当前位置： >>
计算机专业英语教程课件
计算机专业英语教程卜艳萍 周伟编著 清华大学出版社 2010年2月 计算机专业英语教程 1内容简介? 本书包含了大量与计算机专业基础、专业技术及专业前沿 知识相关的英文资料，并根据知识点分成28课。分别讲 述了计算机硬件基础、计算机系统结构、计算机软件思想、 编程语言、计算机网络结构、电子商务应用、计算机图像 与动画以及计算机领域的新技术等内容。 ? 每课内容相对独立，如数据结构、操作系统、无线网络、 远程教育、人工智能、电子支付等。 ? 每课后均附有重点词汇、课文难点注释、练习、两篇与课 文内容相关的阅读材料以及计算机专业英语中相关的语法 知识讲述或专业术语介绍。 ? 书末附有练习答案，同时提供课文及第一篇阅读材料的参 考译文。 计算机专业英语教程 2目? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit录1 2 3 4 5 6 7Introduction of Computers CPU and Memory Input and Output Systems C++ Language Operating System Data Structure Database Principle计算机专业英语教程 3目? ? ? ? ? ? ? Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit录8 Principles of Compiler 9 Software Engineering 10 Multimedia 11 Distance Education 12 Computer Graphics and Images 13 Animation 14 Grid Computing计算机专业英语教程4目? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit ? Unit录15 16 17 18 19 20 21Distributed Systems Computer Network Basics Internet Wireless Network Computer Virus Office Automation Virtual Reality计算机专业英语教程 5目录? Unit 22 Artificial Intelligent ? Unit 23 Neural Network ? Unit 24 Introduction of Electronic Commerce ? Unit 25 Electronic Payment System ? Unit 26 Logistics and Supply-chain management ? Unit 27 Electronic Marketing ? Unit 28 Computer Security 计算机专业英语教程 6Unit 1 Introduction of Computers1.1 Text ? A computer is a digital electronic data processing system. ? Digital computer uses the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary is called a bit. ? Information represented in digital computers is in groups of bits. 计算机专业英语教程 7Computer Development? The First Generation of Computers (1946 through 1959) ? The Second Generation of Computers (1959 through 1964) ? The Third Generation of Computers (1964 through 1971) ? The Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 through now) 计算机专业英语教程 8Computer types? Microcomputer is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer, or PC, which is a small single-user computer based on a microcomputer. ? Workstation is a powerful single-user computer. ? Mainframe or mainframe computer is a powerful multi-user computer. ? Minicomputer is a multi-user computer of a size between a microcomputer and a mainframe. ? Supercomputer is an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second. 计算机专业英语教程 9Desktop Computers? Desktop computers are modular systems that make it easy to add or replace individual parts to meet each user‘s particular requirements. ? Modular design also means that you can transfer some old parts to your new computer when your old faithful machine that has finally become obsolescent. ? You can improve the computer‘s performance by adding new components and replacing existing parts with new ones that have faster speed, greater capacity, or more features. 计算机专业英语教程 10Keywordsaccommodate alphabet arrangements compatibility configure conversion discrete eliminate emergence expansion evolutionary illustrator instruction latch mainframe供应，适应，调节 字母表 安排，整理，约定 兼容性，一致性 配置 变化，转换 离散的，分立的 消去，淘汰 出现，发生 扩展，扩大 发展，进化 说明者 指令 获得，抓住 大型机计算机专业英语教程 11Keywordsmanufacturer notable obsolescent occupy portable prominent proprietary reliable represent revolutionary silicon socket transistor vacuum制造商 显著的，著名的 废弃，淘汰 占据，占用 便携式的 突出的，重要的 专有的，独占的 可靠的，确实的 描述，表示 革命性的 硅 插座，插槽 三极管 真空计算机专业英语教程 12Notes[1] By using various coding techniques, group of bits can be made to represent not only binary number but also other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letter of alphabet. 译文：通过应用各种编码技术，字位的组合不但可以用来表示二进制数， 还可以表示其它的离散符号，比如十进制数字和字母表上的字母等。 说明：本句的“By using various coding techniques‖作状语，主句 采用被动语态。 [2] The transistor meant more powerful, more reliable, and less expensive computers that would occupy less space and give off less heat than did vacuum-tube-powered computers. 译文：使用晶体管可做成功能更强、更可靠、更价廉的计算机，它与真 空管计算机相比占地面积小，功耗小。 说明：本句的“that‖引导定语从句，修饰宾语“computers‖。计算机专业英语教程13Notes[3] In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. 译文：除了微型处理器，个人计算机还有输入数据的键盘、显示信息的 显示器和存储数据的存储装置。 说明：本句中的“In addition to the microprocessor‖是状语，宾语 是“keyboard‖、“monitor‖和“storage device‖，宾语后的“for‖结 构是宾语补足语。[4] Desktop computers are the natural choice when a computer remains in the same place for all of its working life. 译文：当一台计算机在它整个工作期间一直都被放在同一个地方时，台 式计算机是一个理所当然的选择。 说明：本句由“when‖引导时间状语从句。计算机专业英语教程14Notes[5] In addition, the common parts specifications allow a repair shop to maintain a smaller inventory because they can use the same parts in many different desktop computer makes and models. 译文：此外，一般的配件说明书中都允许维修车间 维持较少的库存量，这是因为他们能够在不同的品 牌和模型的台式计算机上使用相同的配件。 说明：本句由“because‖引导原因状语从句，“to maintain a smaller inventory‖作宾语补足语。 计算机专业英语教程 151.2 Reading Material 1：――Motherboard? Motherboard is generally rectangular circuit board. ? Motherboard is usually composed of a CPU slot, an AGP slot, a CNR slot, five PCI slots, three DIMM slots, two IDE interfaces, a floppy drive interface, two serial ports, one parallel port, a PS/2 keyboard interface, a PS/2 mouse interface, two USB interfaces, erasable BIOS, control chip sets and other components. 计算机专业英语教程 16Sound Card and Graphics? Sound card is audio sound card. Its basic function is to produce and handle voice signals, and then transfer the signals to the speakers. ? Graphics works more as a coprocessor. It is right for accelerating graphics processing operation, and the CPU can handle other more important tasks. 计算机专业英语教程 17Keywordsaccelerate attention chassis lever merely needle orifice popularity rectangular strictly 加速，促进 注意，留意 机箱 杠杆 只，纯粹 针，磁针 口，孔 普及，流行 矩形的 精密地，严格地计算机专业英语教程181.3 Reading Material 2：――Notebook Computer? Higher performance of CPUs, multimedia technology, as well as bigger memory and largecapacity silicon chips allow manufacturers to put in fancier things into notebook computers. ? The trend of notebook computers is as follows:C Faster speed. Processors used are now usually fast CPUs. C Large storage capacity. C Multimedia capabilities. To support microphones, headphones, video-performance, and CD-ROM. C Easier input methods. Pen, voice, and speech recognition in future. C Built-in data communication support. Networking, builtin modern, even wireless support. 计算机专业英语教程 19Keywordsaffordable compromise fancier headphone innovation interview intuitive负担得起的 折衷方案，调和 行家，空想家 头戴受话器，耳机 创新，革新 协商，会谈 直觉的，直观的返回计算机专业英语教程 20Unit 2 CPU and Memory2.1 Text ? The CPU means the Central Processing Unit. It is the heart of a computer system. ? A CPU can be a single microprocessor chip, a set of chips, or a box of boards of transistors, chips, wires, and connectors. ? Two main performance factors of CPU are clock rate and word size. 计算机专业英语教程 2164-bit Processors? Sixty-four-bit processors have been with us since 1992, and in the 21st century they have started to become mainstream. ? Sixty-four-bit processors have 64-bit ALUs, 64-bit registers, 64-bit buses and so on.计算机专业英语教程22Multiprocessing? Multiprocessing refers to the organizational technique in which a number of processor units are employed in a single computer system to increase the performance of the system in its application environment above the performance of a single processor. ? Multiprocessor systems may be classified into four types: SISD,SIMD,MISD, and MIMD.