两个中值的证明
  11关于定积分等式与不等式的证明
  12定积分重要性质与结论的证明
  13曲线积分与路径无关性的证明(数学一)
  14格林公式与高斯定理的证明(数学一)
  15证明常数项级数的收敛性
  16矩阵秩的相关证明
  17证明向量小组线性无关
  18证明方程组的基础解系及性质
  19证明两个矩阵相似与合……【】    〖预览〗
  考研公共课中,数学是被最多考生视作第一难关的&拦路虎&。现在许多大三的学生已经开始投入到基础复习中,对怎样合理安排复习计划、把握复习重点、复习使用的教材以及复习方法等多方面的问题都有诸多疑惑。在基础阶段,数学需要做一定数量的题,那如何才能通过做题来提高数学成绩呢?
  切忌眼高手低
  &眼高手低&是很多考生在复习数学时易犯的错误,很多考生对基础性的东西不屑一顾,认为这些内容很简单,用不着用功复习,还有的考生只是&看&,认为看懂就行了,很少下笔去做题,结果在最后的考试中眼熟手生,难以取得好的成绩。所以,在复习数学时一定要脚踏实地,一步一个脚印,……【】
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同位语从句和定语从句的区别
14:30:23 |
  2018考研交流群
  以下是中公考研英语教研组老师为大家整理的同位语从句和定语从句的区别,希望对考生有帮助!
  同位语从句和定语从句的混淆点是:这两种从句都可以被that引导,而且先行词都是名词。那么怎么区别呢?首先:先行词虽然都是名词,但是名词在定语从句中做先行词的范围要比同位语从句广泛很多。同位语从句的先行词是表示信息、观点、主张、事实等(如:idea, view, thought, order, suggestion, news, truth, hope, promise, answer, belief, condition, doubt, fear, problem, proof, question)等抽象的名词,而定语从句的范围不仅仅是这些名词,换言之,如果是表示具体意义的先行词,那么后面的从句是定语从句。
  并且,连接词在从句中的作用也不一样。连接词在同位语从句不做成分,因为同位语从句本身的作用是对前面的名词进行解释说明的补充作用;连接词在定语从句中做成分。换言之,如果连接词如果在从句中做成分,则从句是同位语从句,如果连接词不在从句中做成分,则从句是定语从句。
  另外,what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。
  接下来,就来看定语从句和同位语在考研英语翻译的应用。
  首先,与that引导定语从句相比,that引导的同位语从句相对要少。来看一下同位语从句的考察,划线部分为同位语从句,加粗的字体为先行词。
  2004- (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
  2007- (48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
  2008- (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
  2010-(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.
  2010- (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on &worthless& species.
  2011-(46) Allen&s contribution was to take an assumption we all share&that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts&and reveal its erroneous nature.
  (46) But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.
  1997-(74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
  再次,我们来看一下that引导的定语从句,举两个例子:
  2001-(71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
  Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
  对于同位语从句,同位语的先行词不是定语成分,而是被定语所修饰的名词,翻译方法可以是&先行词+是+同位语从句&。而定语从句的翻译可以把先行词带入到连接词的位置,按着英文原文的顺序进行翻译就可以。
  以上是中公考研为大家准备整理的同位语从句和定语从句的区别的内容。中公考研提醒大家、、以及已陆续公布,中公考研将为大家及时提供相关资讯。另外,为了帮助考生更好地复习,中公考研为广大学子推出2018考研、、系列备考专题,针对每一个科目要点进行深入的指导分析,还会根据每年的考研大纲进行针对性的分析哦~欢迎各位考生了 解咨询。同时,中公考研一直为大家推出,足不出户就可以边听课边学习,为大家的考研梦想助力!
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同位语和定语的区别,怎么区分它们呢?
