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John H. Johnson was born in a family in Arkansas City in 1918. His father died in an accident when John was six. He was reaching high school age
but his hometown offered no high schools for the blacks.
&&&&&& Fortunately he has a strong-willed and caring mother. John remembers that his mother told him many times
you can be anything you really want to be if you just believe.” She told him not to be dependent on others
including his mother. “You have to earn success”
“all the people who work hard don’t succeed
but the only people who do succeed are those who work hard.”
&&&&&& These words came from a woman with less than a third grade education. She also knew that believing and working hard don’t mean everything. So she worked hard as a cook for two years to save enough to take her son to Chicago.
&&&&&& Chicago in 1933 was not the promised land that black southerners were looking for. John’s mother could not find work. But here John could go to school
and here learned the power of words—as an editor of a newspaper .His wish was to publish a magazine for the blacks.
&&&&&& While others discouraged him
John’s mother offered him more words to live by: “ Nothing beats a failure but a try. ” She also let him sell her furniture to get the 500 dollars he needed to start the Negro magazine.
&&&&&& It’s natural that difficulties and failures followed John closely until he became very successful. He always keeps his mother’s words in mind. “Son
failure is not in your dictionary.” Now John H. Johnson is one of the 400 richest people in America—worth 150 million dollars.
1．Why did John’s mother decide to move to Chicago? Because &&&&&&&
&&&&&& A．life in Chicago would be better for the blacks than for the whites
&&&&&& B．John’s father died in his hometown when John was very young
&&&&&& C．there were no high schools for the blacks in their hometown
&&&&&& D．John needed education and he could go to school there
2．The underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph means &&&&&&&
&&&&&& A．if you try
you will surely succeed
&&&&&& B．a try is always followed by a failure
&&&&&& C．only by trying can you get out of failure
&&&&&& D．a failure is difficult to beat
even if you try
3．We can learn from this passage that John’s mother &&&&&&&
&&&&&& A．didn’t depend on others or give up easily
&&&&&& B．thought success only came from working hard
&&&&&& C．thought one could be whatever one wanted to be
&&&&&& D．believed one would succeed without working hard
4．What can be inferred from this passage?
&&&&&& A．If someone wants to be successful
he should always stand firm.
&&&&&& B．Chicago was the promised land for the whites in 1933.
&&&&&& C．John’s father died in an accident during the war.
&&&&&& D．John’s mother was caring for him.
殷蛋疼有多疼13
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1．C 2．C& 3．A& 4．A
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John H．Johnson was born in a family in Arkansas City in 1918．His father died in an accident when John was six．He was reaching high school age
but his hometown offered no high schools for the blacks．
Fortunately he has a strong-willed and caring mother．John remembers that his mother told him many times
you can be anything you really want to be if you just believe．” She told him not to be dependent on others
including his mother．“You have to earn success”
“all the people who work hard don’t succeed
but the only people who do succeed are those who work hard．”
These words came from a woman with less than a third grade education．She also knew that believing and working hard don’t mean everything．So she worked hard as a cook for two years to save enough to take her son to Chicago．
Chicago in 1933 was not the Promised Land that black southerners were looking for．John’s mother could not find work．But here John could go to school
and learned the power of words―as an editor of a newspaper．His wish was to publish a magazine for the blacks．
While others discouraged him
John’s mother offered him more words to live by: “ Nothing beats a failure but a try
． ” She also let him sell her furniture to get the 500 dollars he needed to start the Negro magazine．
It’s natural that difficulties and failures followed John closely until he became very successful．He always keeps his mother’s words in mind．“Son
failure is not in your dictionary．” Now John H．Johnson is one of the 400 richest people in America―worth 150 million dollars．
56．Why did John’s mother decide to move to Chicago? Because _____ ．
A．life in
would be better for the blacks than for the whites
B．John’s father died in his hometown when John was very young
C．there were no schools for the blacks in their hometown
D．John needed education and he could go to high school there
57．The underlined sentence in the fifth paragraph means ________ ．
A．if you try
you will surely succeed
B．a try is always followed by a failure
C．only by trying can you get out of failure
D．a failure is difficult to beat
even if you try
58．We can learn from this passage that John’s mother ________ ．
A．didn’t depend on others or give up easily
B．thought success only lied in a strong faith
C．thought one could be whatever one wanted to be
D．believed one would succeed without working hard
59．What can be inferred from this passage?