计算机专业英语教程23Memory? RAM and ROM play important roles of storage devices. ? Computer memory is measured in kilobytes or megabytes of information. ? Cache is another factor affecting CPU performance. It is special high speed memory that gives the CPU more rapid access to data. 计算机专业英语教程 24Keywordsconstraint contribute distinguish emit independently kilobyte megahertz mainstream manipulate performance约束，强制力 贡献 区别，辨别 发射，发行 独立地，任意地 千字节 兆赫 主流 处理，控制 性能25计算机专业英语教程Keywordspermanent quadrillion register respective serially server simultaneously specification tendency永久的，不变的 千的五次幂，千万亿 寄存器 分别的，各自的 连续地，顺次 服务器 同时发生的 规范，规格，说明 倾向，趋势计算机专业英语教程 26Notes[1] Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processor‘s instruction set. 译文：每个处理器都有一个独特的诸如ADD、 STORE或LOAD这样的操作集，这个操作集就是该 处理器的指令系统。 说明：本句的宾语是“operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD‖，“that represent the processor‘s instruction set‖作定语，修饰宾语。 计算机专业英语教程 27Notes[2] The clock rate set by the system clock determines the speed at which the computer can execute an instruction and, therefore, limits the number of instructions that a computer can complete within a specific amount of time. 译文：系统时钟的频率决定了计算机执行指令的速度，因此 限制了计算机在一定时间内所能执行的指令数。 说明：这是一个并列句，主语是一个，“set by the system clock‖作定语，修饰主语“The clock rate‖，谓语 有两个“determines‖和“limits‖，“at which the computer can execute an instruction‖作定语，修饰宾 语“speed‖，而“that a computer can complete within a specific amount of time‖也是定语，修饰 “instructions‖。 计算机专业英语教程 28Notes[3] With a 64-bit address bus and wide, high-speed data buses on the motherboard, 64-bit machines also offer faster I/O speeds to things like hard disk drives and video cards. 译文：利用主板上的64位地址总线与宽的高速数据 总线，64位机器还提供了硬盘驱动器、显示卡等的 高速I/O速度。 说明：本句的“With a 64-bit address bus and wide, high-speed data buses on the motherboard‖作状语，“to things like hard disk drives and video cards‖是宾语补足语。 计算机专业英语教程 29Notes[4] People doing video editing and people doing photographic editing on very large images can benefit from this kind of computing power. 译文：这类计算功能对进行视频编码和进行超大图像照片编辑的人有好 处。 说明：本句的主语是并列的两个“people‖，“doing video editing‖修 饰第一个“people‖，“doing photographic editing on very large images‖修饰第二个“people‖。 [5] The memory unit is an essential component in any digit computer since it is needed for storing the programs that are executed by the CPU. 译文：任何一台数字计算机都需要存储CPU所执行的程序，因此，存储 器是计算机最重要的部件之一。 说明：本句由“since‖引导原因状语从句。计算机专业英语教程302.2 Reading Material 1：――Hard Disks ? Hard disks were invented in the 1950s. They started as large disks up to 20 inches in diameter holding just a few megabytes. ? A typical desktop machine will have a hard disk with a capacity of between 10 and 40 gigabytes. Data is stored onto the disk in the form of files. 计算机专业英语教程 31Keywordsaluminum coil detach equalize incredibly platter seal tolerance underneath wedge铝 一圈，盘绕 分开，脱离 均衡，调整 惊人的。不可思议的 圆盘 密封，隔离 忍受，耐性 在下面，在底部 楔，楔形计算机专业英语教程 322.3 Reading Material 2：――RISC? RISC processors only use simple instructions that can be executed within one clock cycle. ? These RISC Dreduced instructions‖ require less transistors of hardware space than the complex instructions, leaving more room for general purpose registers. ? The CISC approach attempts to minimize the number of instructions per program, sacrificing the number of cycles per instruction. 计算机专业英语教程 33Keywordsappropriate approximately commercial competitive foothold operand pipeline predecessor primary sacrifice 合适的，适当的 接近地，近似地 商业上的，贸易的 竞争的，竞赛的 立足点 操作数 管线，管道 祖先，前任，前辈 主要的，最初的 牺牲，损失返回 计算机专业英语教程 34Unit 3 Input and Output Systems3.1 Text ? Using input devices, people Dtell‖ the computer what it should do and the computer feedback the result through output devices. ? Input and output devices are the interfaces of man and machine.计算机专业英语教程35Keyboard? The keyboard is used to type information into the computer or input information. ? Each key on a standard keyboard has one or two characters. ? The standard keyboard has 101 keys. ? Notebooks have embedded keys accessible by special keys or by pressing key combinations. 计算机专业英语教程 36Mouse? The most conventional kind of mouse has two buttons on the top: the left one is used most frequently. ? A mouse consists of a metal or plastic housing or casing, a ball that sticks out of the bottom of the casing and rolls on a flat surface, one or more buttons on the top of the casing, and a cable that connects the mouse to the computer. ? The positioning is relative to some starting place. 计算机专业英语教程 37CRT Monitor? CRT monitor means a cathode ray tube monitor. They have five main components: electron gun, deflection coil, shadow mask, phosphor layer and the glass casing. ? Classic CRT uses electron gun to fire highspeed electrons, and controls the deflection angle of high-speed electrons through vertical and horizontal deflection coils. 计算机专业英语教程 38LCD monitor? LCD is constituted by the two glass panels, 1 mm thick, which are separated by 5 ?m even spacing containing liquid crystal material. ? For the LCD monitor with picture stability and flicker-free sense, the refresh rate is not high, but the image is also very stable. 计算机专业英语教程 39I/O subsystem organization and interfacing? Each I/O device is connected to the computer system‘s address, data, and control buses. ? Each I/O device includes I/O interface circuitry. ? It is actually this circuitry that interacts with the buses. ? The circuitry also interacts with the actual I/O device to transfer data. 计算机专业英语教程 40Keywordsabsorption accessible chiaroscuro conventional cursor deflection electron embed feedback hierarchical吸收，合并 容易理解的，能接近的 明暗对比法 常规的，约定的 光标 偏转，偏离 电子 嵌入，嵌进 反馈 等级的计算机专业英语教程 41Keywordsinvalid interface layout millisecond phosphor phosphorescence radiate shadow 无效的，无用的 接口，界面 布局 毫秒 荧光粉，磷光体 荧光，磷光 发光，辐射 阴影，影像计算机专业英语教程42Notes[1] A mouse is a small device that a computer user pushes across a desk surface in order to point to a place on a display screen and to select one or more actions to take from that position. 译文：鼠标是一种小型的设备，用户可以在桌面上移动，以指向屏幕上 的某个位置并从该位置选择一项或多项操作。 说明：本句的“that a computer user pushes across a desk surface‖作定语，修饰宾语，“in order to‖引导目的状语。 [2] Viewing the cursor‘s present position, the user readjusts the position by moving the mouse. 译文：看到光标的当前位置后，用户可以移动鼠标再次进行调整。 说明：本句的“Viewing the cursor‘s present position‖是状语， “by moving the mouse‖也是状语。计算机专业英语教程43Notes[3] When the electrodes in LCD generate electric field, the liquid crystal molecules have been distorted, thus the light through them is regularly refracted, and then through the second layer‘s filter, it will be displayed on screen. 译文：当LCD中的电极产生电场时，液晶分子就会产生扭曲， 从而将穿越其中的光线进行有规则的折射，然后经过第二层 过滤层的过滤在屏幕上显示出来。 说明：本句是并列句，由“When‖引导时间状语从句， “thus‖引导的是结果状语，“and then through the second layer‘s filter‖作状语，修饰并列句的第二部分。计算机专业英语教程44Notes[4] The LCD monitor also adopts LCD control transmittance technological principles for the overall luminous floor, so it is realty the complete plane. 