提问时间: 18:14:11提问者:
同学你好,&&&&&& 同位语从句和定语从句都放在被修饰词的后边,从形式上来看,它们十分相似。从以下几个方面来谈它们的区别。 1、从句所修饰词的不同。同位语从句所修饰词通常是少数一些表示抽象意义的名词,如belief , doubt , fact , hope , idea , news , possibility , thought , order , suggestion , wish , answer , information , conclusion , decision , discovery , knowledge , law , opinion , problem , promise , proof , question , report , truth , risk 等。定语从句的先行词可以指人、物等。例如: He has told us a fact that drinking too much does harm to our health.他又告诉我们一个事实,过渡饮酒对健康有害。(同位语从句) We have no idea that her mother was a professor ten years ago. . 我们不知道她的母亲十年前是个教授。(同位语从句) This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的那本书。(定语从句)I will never forget the day when I joined the Party. 我将永远不会忘记我入党的那一天。(定语从句) 2. 连接词的作用不同。连接同位语从句的that只起连接作用,不在从句中担任任何句子成分。whether 和 how 可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。关系代词和关系副词除了连接从句的作用外,还在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分,如主语、宾语、定语、表语等。引导定语从句的连接词是关系词,常见的关系代词和关系副词有that , which , who , whose , whom , when , where , why , as,than, but 等。 The news that he wants to get is whether he will be sent to the countryside.他所想得到的消息是他是否将被派往农村。(定语从句,关系代词that作从句get的宾语。) Do you have a doubt whether she will be dismissed from school? 你怀疑她是否能被学校开除吗?(同位语从句) I have no idea how his parents were sad on hearing that their son was killed in the earthquake. 我不知道他的父母一听到他在地震中阵亡是多么悲伤!(同位语从句) 3. 从句作用的不同。定语从句具有形容词或副词的特点,对先行词起修饰、限定作用,描述先行词的性质或特征,与先行词之间是所属关系。同位语从句具有名词的特点,对中心词作进一步补充解释,是中心词的具体内容。例如:
The man that you saw just now is my bother. 你刚才看到的那个人是我的弟弟。(定语从句) The suggestion that the meeting be put off proved right.推迟会议的建议证明是正确得。(同位语从句) The suggestion that he had made is that the meeting be put off. 他提出的建议推迟会议。(定语从句)&&&&&&&& 也可以自己查阅相关详细信息哦~加油祝备考顺利! 欢迎登陆新东方在线欢迎到新东方在线论坛感谢您对新东方在线的支持和信任如您的问题未能得到妥善解决或有其他问题请访问:或联系售后客服:400 676 2300
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怎么分辨定语从句和同位语从句?尤其是that引导的
09-01-01 &
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。 一、 限定性定语从句 1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time&一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导 二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。 I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。 We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。 3. 有时as也可用作关系代词 4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物 同位语从句指的是从句在复合句中作同位语,它是同位语的一种表现形式。这种作同位语的从句看起来似乎并不复杂,但在阅读和翻译中,如果我们缺少对它的分析,就有可能造成误解。现将这种从句分析如下: A.同位语从句的实质 从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系是同位关系,即主表关系。如果用变通的办法,把名词(短语)和“主语+be+表语”结构联系起来,就可以看出这种同位关系。试比较: We all know the theory that matter is made up of atoms and molecules. (=We all know the theory, and the theory is that matter is made up of atoms and molecules.) 我们大家都知道物质是由原子和分子构成的这一理论。 The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in the region has been discussed.(=The suggestion is that we should develop the natural resources in the region, and the suggestion has been discussed.)关于我们应该开发本地区资源的建议已经讨论过了。 The problem whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules has been solved.(=The problem is whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules, and the problem has been solved.)天然橡胶是否是线型链状分子的聚合物,这个问题已经解决了。 I have no idea when she will be back.(=I have to idea, and the idea is when she will be back.)我不知道她什么时候会回来。 B.引导同位语从句的连接词 引导同位语从句的连接词最常见的是that。That是一个纯引导词(pure introductory word),在同位语从句中常可省去,尤其是在口头语中。例如: I had the impression (that)your government was undecided about assisting us. 我的印象是,你们政府还没有决定援助我们。 “Billing and cooing! That's the way (that) you think of it! That's the way (that) you talk of it! As though it were something you had to do.”“谈情说爱!这是你的想法!这是你的说法!仿佛这是你的义务似的”。 连接词when, where, why, whether, how 等也可引导同位语从句,这些连接词除有连接主句和同位语的语法功能外,还有一定的“疑问”意义。例如: He has solved the question why he is ill. 他已经解决了他为什么生病的问题。 Have you any idea how fast sound travels? 你知道声音传播有多快吗? 连词but that 也可引导同位语从句,人它通常出现在“否定词+doubt (deny, question)等名词”结构之后。这时,but 无否定含义,仅起强调作用,常可省去;有时也可省去that而保留but。例如: There is no question (but) that the four modernizations will be realized in China by the end of the century. 中国在本世纪内实现四个现代化,这是没有问题的。 There is no doubt but (that) we will succeed in designing the project.毫无疑问,我们能把这项工程设计出来。 C.同位语从句的先行词 同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词,常见的有:idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。例如: Wives lived in fear that their husbands might be killed. 妻子们担心丈夫会战死, 提心吊胆地过日子。 How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣,对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的? Is there any reason that he chose that honest old prime minister to go and find out? 他挑选那位诚实的老宰相去了解真相,有什么缘故吗? 代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语,同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。