A．If someone wants to be successful
he should always stand firm．
B．Chicago was not the Promised Land for the black southerners in 1933．
C．John’s father died in an accident during the war．
D．John’s mother was caring for him．
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Mr. Brown isn’t an old man. But he has a big family. There are six people in his family. They are his parents, his wife, his son and daughter.Mr. Brown’s father is from Canada. His mother is from America. They don’t work now. They are at home every day. Mr. Brown works in a TV factory (工厂) and his wife is an English teacher. Their children－Kate and Mike are students. Mike’s grandpa and grandma are under the tree. They are very happy.根据短文内容，判断正（T）误（F）【小题1】Mr. Brown is old and has a big family.【小题2】Mr. Brown has two children.【小题3】Mr. Brown’s parents come from the same(相同) country（国家）.【小题4】Mr. Brown’s wife is a worker.【小题5】Mr. Brown’s daughter is Kate.
答案【小题1】F【小题2】T【小题3】F【小题4】F【小题5】T
解析试题分析：本文叙述了布朗先生一家的生活情况。布朗不是很老，但是他有一个大家庭。他的父母，妻子，女儿和儿子。布朗的父亲来自加拿大，母亲来自美国。布朗在一家工厂工作，他的妻子是一名教师，他的孩子都是学生。【小题1】细节理解题。根据Mr. Brown isn’t an old man. But he has a big family.可知布朗先生有一大家庭，但是他不是一位老人，故此处与原文不符，故为F。【小题2】细节理解题。根据his son and daughter.可知他有一个儿子和一个女儿，共两个孩子，因此与原文相符，故为T。【小题3】推理判断题。根据Mr. Brown’s father is from Canada. His mother is from America.可知布朗的父亲来自加拿大，母亲来自美国，因此他的父母不是来自同一个国家，故此处与原文不相符，故为F。【小题4】细节理解题。根据his wife is an English teacher.可知他的妻子是一名教师，不是一名工人，故此处与原文不相符，故为F。【小题5】细节理解题。根据Their children－Kate and Mike are students.可知他们的孩子是凯特和马克。凯特是女孩的名字，故他的女儿叫凯特，因此此处与原文相符，故为T。考点：日常生活类短文阅读。阅读短文.判断正误. Sam gets up at six in the morning. He has breakfast at home. He goes to school at seven. He has lunchat school, but on Sundays he has lunch with his family. He often has supper at home. H 题目和参考答案——精英家教网——
暑假天气热？在家里学北京名师课程，
& 题目详情
阅读短文，判断正误。(正A、误B)&&&& Sam gets up at six in the morning. He has breakfast at home. He goes to school at seven. He has lunchat school, but on Sundays he has lunch with his family. He often has supper at home. He doesn't watchTV in the evening.He only watches TV on Saturday evening. He often does his homework after supper. He goes to bed at nine.&(&&& &)1. Sam is a boy student. (&&& &)2. Sam doesn't have lunch at home on Sundays. (&&& &)3. Sam watches TV every evening.(&&& &)4. Sam does his homework before supper.(&&&& )5. Sam doesn't go to bed late every day.
1-5& ABBBA
科目：初中英语
题型：阅读理解
Father’s Day has a very short history. It started because there was a Mother’s Day, and just because some Americans thought that if we had a Mother’s Day, we should also have a Father’s Day. Father’s Day has become important in North America. And businesses(商人) found it was a good way to get people to buy a present for their fathers, a present from their shops.By the way, very few countries have a Father’s Day, though（虽然） some have a Children’s Day, or a special day for boys and another for girls. More and more countries are having Mother’s Day, so maybe Father’s Day will also become popular before long. Now, what do people in North America do on Father’s Day? The newspapers, radios, and TV tell children what they should do --- buy, buy, buy, buy, buy a Father’s Day present for your father. They even tell a wife to buy, buy, buy, and buy a Father’s Day present --- not for her father but for her husband, even if（即使） he is not yet a father. And they tell grandchildren to buy, buy, buy and buy a Father’s Day present for their grandfathers.The important thing to remember about Father’s Day is that American children can show their love to their fathers in a more open way.阅读短文，判断正误，正确的用“T”，错误的用“F”：【小题1】Father’s Day started just because businesses wanted to get a lot of money.【小题2】 The word “special” in the second paragraph means “not usual”.【小题3】 In America, people have a Father’s Day to show their love for their fathers.【小题4】 On Father’s Day, businesses always want people to buy as many as presents.【小题5】It can be learned from the passage that Father’s Day will become more important than Mother’s Day.