译文：LCD显示器还采用液晶控制透光度技术的原理让底板整体发光， 所以它真正是完全平面。 说明：本句的“for the overall luminous floor‖是宾语补足语，“so it is realty the complete plane‖是结果状语。 [5] Such a device requires a combined interface that is essentially two interfaces, one for input and the other for output. 译文：这样的设备需要一个组合接口，本质上是两个接口，一个用于输 入，另一个用于输出。 说明：本句的“that‖引导定语从句。计算机专业英语教程453.2 Reading Material 1：――Mouse? A ball inside the mouse touches the desktop and rolls when the mouse moves. ? Two rollers inside the mouse touch the ball. One of the rollers is oriented so that it detects motion in the x direction, and the other is oriented 90 degrees to the first roller so it detects motion in the y direction. ? The rollers each connect to a shaft, and the shaft spins a disk with holes in it. When a roller rolls, its shaft and disk spin. ? On either side of the disk there is an infrared LED and an infrared sensor. ? An on-board processor chip reads the pulses from the infrared sensors and turns them into binary data that the computer can understand.计算机专业英语教程46Keywordsamazing complimentary motion optical rotate scene semiconductor wheel 令人惊异的 互补型 移动，动作 光学上的 轮流，旋转 场面，场景，景色 半导体 轮，轮状物计算机专业英语教程473.3 Reading Material 2：――USB? A USB system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host controller and multiple daisy-chained peripheral devices. ? When a device is first connected, the host enumerates and recognizes it, and loads the device driver it needs. ? The connectors are designed to be robust.计算机专业英语教程48Keywordsasymmetric automatically branching diverge enumerate explicit legacy peripheral sheath terminate terminology tongue webcam 不对称的 自动的，机械的 分支，分流 分开，分岔 枚举，列举，数 明确的，显而易见的 传统，老化的 外围的，外设 护套，外壳，包装 结束，终止 术语，专门名词 舌状物 网络摄像机返回计算机专业英语教程49Unit 4 C++ Language4.1 Text ? C++ is a general-purpose programming language with high-level and low-level capabilities. ? It is a statically typed, free-form, multiparadigm, usually compiled language supporting procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, and generic programming. 计算机专业英语教程 50C++ and C? C++ is often considered to be a superset of C, but this is not strictly true. ? Most C code can easily be made to compile correctly in C++, but there are a few differences that cause some valid C code to be invalid in C++, or to behave differently in C++. ? C++ has the same types, operators, and other facilities defined in C that usually correspond directly to computer architecture. 计算机专业英语教程 51C++ class? The C++ class is an extension of the C and C++ struct type and forms the required abstract data type for objectoriented programming. ? In a C++ class, you control functional details of the object by using private, public, or protected descriptors. ? The C++ class actually serves as a template or pattern for creating objects. 计算机专业英语教程 52Keywordsabbreviate constructor facility hierarchy inheritance interaction invoke paradigm polymorphism缩写，省略 建造者，建设者 方便，简便，机构 等级，层次 继承，承受 互动，交互，相互作用 引起，产生 范例，示例 多态性计算机专业英语教程 53Keywordsprototype semantics statically superset syntax template ultimately vocabulary原型，样板，标准 语义学 静止地，静态地 超集 语法 模板 最终的，极限的 词汇，单词表计算机专业英语教程 54Notes[1] Computers, on the other hand, process these instructions through using special programs, which, known as translators, can decode the instructions from people and create machine-language code. 译文：另一方面，计算机通过使用专门的程序来处理这些指 令，这些专门的程序就是我们所熟知的翻译程序，它能解码 我们发出的指令并生成机器语言代码。 说明：本句的“through using special programs‖是宾语 补足语，“which‖引导的是非限定性定语从句。计算机专业英语教程55Notes[2] High-level programming languages, while simply compared to human languages, are more complex than the languages the computer actually understands, which are called machine languages. 译文：简单地与人类语言相比，高级程序设计语言比计算机实际识别的 语言，也就是机器语言，复杂得多。 说明：本句的“while simply compared to human languages‖作状 语，“the computer actually understands‖作定语。修饰 “languages‖，“which are called machine languages‖是非限定 定语从句。[3] C++ allows the programmer to create classes, which are somewhat similar to C structures. 译文：C++允许程序员创建类，这有些类似于C中的结构。 说明：本句中的“which‖引导的是非限定性定语从句，修饰“classes‖。 56计算机专业英语教程Notes[4] If data or methods are contained in the public section, they are available outside the class. 译文：如果数据或方法被包含在公共部分，它们在该类外部 也可用。 说明：本句由“If‖引导条件状语从句。 [5] Inheritance is an important concept since it allows reuse of a class definition without requiring major code changes. 译文：继承是一个重要概念，因为它使得无须对代码做大的 改变就能重用类定义。 说明：本句由“since‖引导原因状语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 57――The Windows Programming Model4.2 Reading Material 1：? Message processing ? The Windows graphics device interface ? Resource-based programming ? Dynamic link libraries ? The Win32 application programming interface 计算机专业英语教程 58Keywordsattach button coordinate dynamically modularity offer reference附上，使附属 按钮 坐标，协调的，同等的 动态地 模块性，积木性 提供，提议 参考，加注计算机专业英语教程 594.3 Reading Material 2：――Visual Basic? Visual Basic allows you to do event driven programming. ? Visual Basic has many different events defined that occur when a specified thing happens. We as the programmer can link into these events and write our custom code to do what we want. ? MsgBox is a built-in Visual Basic function that causes a message box to be displayed to the user. 计算机专业英语教程 60Keywordsambiguous caption control foundation intrinsic reusable sane tutorial variable含糊的，不明确的 标题，题目 控件 基础，根本 本来的，内在的 可重用的 合乎情理的，稳健的 指导，辅导的 变量，变换的返回计算机专业英语教程 61Unit 5 Operating System5.1 Text ? Operating systems are normally unique to their manufacturers and the hardware in which they are run. ? The OS controls how the CPU communicates with other hardware components. It also makes computers easier to operate by people who don‘t understand programming languages. 计算机专业英语教程 62The operating system has some principal functions? Allocating and assigning system resources. ? Scheduling the use of resources and computer jobs. ? Monitoring computer system activities. ? Control of I/O operations 计算机专业英语教程 63The types of OS? Real-time operating system. ? Single-user, single-task operating system. ? Single-user, multi-tasking operating system. ? Multi-user operating system.计算机专业英语教程64Keywordsactivate assignment categorize community compatible effectively extremely navigation notify oversee precisely使活动，起动 分配，指定 把…分类 团体，共同组织 相容的，兼容的 有效地，实质上地 极端地，非常地 导航 通知，通告 监督，监视 准确地，清楚地计算机专业英语教程 65Keywordsprincipal responsible retrieve schedule separate termination undergo undertake vital 主要的，重要的 有责任的 检索，恢复 程序表，进度，计划 分离，离开，隔开 末端，终点 经受，经历 承担，承办 重大的，紧要的计算机专业英语教程66Notes[1] Though operational software varies with manufacturers, it has similar characteristics. 译文：尽管各厂家的操作系统软件各不相同，但特性都是相 似的。 说明：本句的“Though‖引导让步状语从句。 [2] The operating system determines which computer resources will be used for solving which problems and the order in which they will be used. 译文：操作系统决定调用解决某个问题所需要的计算机资源 及资源的使用顺序。 说明：本句的“which‖引导宾语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 67Notes[3] To facilitate execution of I/O operations, most operating systems have a standard set of control instructions to handle the processing of all input and output instructions. 译文：为便于I/O的执行，大多数操作系统都有一 套标准的控制指令集来处理所有输入输出指令。 