例如: We take it that you will act according to the final agreement. 我们认为你方是会按照最后协议行事的。 In measuring electromotive force with a voltmeter, we should see to it that the voltmeter is placed in parallel with the electric source. 用伏特计测量电动势时, 务必使伏特计与电源并联。 I owe it to you that I am still alive. 幸亏你,我现在还活着。 有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。我们认为,这种it后的that 从句应看作it的同位语,因为它相当于“主语+be+表语”结构。试比较: You must se to it that the children don't catch cold.(=You must see to it, and I t is that the children don't catch cold.)你要当心,别让孩子们着凉了。 D.“复合介词+the fact+that从句”结构从总体来看,这种结构属介词短语。如果分开来理解,其中的the fact 用作复合介词的宾语,同时兼作其后that从句的先行词,that从句为同位语从句。例如: It is chiefly due to the fact that the sun gets higher in the sky in summer and shines more directly down on that part of the earth. 这主要是由于夏天太阳在空中的位置较高,同时更加直接地照射着地球的那一部分。 We must never overlook our small weak points because of the fact that we have ma de big achievements. 我们不可因为有了大的成绩就忽视小的缺点。 Owing to the fact that I had lost his address, I didn't know where I could find him.由于我把他的地址遗失了,所以我不知到哪里去找他。 这种结构中的复合介词很多,常见的有:due to, by dint of, by virtue of, because of, on account of, in view of,等等。 E.同位语从句与先行词之间的分隔同位语从句一般都紧跟在与其同位的名词(即先行词)之后,但当先行词作句子的主语,其谓语较短,同位语较长时,同位语从句常与同位名词(短语)分隔。例如: In the first half of the last century the discovery was made that a magnet could be used to get an electric current. 上个世纪的前半期,发现可用磁铁产生电流。 The boy bore up well when the news came that his father had been killed. 当消息 传来,说他父亲牺牲时,这孩子表现得很坚强。 The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, the more energy it radiates. 物体的温度愈高,放射的能量愈多,这一理论非常重要。 当前一同位成分的名词中心词(即先行词)有后置修饰语(如短语或定语从句等)时,同位语从 句常可能远离其先行词。例如: For example, we know that the statement commonly accepted when the first edition of this book was printed, that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea, is not true. 例如,在海洋深处完全没有生命这一说法,在本书第一版付印时 是人们所公认的,但现在我们知道这并不正确。 An indistinct idea he had, that the child was desolate and in want of help.他心 里有一种模糊的概念,就是这孩子是无人照顾的,需要帮助。 如何区别定语从句与同位语从句(一) 同位语从句和定语从句从表面来看十分相似,但实质上是截然不同的两种从句: (1)同位语从句所修饰的词是有限的一些抽象名词,而定语从句就没有这种限制。 同位语从句经常用于下列有限的几个词后: hope(希望),idea(想法), news(消息), order(命令), fact(事实), question(问题),reason(理由),belief(相信),doubt(怀疑),evidence(根据),conclusion(结论),truth(真理),result(结果)等。 (2)句法功能不同。 同位语从句同它所修饰的名词在内容上是等同关系,在句中的语法作用处于同等地位。而定语从句说明前一名词的性质、特征,对先行词进行修饰、限制,是先行词不可缺少的定语。 (3)引导词that在同位语从句中不作句子成分;而在定语从句中必作句子成分,是从句所修饰的词的替代词。试比较: The fact that the Chinese people invented the compassis known to all.中国人发明指南针这个事实是众所周知的。(同位语从句) The fact that we talked about is very important.我们谈论的这个事实很重要。(定语从句) 如何区别同位语从句和定语从句(二) 同位语从句和定语从句在形式上基本相同,都是跟在名词或代词之后,且又常由that引导。但它们的句法功能却是不同的,我们可以从三个方面来加以区别。 (1)根据that来区别。引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,还代替先行词在从句中充当一个成分。而且这个that还常可以用which来代替。引导同位语从句的that是个连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,也不能用which来代替。例如: The fact that(which) we talked about is very impor-tant.我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。(that在从句中作about的宾语) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleasedeverybody.他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。(that只起连接作用) 再如: The news that you heard is true.你听到的消息是真的。(that在从句中作heard的宾语) Here comes the news that some tourists from Americawill come to our village.消息传来,说一些美国旅游者要来我们村。(that只起连接作用) (2)根据先行词来区别。 定语从句的先行词可以是人,也可以是具体事物或抽象概念。定语从句在复合同中相当于形容词,对这些先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用。例如: The moon is a satellite that goes around the earth.月亮是围绕地球运转的一颗卫星。 The few points that the president stressed in his reportare very important.总统在报告里强调的几点确实很重要。 同位语所进一步说明的词则是抽象意义的概念,如:fact,result,discovery,news,hope,reason,proposal,thought等。同位语的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释。例如: He has an idea that he can make the scientific instru-ment in a better way.他想到能用更好的方法制造这种科学仪器。(从句是idea的具体内容) He expressed the hope that he would come to China a-gain.他表达了他要再来中国的希望。(从句是hope的具体内容) (3)根据引导词来区别。 如果引导从句的词为when,where,why或者how,而其前面的名词又分别表示时间、地点、原因或方式方法等意义,则它们为关系副词,引导的是定语从句。例如: I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。 This is the room where Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的屋子。 而这些连接副词与前面的名词意义不相关时,这些词便是连接副词,引导同位语从句前面的名词往往也是idea,truth,news等。例如: The question when we will start the work is not decid-ed.我们何时开始工作的问题尚未决定。 You have no idea how worried I was.你不知道我是多么担心。
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1.同位语从句实质:从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系是同位关系,即主表关系。如果用变通的办法,把名词(短语)和“主语+be+表语”结构联系起来,就可以看出这种同位关系。2.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句&&&&限制性定语从句:that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置&&&非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立&
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