科目：初中英语
来源：学年北京师大附中初一上学期期末考试英语卷
题型：阅读理解
阅读短文，判断正误。正确的写“T”，错误的写“F”。Mr Jones and Mr Brown work in the same office (办公室).One day Mr Jones says to Mr Brown , “I will have a small party at our house on Monday evening . Would you and your wife like to come ?”
Mr Brown says , “Thank you very much . I’d love to , but let me ask my wife first .”&So Mr Brown goes to the other room and telephones his wife . Then he comes back and looks very worried .
“What’s the matter?” asks Mr Jones . “Is you wife there at home ?”
“No,” answers Mr Brown . “She isn’t there . My small son answers the telephone . I&say to him , ‘Is your mother there , David ?’ and he answers ‘No , she isn’t in the house.’‘Where is she ?’ I ask ,‘She is somewhere outside(在外面) .’‘What’s she doing?’ ‘She is looking for me .’” 　 1．There is a party at Mr Jones’s house on Monday evening . (& ) 2．Mr Jones asks Mr Brown and his wife to go to the party . (& ) 3．The telephone is in Mr Brown’s office. (& ) 4．Mr Brown speaks to Mrs Brown on the telephone . (& ) 5．Mrs Brown is looking for her son . (& )
科目：初中英语
来源：2011年初中毕业升学考试（湖南郴州卷）英语（带解析）
题型：阅读理解
阅读短文，判断正误。I started this QQ group named CZ (Chenzhou) English club two months ago. It has twenty-eight members now. It is an English chatting place. Now we need some more friends who are interested in chatting in English.Please remember the rules for our group members.★ Everyone in our group must speak in English with each other. Don't keep silent for ten days. ★ The main aim of this group is to improve our English. ★ Chatting in English doesn't mean we pay more attention to English. I think Chinese is my first language and it's the most important.★Don't send advertisements or any pictures here.If you don't follow the rules above, we will ask you to leave.【小题1】This QQ group is an English chatting place.【小题2】Everyone in this group must speak in Chinese with each other.【小题3】The main aim of this QQ group is to make friends.【小题4】The writer thinks English is more important than Chinese.【小题5】If you send advertisements or any pictures here, you will have to leave.