说明：本句的“To facilitate execution of I/O operations‖是目的状语，“to handle the processing of all input and output instructions‖作宾语补足语。 计算机专业英语教程 68Notes[4] Microsoft‘s Windows and Apple‘s Mac OS platforms are both examples of single-user, multi-tasking operating systems that will let a single user for a Windows to edit a text in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text of an E-mail message. 译文：微软公司的Windows和苹果公司的Mac OS平台都是单用户、多 任务操作系统的例子。例如，Windows操作系统用户就完全可能做到一 边从互联网上下载文件，一边打印电子邮件的信息，一边还在用文字处 理器编辑文本。 说明：这是一个长句，可以拆成两句。其中“both examples‖作表语， “single-user, multi-tasking operating systems‖作表语的定语， 由“that‖引导定语从句，修饰“single-user, multi-tasking operating systems‖。计算机专业英语教程69Notes[5] The operating system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn‘t affect the entire community of users. 译文：多用户操作系统必须保证不同用户的需求的 平衡，每一个用户所使用的程序有独立的足够的资 源，这样一个用户的问题不会影响到整个用户群体。 说明：本句有两个并列的由“that‖引导的宾语从句， “so that‖引导的是目的状语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 705.2 Reading Material 1：――Windows Vista? Windows Vista is the latest generation of Microsoft‘s operating system. ? Vista‘s minimum system requirements are significant but still relatively modest. ? They consist of a Dmodern‖ 800 MHz processor, 512 MB of RAM and a 20 GB hard drive. ? Windows Vista provides new amazing graphics functions. 计算机专业英语教程 71Keywordsantiphishing boost calendar confidently drill enhancement exclusively gallery immersion invade outbound overlay transparency ? wireless反钓鱼软件 帮助，促进，提高 日历 确信地，自信地 操作，操练 增强，增值，提高 除外的，专有的 画廊，陈列室 沉浸，浸没 侵入，打扰 跳出，外出的 覆盖 透明度，透明性 无线的计算机专业英语教程 725.3 Reading Material 2：――Dual-core Computing? Dual-core refers to a CPU that includes two complete execution cores. ? In a dual-core configuration, an integrated circuit contains two computer processors and their caches and cache controllers. ? Complete optimization for the dual-core processor requires both the operating system and applications running on the computer to support a technology called thread-level parallelism, or TLP. 计算机专业英语教程 73Keywordscache favorite intensive multitasking noticeable optimization parallelism thread virtual workplace 高速缓冲存储器 中意的，喜欢的 加强的，集中的 多任务 显著的，引人注意的 最优化 并行性 线程 虚拟的 返回 工作场所计算机专业英语教程74Unit 6 Data Structure6.1 Text ? A data structure is a specialized format for organizing and storing data. ? In computer programming, a data structure may be selected or designed to store data for the purpose of working on it with various algorithms. 计算机专业英语教程 75Data structures and algorithms? Data structures organize data in ways that make algorithms more efficient. ? Procedural abstraction, or algorithmic abstraction, is hiding of algorithmic details, which allows the algorithm to be seen or described, at various levels of detail. ? An object Coriented approach to data structures brings together both data abstraction and procedural abstraction through the packaging of the representations of classes of objects. 计算机专业英语教程 76Data type? Integer: Integer is amounts to a particular collection of axioms or rules that must be obeyed. ? List: The list is a flexible abstract data type. ? Array and Record: The data types arrays and records are native to many programming languages. 计算机专业英语教程 77Stacks? A stack is a data type whose major attributes are determined by the rules governing the insertion and deletion of its elements. ? The only element that can be deleted or removed is the one that was inserted most recently. Such a structure is said to have a last-in/first-out (LIFO) behavior, or protocol. ? The end of a stack at which entries are inserted and deleted is called the top of the stack. 计算机专业英语教程 78Queues? There are several algorithms that use queues to give efficient running times. ? A common solution is to set aside a block of memory for the queue, start the queue at one end of the block, and let the queue migrate toward the other end of the block. 计算机专业英语教程 79Keywordsattribute axioms circular compiler considerably customary flexible hexadecimal magnitude migrate notation octal 属性，特质 公理，原理 循环的，圆环的 编译器 相当的，大量的 通常的，照惯例的 灵活的 十六进制的 量值 移动 记号，符号 八进制的计算机专业英语教程80Keywordsproperty quantum recursion reflect representational scope simplistic subprogram topmost traverse特征，属性 定量，定额 递归，递推 反映，表现 表现的，再现的 范围 简单化的 子程序 最高的，最上的 遍历81计算机专业英语教程Notes[1] Any data structure is designed to organize data to suit a specific purpose so that it can be accessed and worked with in appropriate ways. 译文：任何数据结构都是用来组织数据以适应某种 特定的目标，从而以适当的方法达到存取和操作的 目的。 说明：本句的“to organize data‖是动词宾语， “to suit a specific purpose‖作定语，修饰 “data‖，“so that‖引导目的状语从句。计算机专业英语教程82Notes[2] By using another type of data structure, such as a hash table or a binary tree we can search the data considerably faster. 译文：使用其他类型的数据结构，如哈希表和二叉树，我们能够相当快 速地搜寻数据。 说明：在本句中，“By using another type of data structure‖作方 式状语，“such as a hash table or a binary tree‖是“data structure‖的同位语。 [3] It is well suited to sequential processing of elements because the next element of a list is readily accessible from the current element. 译文：它非常适合元素的顺序处理，因为表中当前元素的下一个元素极 易得到。 说明：本句由“because‖引导原因状语从句。计算机专业英语教程83Notes[4] Then, when the tail of the queue reaches the end of the block, we merely start inserting additional entries back at the original end of the block, which by this time is vacant. 译文：当队尾到达块的末端，我们开始将新的条目反向于末端的方向插 入，此时它是空闲的。 说明：在本句中，“when‖引导的是时间状语从句，“which by this time is vacant‖是非限定性定语从句。 [5] In the multilevel feedback queue, a process is given just one chance to complete at a given queue level before it is forced down to a lower level queue. 译文：在多级反馈队列中，一个过程在被强制降到了下一级队列之前只 被给予一次在给定队列级别上完成任务的机会。 说明：在本句中，“In the multilevel feedback queue‖是条件状语， “before it is forced down to a lower level queue‖是时间状语从句。 84计算机专业英语教程6.2 Reading Material 1：――.NET Framework? .NET is a capable platform on which to develop almost any solution, and it offers substantial support for network programming. ? In fact, .NET has more intrinsic support for networking than any other platform developed by Microsoft. ? .NET languages are object-oriented rather than procedurally based. ? Applications written in .NET are referred to as managed, or type-safe, code. 计算机专业英语教程 85Keywordsanalogous encapsulate framework incorporate inherit intermediate intrinsic official orientation originator overlap substantial 类似的，相似的 封装 框架，机构 结合，合并 继承 中间的，中介的 内在的，内部的 公认的，正式的 定位，定向 创作人，创始人 重复，重叠 实质的，可靠的计算机专业英语教程866.3 Reading Material 2：――Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing? Multiprogramming and time-sharing require a resident operating system to deal with the conflicts that arise when multiple concurrent users share limited resources. ? Generally, the more programs in memory, the greater the utilization of the processor. 计算机专业英语教程 87Keywordsassociate assume compilation concurrent overhead relieve resident utilization 使联合，使加入 假想，假装 编译，汇编 同时发生的，并发的 在头顶上，在上面 减轻，缓和 驻留的，内在的，故有的 利用，效用返回计算机专业英语教程88Unit 7 Database Principle7.1 Text ? A database consists of a file or a set of files. ? The information in these files may be broken down into records, each of which consists of one field or more fields. ? Fields are the basic units of data storage, and each field typically contains information pertaining to one aspect or attribute of the entity described by the database. 