科目：初中英语
来源：2011年初中毕业升学考试（湖南郴州卷）英语（解析版）
题型：阅读理解
1阅读短文，判断正误。I started this QQ group named CZ (Chenzhou) English clubtwo months ago. It has twenty-eight members now. It is an English chattingplace. Now we need some more friends who are interested in chatting in English.Please remember the rules for our group members.★Everyone in our group must speak in English with each other. Don't keep silentfor ten days. ★ Themain aim of this group is to improve our English. ★Chatting in English doesn't mean we pay more attention to English. I thinkChinese is my first language and it's the most important.★ If you don't follow the rules above, we will ask you toleave.1.This QQgroup is an English chatting place.2.Everyonein this group must speak in Chinese with each other.3.Themain aim of this QQ group is to make friends.4.Thewriter thinks English is more important than Chinese.5.If yousend advertisements or any pictures here, you will have to leave.&
科目：初中英语
来源：2013届山东省八年级上学期期中考试英语卷
题型：阅读理解
Father’sDay has a very short history. It started because there was a Mother’s Day, and just because some Americans thought that if we had aMother’s Day, we should also have a Father’s Day. Father’s Day has become important inNorth America. And businesses(商人) found it was a good way to get people to buy a present for theirfathers, a present from their shops.By the way, very few countrieshave a Father’s Day, though（虽然） some have a Children’s Day, or a special day for boys and another for girls. Moreand more countries are having Mother’s Day, so maybe Father’s Day will also become popular before long. Now, what do peoplein North America do on Father’s Day? The newspapers, radios,and TV tell children what they should do --- buy, buy, buy, buy, buy a Father’s Day present for your father. They even tell a wife to buy,buy, buy, and buy a Father’s Day present --- not for herfather but for her husband, even if（即使） he is not yet a father. And they tellgrandchildren to buy, buy, buy and buy a Father’sDay present for their grandfathers.The important thing to rememberabout Father’s Day is that American childrencan show their love to their fathers in a more open way.阅读短文，判断正误，正确的用“T”，错误的用“F”：1.Father’sDay started just because businesses wanted to get a lot of money.2. The word “special” in the second paragraph means “notusual”.3. In America, people have a Father’s Day to show their love for their fathers.4. On Father’sDay, businesses always want people to buy as many as presents.5.It can be learned from thepassage that Father’s Day will become more importantthan Mother’s Day.&
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请输入手机号阅读理解 John H．Johnson was born in a family in Arkansas city in 1918．His father died in an accident when John was six．He was reaching high school age, but his hometown offered no high schools for the 题目和参考答案——精英家教网——
暑假天气热？在家里学北京名师课程，
& 题目详情
　　John H．Johnson was born in a family in Arkansas city in 1918．His father died in an accident when John was six．He was reaching high school age, but his hometown offered no high schools for the blacks．
　　Fortunately he has a strong-willed and caring mother．John remembers that his mother told him many times,“Son, you can be anything you really want to be if you just believe．” She told him not to be dependent on others, including her．“You have to work hard to suceed,” she said, “not all the people who work hard succeed, but the only people who do succeed are those who work hard．” These words came from a woman with less than a third-grade education．She had worked hard as a cook for two years to save enough to take her son to Chicago．
　　Chicago in 1933 was not the Promised Land that black southerners were looking for．John's mother could not find work．But here John could go to school, and here he learned the power of words－as an editor of a newspaper．His wish was to publish a magazine for the blacks．
　　While others discouraged him, John's mother offered him more words to live by：“Nothing beats a failure but a try．” She also let him sell her furniture to get 500 dollars he needed to start the Negro magazine．
　　It's natural that difficulties and failures followed John closely before he became very successful．However, he always keeps his mother's words in mind．“ Son, failure is not in your dictionary．” Now John H．Johnson is one of the 400 richest people in America－worth 150 million dollars．
Why did John's mother decide to move to Chicago?
Because life in Chicago would be better for the blacks than for the whites．
Because John's father died in his hometown when John was very young．
Because there were no high schools for the blacks in their hometown．
Because education there was cheaper．
The underlined sentence in the fourth paragraph means “ ________ ”．
If you try, you will certainly succeed
A try is always followed by a failure
Only by trying can you get out of failure
A failure is difficult to beat, even if you try
We can learn from this passage that John's mother ________．
didn't depend on others or give up easily
thought success only came from working hard
thought everyone could succeed by working hard
believed one would succeed without working hard
What can be inferred from this passage?