计算机专业英语教程 89Data abstraction? The lowest level, i.e., the physical level has the data stored on hardware devices. ? The external level defines the different views of the database as required by the external or user programs. ? The conceptual level describes the entire database. 计算机专业英语教程 90Data models? A data model is a collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships, data semantics and data constraints. ? Object-based logical models are used for describing data at the conceptual and view levels. ? Entities and relationships are to be distinguished and a database model should specify how this can be carried out. ? Physical data models are used to describe data at the lowest level. 计算机专业英语教程 91Some terms of relational database? Tables ? Fields or Columns ? Data types ? Stored Procedure ? Primary Key ? Foreign Key ? Constraints ? Views 计算机专业英语教程 92Data security, integrity and independence? Database security and computer systems security are closely linked and mutually supportive. ? Data integrity is the data‘s accuracy and reliability. ? Physical independence means the user application program and the database data are independent of each other. 计算机专业英语教程 93Keywordsaggregate aspect conceptual designation destruction disclosure distinguish enforcement entity erroneous inconsistent集合，聚集 方面 概念的 名称，称呼 破坏，消灭 泄露，暴露 区别，辨别 强制，强迫，推行 实体，统一体 错误的，不正确的 不一致的，不调和的94计算机专业英语教程Keywordsintegrity intertwine invalid modification mutually perception referential ultimate完整性，完全 缠绕在一起，使缠结 无用的，无效的 更改，修改 相互的 感知，感觉 参照的，参考的 最终的，最后的计算机专业英语教程 95Notes[1] The entity-relationship model (E-R model) is based on a perception of a real world which consists of a collection of objects called entities and relationships among these objects. 译文：实体关系模型（E-R模型）是基于这样的认识：现实世界是由一 组称为实体的对象和这些对象之间的关系组成的。 说明：本句由“which‖引导定语从句，修饰“real world‖。 [2] The set of all entities of the same type and relationships of the same type are termed as entity set and relationship set respectively. 译文：相同类型的所有实体之集合和相同类型的各种关系分别称做实体 集合和关系集合。 说明：本句的主语是“The set of all entities‖和“relationships‖，这 两个主语分别有定语修饰，宾语是“entity set and relationship set‖。计算机专业英语教程96Notes[3] SQL Server uses primary and foreign keys to relate the data back together from separate tables when a query is performed. 译文：在查询时，SQL服务器用主键和外键来关联不同表中的数据。 说明：“when a query is performed‖是时间状语从句，“to relate the data back together from separate tables‖作目的状语。 [4] Data security is the protection of the database to prevent the data disclosure, modification or destruction because of the unlawful use. 译文：数据的安全性是指保护数据库以防止不合法的使用所造成的数据 泄露、更改或破坏。 说明：本句的“to prevent the data disclosure, modification or destruction‖是目的状语，“because of the unlawful use‖是原因状 语。 97计算机专业英语教程Notes[5] In the manual management phase, data and procedures were completely intertwined, with no independence at all. 译文：在手工管理阶段，数据和程序完全交织在一 起，没有独立性可言。 说明：“In the manual management phase‖ 是时间状语，而“with no independence at all‖ 也是状语。计算机专业英语教程987.2 Reading Material 1：――Desktop Database System? Desktop databases are applications that employ a proprietary (native) database file or index structure and that can be run on a PC of moderate performance. ? Desktop databases also include an application programming language that is designed specifically for use with the native database structure. 计算机专业英语教程 99Keywordsadequate automation competitor connectivity extensive evident fledge majority proprietary qualify repertoire适当的，足够的 自动化，自动操作 竞争者，敌手 连接 扩展的，广大的 明白的，明显的 羽毛丰满的，长羽毛 大多数，大部分 专有的，所有的 使具有资格，使适宜 指令系统，全部技能计算机专业英语教程 1007.3 Reading Material 2：――Library? Libraries contain Dhelper‖ code and data, which provide services to independent programs. ? Dynamic linking means that the data in a library is not copied into a new executable or library at compile time, but remains in a separate file on disk. ? Dynamic loading is a subset of dynamic linking where a dynamically linked library loads and unloads at run-time on request. 计算机专业英语教程 101Keywordsarchitecture explicitly malfunction modular remote standalone subset构造，结构 明显地，显而易见地 故障，失灵，机能失常 模块的 远程的，遥远的 独立的，独立的电脑 子集返回102计算机专业英语教程Unit 8 Principles of Compiler8.1 Text ? A compiler is a computer program that translates a computer program written in one computer language (called the source language) into an equivalent program written in another computer language (called the output or the target language). ? A compiler may produce code intended to run on the same type of computer and operating system (Dplatform‖) as the compiler itself runs on. 计算机专业英语教程 103There are seven major components in a compiler? Scanner ? Parser ? Intermediate code generator ? Semantic processor ? Optimizer ? Code generator ? Tables. 计算机专业英语教程 104The scanner has several roles? Identify the basic lexical units of the program, whi ? Remove extraneous blanks, carriage returns and other characteristics ? R ? Report errors which the scanner discovers. 计算机专业英语教程 105Keywords? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? alternatively annotate augment carriage deliver executable extraneous grammatical immune lexical 交替地，另类地 注解，注释 扩张，扩大，扩充 回车 递送，传送 可执行的 无关的，不重要的 语法上的，合语法的 不受影响的，无响应的 词法的计算机专业英语教程 106Keywords? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? parallel parser platform respect scanner schema straightforward superficially theoretical 并行的 语法分析器 平台 注意，关心 扫描器 图表，图解，模式 直接的，明确的 表面地 理论上的计算机专业英语教程 107Notes[1] Most compilers translate source code written in a high level language to object code or machine language that may be directly executed by a computer or a virtual machine. 译文：大多数编译器是把用高级语言编写的源程序翻译成能被计算机或虚拟计算 机直接执行的目标代码或机器语言。 说明：本句的“written in a high level language‖作定语，修饰“source code‖，“that‖引导的定语从句修饰“object code or machine language‖。 [2] A set of object files, which need not have all come from a single compiler provided that the compilers used share a common output format, may then be linked together to create the final executable which can be run directly by a user. 译文：可将一系列的目标文件接在一起，生成一个用户能直接运行的最终可执行 程序，只要这些目标文件的输出格式相同，他们可以不一定都来自同一个编译器。 说明：这是一个长句，第一个“which‖引导的是非限定定语从句，第二个 “which‖引导的定语从句修饰“final executable‖。计算机专业英语教程108Notes[3] When a program is first input into a compiler, it is just one long stream of characters, perhaps broken into lines or records reflecting the input medium. 译文：当一个程序首次输入到编译程序中时，它只是一个长符号流，也 许分成与输入介质有关的行或记录。 说明：本句的“When‖引导时间状语从句，“it‖作形式主语， “perhaps broken into lines or records reflecting the input medium‖修饰“it‖。 [4] However, the syntax of each programming language is simple enough so that it can be written in a precise mathematical notation called a context-free grammar. 译文：然而，每种程序设计语言的语法是很简单的，以至可以用精确的 数学符号表示法――上下文无关文法写出。 说明：本句的“so that‖引导目的状语从句。 109计算机专业英语教程Notes[5] The tree output by the parser is transformed into a Dprogram‖ of sorts written in an intermediate code, which is closer in form to assembly language than source text and yet is in a form which makes further manipulation easier than if actual assembly (or machine) code were emitted. 译文：由语法分析器输出的语法树被转换成用中间代码所写 的某种形式的“程序”，这种形式与源程序文本相比接近于 汇编语言，因而是一种比产生实际的汇编（机器）代码使后 续处理更容易的形式。 说明：这是一个长句，由“which‖引导非限定定语从句，而 “which makes further …‖作定语，修饰“form‖。 计算机专业英语教程 1108.2 Reading Material 1：――JSP? JSP programmers can use special software components called JavaBeans and custom tag libraries that encapsulate complex, dynamic functionality. ? In some ways, JSP look like standard XHTML or XML documents. In fact, JSPs normally include XHTML or XML markup. ? JSP often present dynamically generated content as part of an XHTML document that is sent to the client in response to a request. 计算机专业英语教程 111Keywordscontainer declaration directive fragment functionality implicit interchangeable partially script specify容器 声明 指令，命令 片断，碎片 功能，性能 内含的，内置的 可交换的，可互换的 部分地 脚本 说明，指定112计算机专业英语教程8.3 Reading Material 2：――Memory Structure? Memory exists on your computer‘s main system board or on add-in memory boards. ? Your computer might have six kinds of memory that will be described below.C C C C C C Conventional memory Upper memory area Extended memory（XMS） High Memory Area（HMA） Expanded memory（EMS） Virtual memory计算机专业英语教程113Keywordsaccommodate actually adapter conventional insufficient swap 供应，提供 真实地 转接器 传统的，平常的 不够的，不充分的 交换返回 计算机专业英语教程 114Unit 9 Software Engineering9.1 Text ? Software engineering first emerged as a popular term in the title of a 1968 NATO conference held in Garmisch, Germany. ? Early approaches to software engineering insisted on performing analysis, design, implementation, and testing in a strictly sequential manner.计算机专业英语教程115The waterfall model? The first phase is requirements definition. The requirements are stated in terms of the application rather than in the technical terminology. ? The second phase is design. Design concentrates on how the system will accomplish the goals. ? The third phase, implementation, is the actual coding of the design developed in the second phase. 计算机专业英语教程 116The waterfall model? The forth phase is software testing. Testing is closely associated with implementation, because each module of the system is normally tested as it is implemented. ? The term Dsoftware maintenance‖ is used to describe the software engineering activities that occur following delivery of a software product to the customer. 计算机专业英语教程 117Software quality assurance? The activity of software quality assurance is closely related to verification and validation activities carried out at each stage of the software life cycle. ? Quality assurance is not the same as system testing. ? It is the development or testing team‘s responsibility to validate the system, with the quality assurance team reporting on both the validation and the adequacy of the validation effort. 计算机专业英语教程 118Keywordsaspiration assess assurance blindly boundary breakdown budget conference decomposition elusive faulty渴望，愿望 估定，评定 保证，担保 盲目地 边界，界限 崩溃，损坏 预算，经费 会议 分解，解体 无从捉摸的 不完善的，有错误的计算机专业英语教程 119Keywordsfoolhardy inevitable investigation isolate mechanistically microcosm misstate pseudo quarter validated蛮干的 必然的，照例的 调查，研究 隔离，绝缘 机械地 缩影，微观世界 虚称，谎报 假，伪，冒充的 四分之一 证实，确认120计算机专业英语教程Notes[1] The first phase, requirements definition, refers to the period during which the requirements of the system desired, that is, it‘s functional characteristics and operational details, are specified. 译文：第一阶段，需求定义阶段，是指系统期望的需求分析，即描述功 能特征和操作细节的阶段。 说明：“requirements definition‖作主语“The first phase‖的同位 语，“that is, it‘s functional…‖是定语。 [2] If, however, the system is to be designed for a specific user, then the process would be a more narrow investigation. 译文：但是，如果系统是为特殊用户设计的，那么这个过程就是一个更 专业的调查。 说明：本句由“If‖引导条件状语从句。计算机专业英语教程121Notes[3] Another might be that the data must reflect the current state of the inventory as of the end of the last business day or that the arrangement of the data as displayed on the computer screen must adhere to the format of the paper forms currently in use. 译文：另一种可能是当最后一个工作日结束时，数据必须反 映目前的清单状态，或者可能是在计算机屏幕上的数据组织 必须按照目前使用的纸质形式的格式来显示。 说明：本句有两个并列的表语从句“that the data must…‖和“that the arrangement…‖，而“as of the end of the last business day‖是时间状语。 计算机专业英语教程 122Notes[4] Unit testing is done in a controlled environment whenever possible so that the test team can feed a predetermined set of data to the module being tested and observe what output data are produced. 译文：在任何可能的时候，单元测试是在控制环境 下进行的，这是为了让测试小组能提供被测试模块 先前确定的数据并观察产生的输出数据。 说明：本句由“so that‖引导目的状语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 123Notes[5] Of course, the problem which arises in developing software standards for quality assurance and which makes the assessment of the level of excellence of a software product difficult to assess is the elusive nature of software quality. 译文：当然，为质量保证而开发软件标准所带来的问题及软 件产品的优良程度难于评估是软件质量难以把握的本质。 说明：“which arises in developing…‖和“which makes the assessment…‖都是定语，修饰主语“the problem‖。计算机专业英语教程124――Enterprise Resource Planning? Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company into a single computer system that can serve all those different departments‘ particular needs. ? ERP systems can become the place where the customer order lives from the time a customer service representative receives it until the loading dock ships the merchandise and finance sends an invoice. ? ERP helps the manufacturing process flow more smoothly, and it improves visibility of the order fulfillment process inside the company. 计算机专业英语教程 1259.2 Reading Material 1：Keywordscommitment customer finance fulfillment inventory invoice logistics merchandise painfully smoothly visibility许诺，义务 客户，顾客 金融，资金 完成，履行 清单，报表 发票，发货清单 后勤 商品，货物 痛苦地，费力地 平滑地，顺利地 显著，明白计算机专业英语教程 1269.3 Reading Material 2：――Software Testing? Software testing can be defined as: testing is an activity that helps in finding out bugs, defects or errors in a software system under development, in order to provide a bug free and reliable system to the customer. ? White box testing strategy deals with the internal logic and structure of the code. ? Black box testing is n it instead is a testing strategy, which does not need any knowledge of internal design or code etc. 计算机专业英语教程 127Keywordsabnormal chunk coverage mutation strategy stress thorough 反常的，不规则的 大块，相当大的部分 范围，规模 变化，变异 战略，策略 重点，重要 彻底的，全面的返回 计算机专业英语教程 128Unit 10 Multimedia10.1 Text ? Multimedia is any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation, and video delivered to you by computer or other electronic means. ? It is richly presented sensation.计算机专业英语教程129Elements of Multimedia? By displaying text in more than one format, the message a multimedia application is trying to portray can be made more understandable. ? The integration of audio sound into a multimedia application can provide the user with information not possible through any other method of communication. ? When you imagine graphics images you probably think of Dstill‖ images-that is, images such as those in a photograph or drawing. ? Animation refers to moving graphics images.计算机专业英语教程130Application of multimedia? Computer-Based TrainingC Multimedia is enjoying widespread use in training programs.? EducationC Educational uses of multimedia are rapidly increasing.? EntertainmentC In many cases, the graphics technology used in today‘s best games will show up in tomorrow‘s business applications. 计算机专业英语教程 131Multimedia Networking? Many applications, such as video mail, video conferencing, and collaborative work systems, require networked multimedia. ? Multimedia networks must provide the low latency required for interactive operation. ? In multimedia networks, most communications are multipoint as opposed to traditional point-to-point communication. 计算机专业英语教程 132Keywordsanimation consult convey corruption crucial depository destination emergency entertainment exponentially genealogy grocery动画 商量，协商 传递，输送 误传，讹误 极紧要的，决定性的 存放处，寄存处 目的地，目标 紧急情况，非常时期 娱乐 指数地，幂地 家谱，系统 杂货店计算机专业英语教程 133Keywordsguitar kiosk lightweight participant portray provoke radical sensation sensual substitute textual weave吉他 书报摊，广告亭 不重要的 参与者，参加者 描绘，描述 引起，激发 根本的，重要的 感觉，知觉 感觉上的 替代品，代用品 文本的 构成，设计计算机专业英语教程 134Notes[1] Although full-motion video may sound like an ideal way to add a powerful message to a multimedia application, it is nowhere near the quality you would expert after watching television. 译文：虽然全运动影像听起来像是一个往多媒体程 序中加入强有力信息的理想方法，但它无法达到人 们看电视一样的效果。 说明：本句由“Although‖引导让步状语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 135Notes[2] Business applications for multimedia include presentations, training, marketing, advertising, product demos, databases, catalogues, and networked communications. 译文：多媒体的商业应用包括展示、培训、市场、广告、产品演示、数 据库、产品目录以及网络通信。 说明：本句的宾语包括多项，即“presentations, training, marketing, advertising, product demos, databases, catalogues, and networked communications.‖都作宾语。 [3] By using a multimedia application, the company found it has saved expenses and trained employees more effectively than anything else it had tried. 译文：通过使用多媒体，公司发现它既节省开支又比其它培训员工的方 法有效。 说明：本句的“By using a multimedia application‖是状语，“it has saved…‖是宾语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 136Notes[4] As companies and businesses catch on to the power of multimedia, and the cost of installing multimedia capability decreases, more applications will be developed both by themselves and by third parties to allow businesses to run more smoothly and efficiently. 译文：当公司和商业机构了解了多媒体的功能，并且多媒体 设施的成本降低时，更多的能使企业更平稳、更有效地运作 的多媒体应用程序将由企业自己或第三方开发出来。 说明：本句较长，“As companies and businesses catch on to the power of multimedia, and the cost of installing multimedia capability decreases‖作条件 状语，“to allow businesses to run more smoothly and efficiently‖作目的状语。 计算机专业英语教程 137Notes[5] Since multimedia data must be synchronized when it arrives at the destination site, networks should provide synchronized transmission with low jitter. 译文：因为当多媒体数据到达目的站点时必 须同步，网络必须用低抖晃提供同步。 说明：本句由“Since‖引导原因状语从句。 计算机专业英语教程 13810.2 Reading Material 1：――Computer Aided Design? CAD allowed the designer to interact graphically with the computer, and enables the engineer to test a design idea and to rapidly see its effect, the design idea can then be modified and reassessed. ? CAD is so effective because the computer communicate with the designer not with numbers but pictures, which are much easier for the human mind to absorb. 计算机专业英语教程 139Applications? Mechanical engineering design ? Building design ? Structural engineering design ? Electronic circuit design ? Animation and graphic design计算机专业英语教程140Keywordsimprecise intricacy iteration methodology numerically pictorially provision simulate sketch superimpose tedious tint不精确的，不精密的 纷乱，复杂 迭带法，反复 方法学，方法论 数值地，用数字 绘图地，用图片表示地 设备，准备，预备 模拟， 草图，略图 附加，添加 单调沉闷的 着色，色彩计算机专业英语教程 141――Creating an Effective Web Presence10.3 Reading Material 2：? A business creates a presence in the physical world by building stores, factories, warehouses, and office buildings. ? When companies reach a significant size, they again turn their attentions and resources to building and maintaining a presence as a means of maintaining their market share and customer base. ? On the Web, however, businesses and other organizations can intentionally build a space that creates a distinctive presence. 计算机专业英语教程 142Keywordsattractive brochure distinctive intentionally presence reputation salesperson有吸引力的，引人注目的 小册子 有特色的，独特的 有意地，故意地 存在，出席 名望，信誉 推销员，营业员返回计算机专业英语教程 143Unit 11 Distance Education11.1 Text ? Web-based learning and distance learning over the Internet are now available to those who want them. ? Computer-based approaches to education can enhance almost all other forms of distance education. ? Recent developments and decreasing costs are providing access to unsurpassed amounts of information from around the globe through Internet. 计算机专业英语教程 144Multimedia and distance education? The interactive multimedia materials can be delivered to the student via a number of methods. ? The students are given the same amount of information at the same time and able to use several senses (e.g., sight, sound and even interactive experiences). 计算机专业英语教程 145Technological Models? The enriched classroom is the place where technologies are used within a traditional setting in order to do a presentation, a demonstration or experimentation. ? The virtual classroom mainly uses videoconferencing to support distant learners and teachers, thereby recreating a telepresence type of classroom. ? The teaching media is focused on the learner‘s workstation. 计算机专业英语教程 146Technological Models? Information highway training is also centered on the learner‘s workstation, which serves as a navigation and research instrument to find all kinds of useful educational information. ? The communication network uses the workstation. ? The performance support system concerns task-oriented training modules. 计算机专业英语教程 147Keywordsabate auditorium bubble cognitive counteract decentralization didactic disseminate district drill forefront foster除掉，减少 教室，讲堂 沸腾，起泡 认识的，有认识力的 抵制，消减 分散 教导的，启发人的 普及，传播 区域，地区 操练，演习 最前部 鼓励，促进148计算机专业英语教程Keywordsinnovative innumerable methodology obsolescence outcome pedagogical perspective prefabricate proponent pursuit revolutionary socioeconomic tutorial革新的，创新的 无数的，数不清的 方法学，方法论 逐渐过时，陈旧 结果，成果 教育学的，教授法的 景色，远景 预先构思 提议，主张 事务，研究 革命性的 社会经济学的 导师制，辅导的计算机专业英语教程 149Notes[1] With the advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web, in the mid-1990s, a revolutionary transformation is taking place in our educational methodologies. 译文：上世纪90年代中期，互联网和万维网的发展，在教育方法论领域 产生了革命性的转变。 说明：本句的“With the advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web‖是条件状语，“in the mid-1990s‖是时间状语。 [2] The ability for students to conduct research without leaving their homes is changing the way that educational institutions structure research. 译文：学生在家里就可以进行研究的功能正在改变教育院校研究的方法。 说明：本句中的“for students to conduct research…‖修饰主语，” that educational institutions structure research‖修饰宾语。计算机专业英语教程150Notes[3] In the teacher-centered learning methods, the teacher is the one in control of the information that is received by the students and is responsible for how much information is being disseminated to them. 译文：在教师导向型的学习方法中，老师是控制学 生接收什么样的知识，同时负责向学生传输多少知 识的人。 说明：本句中“In the teacher-centered learning methods‖是状语，主语是“teacher‖， 有两个并列的系表结构“is the one in…‖和“is responsible for…‖。 计算机专业英语教程 151Notes[4] With student-centered approach, the multimedia material can be used to foster team processing and active learning as with collaborative and cooperative methods, encourage higher-level learning skills and increase comprehension and retention rates, as in the case of using problem-solving methodologies. 译文：在学生导向型方法里，多媒体素材与互动合作方式结合在 一起使用，可以培养团队合作和积极学习的态度，在“问题-解 决”方法论的指导下，鼓励更高级别的学习技能，增加学生的理 解能力和记忆能力。 说明：这是一个长句，“With student-centered approach‖ 是状语，“can be used to‖后跟三个并列的结构，即“foster team…‖、“encourage higher-level…‖和“increase comprehension…‖，“as in the case of using problemsolving methodologies‖作状语。 计算机专业英语教程 152Notes[5] The communication network uses the workstation, not only as a media support or as a way to access information, but also as a synchronous (desktop videoconferencing, screen sharing, etc) and as an asynchronous communication tool (electronic mail, computer teleconferencing, etc). 译文：通信网络使用工作站，不仅作为媒体支持或作为访问 信息的一种手段，而且也作为同步的（桌面视频会议、显示 屏共享等）和异步的通信工具（电子邮件、计算机远程会议 等）。 说明：本句的“not only…but also…‖结构作宾语的补足 语。 计算机专业英语教程 153――The OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP11.2 Reading Material 1：? The OSI reference model, sometimes also called 7 layers reference model for communication, has been developed by the International Standard Organization in early 1980‘s. ? This model describes the principles for interconnection of computer systems in an Open System Interconnection environment. 计算机专业英语教程 1547 layers reference model(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)The The The The The The ThePhysical Layer Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer计算机专业英语教程 155Keywordsacknowledgment decryption encryption interchangeable negotiate resolution sequentially session shorthand shuffle synchronization topology transformation 应答，答谢 解密 加密 可更替的，可互换的 协商，商定，处理 分辨，解析 连续地 会话，会议 速记，速记法 屏蔽，推开 同步，同时，同时性 拓扑结构，拓扑学 转变，变换计算机专业英语教程15611.3 Reading Material 2：――Global Positioning System? The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. ? GPS receivers have been miniaturized to just a few integrated circuits and so are becoming very economical. ? The first and most obvious application of GPS is the simple determination of a Dposition‖ or location. 计算机专业英语教程 157Keywordsambulance centimeter constellation corridor fleet gear hazard machinery miniaturize orbit satellite triangulate vessel 救护车 厘米 星群 通道 车队 齿轮，齿链，工具 危险，意外 机械，机器 使微型化 轨道 卫星 使成三角形 船，舰返回 计算机专业英语教程 158Unit 12 Computer Graphics and Images12.1 Text ? The three main fields of computer imagery are computer graphics, image processing and computer vision. ? They are beginning to merge in many applications.计算机专业英语教程159Graphics? Image synthesis or computer graphics is the methodology of the creation of images using a computer. ? Computer graphics takes a threedimensional model and calculates a twodimensional projection for display. ? Algorithms in computer graphics mostly function in a three-dimensional domain and the creations in this space are then mapped into a two-dimensional display or image plane at a late stage in the overall process. 计算机专业英语教程 160Image processing? Image processing is the manipulation of an image to produce another image which is in some way different from the input image. ? For display, the image is stored in a rapid-access buffer memory which refreshes the monitor at 30 frames/s to produce a visibly continuous display. 计算机专业英语教程 161Computer vision? Computer vision is the extraction of information from an image. ? The source image in computer vision is usually a two-dimensional projection of a real scene. ? The reason computer vision is such a demanding field is because we try to extract three-dimensional information from a series of two-dimensional projections. 计算机专业英语教程 16224-Bit Color? To get the full color photographic effect on a computer monitor, you need to be able to generate 256 shades for each color. ? This takes eight bits of information per color, giving a total of 24 bits. ? You only really need 24-bit color if you are going to do color photographic retouching on-screen or similar ?painting‘ on-screen.计算机专业英语教程163Keywordsconic dither enduringly ephemeral facsimile grayscale imagery imitate mathematical migration圆锥形 发抖，抖动 持久地，永久地 短暂的 传真，复制，摹本 灰度，灰色标度 像，画像 模仿，仿效 数学上的，数理上的 移动，迁移164计算机专业英语教程Keywordsmildly military painting phosphor polygon primitive projection proportional quadric render synthesis urban柔和的，温和的 军事的，军队的 画，画作 磷光体，荧光粉 多边形，多角形 原始事物，本原，图元 投影，透射 比例的，相称的 二次的，二次曲面 渲染，描写 合成，综合 城市的计算机专业英语教程 165Notes[1] The most used input device in computer vision is a TV camera which gathers information from a three-dimensional scene as a two dimensional projection. 译文：在计算机视觉中，使用最多的输入设备是把从三维景物中采集信 息作为二维投影图的TV摄像机。 说明：本句的“a TV camera‖是表语，“which gathers…‖修饰表语。 [2] Typically, graphics programming packages provide functions to describe a scene in terms of these basic geometric structures, referred to as output primitives, and to group sets of output primitives into more complex structures. 译文：通常，图形编程软件包提供了一些功能来描述场景，这些功能使 用了称为输出图元的基本几何结构并将输出图元组合成更复杂的结构。 说明：本句的“to describe a scene…‖作宾语补足语，“referred to as output primitives‖是插入语。 166计算机专业英语教程Notes[3] Image processing is the manipulation of an image to produce another image which is in some way different from the input image. 译文：图像处理是对一幅图像的处理以产生另一幅图像，该图像不同于输入图像。 说明：本句的“to produce another image‖作目的状语，“which is in some…‖作定语，修饰“another image‖。 [4] In particular we have seen the emergence of so-called imagebased rendering techniques in virtual reality applications which have more in common with the two-dimensional world of image processing than the three-dimensional algorithms of computer graphics. 译文：我们已经看到，在虚拟现实的应用中，基于图像的渲染技术的出现，比起 三维计算机图形学的算法来，与图像处理的二维世界有着更多的共同之处。 说明：这是一个长句，“of so-called image-based rendering techniques‖ 作定语，修饰“emergence‖，“which have more in…‖是定语从句，修饰 “applications‖。计算机专业英语教程167Notes[5] A computer which can assign eight bits to describe each pixel will produce perfect black and white photographs on its monitor. 译文：使用8位描述每个像素的计算机就能在 其显示器上产生完美的黑白照片。 说明：本句由“which‖引导的定语从句修饰 主语。 计算机专业英语教程 16812.2 Reading Material 1：――Digital Photography? Digital photography is photography using a camera that uses an electronic sensor to record the image as a piece of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on a photographic film. ? The advantages of this method over traditional film include the greatly reduced cost per image, the potential to make taken images instantly available for appraisal, the greater number of images that can be conveniently transported, and the removal of the requirement to develop the film in a photo lab.计算机专业英语教程169Keywordsamateur appraisal astoundingly astronomy camera embrace enthusiastically histogram intensity myriad photography photojournalist promote reflex removal snapshot业余的，爱好…的 评价，鉴定 使人震惊地 天文学 照相机，摄像机，暗房，暗箱 接受，采用 热心的，热情的，热烈的 直方图，矩形}