If someone wants to be successful, he should always stand firm．
Chicago was the Promised Land for the blacks in 1933．
John's father died in an accident during the war．
John's mother was well-educated．
答案：1．C;2．C;3．A;4．A;
科目：高中英语
来源：101网校同步练习　高三英语　人民教育出版社(新课标A　2002-3年初审) 人教版
阅读理解：
　　Some children are natural-born bosses．They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow．Stephen Jackson, a Year One student, “operates under the theory of what’s mine is mine and what’s your is mine,” says his mother．“The other day I bought two new Star Wars light sabers(剑)．Later, I saw Stephen with the two new ones while his brother was using the beat-up ones．
　　“Examine the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation．It’s an inheritable trait,” says Russell Barkley, a professor at the Medical University of South Carolina．Other children who may not be particularly bossy can gradually gain dominance(支配地位)when they sense their parents are weak, hesitant, or in disagreement with each other．
　　Whether it’s inborn nature or developed character at work, too much control in the hands of the young isn’t healthy for children or the family．Fear is at the root of a lot of bossy behavior, says family psychologist John Taylor．Children, he says in his book From Defiance to Cooperation, “have secret feelings of weakness” and “a desire to feel safe．” It’s the parents’ role to provide that protection．
　　When a “boss child” doesn’t learn limits at home, the stage is set for a host of troubles outside the family．The overly willful and unbending child may have trouble obeying teachers or coaches, for example, or trouble keeping friends．It can be pretty lonely as the top dog if no one likes your bossy ways．
　　“I see more and more parents giving up their power,” says Barkley, who has studied bossy behavior for more than 30 years．“They bend too far because they don’t want to be as strict as their own parents were．But they also feel less confident about their parenting skills．Their kids, in turn, feel more anxious．”
Bossy children like Stephen Jackson ________．
make good decisions
show self-centeredness
lack care from others
have little sense of fear
The underlined phrase “inheritable trait” in Paragraph 2 means ________．
inborn nature
developed character
accepted theory
particular environment
The study on bossy behavior implies that parents ________．
should give more power to their children
should be strict with their children
should not be so anxious about their children
should not set limits for their children
Bossy children may probably become ________．
What is the passage mainly about ________．
How bossy behavior can be controlled．
How we can get along with bossy children．
What leads to children's bossy behavior．
What effect bossy behavior brings about．
科目：高中英语
来源：黄冈重点作业　高一英语（下）
阅读理解：
Meaningful Colours
　　Mary did not understand such sentences as “She is blue Today”, “You are yellow”,“He has a green thumb (大拇指)”,“He has told a little white lie”and so on. And she went to her teacher for help.
　　Mary : Mrs Smith, there is a colour in each of these sentences. What do they mean?
　　Mrs Smith : In everyday English, Mary, blue sometimes means sad. Yellowafraid. A person with a green thumbgrows plants well. And a white lie is not a bad one.
　　Mary : Would you give me an example for “a white lie”?
　　Mrs Smith: Certainly. Now I give you some cake. In fact you don't like it, but you won't say it. Instead, you say, “No, thanks. I'm not hungry.”That's a white lie.
　　Mary: Oh, I see. Thank you very much.
1．Sometimes “yellow”means “afraid” in ________ English.
A．correctB．usual
C．spokenD．written
2．The farmer doesn't have a green thumb, that is to say ________.
A．he is not good at plantingB．all his plants grow well
C．he should have a green thumbD．he can't grow well like plants
3．John is ________ go to out alone at night. He's yellow!
A．afraidB．brave
C．fearD．frightening
4．Mary didn't want to tell me ________ of her serious illness.
[　　]She told me a white lie.
A．the causeB．the reason
C．the truthD．the news
5．If you fail to pass the exams, you'll be ________.
A．yellowB．blue
C．whiteD．green
科目：高中英语
来源：广东省惠阳高级中学学年高二下学期第二次段考英语试题
阅读理解：
　　Next time a customer comes to your office, offer him a cup of coffee．And when you’re doing your holiday shopping online, make sure you’re holding a large glass of iced tea．The physical sensation(感觉)of warmth encourages emotional warmth, while a cold drink in hand prevents you from making unwise decisions－those are the practical lesson being drawn from recent research by psychologist John A．Bargh．
　　Psychologists have known that one person’s perception(感知)of another’s “warmth” is a powerful determiner in social relationships．Judging someone to be either “warm” or “cold” is a primary consideration, even trumping evidence that a “cold” person may be more capable．Much of this is rooted in very early childhood experiences, Bargh argues, when babies’ conceptual sense of the world around them is shaped by physical sensations, particularly warmth and coldness．Classic studies by Harry Harlow, published in 1958, showed monkeys preferred to stay close to a cloth “mother” rather than one made of wire, even when the wire “mother” carried a food bottle．Harlow’s work and later studies have led psychologists to stress the need for warm physical contact from caregivers to help young children grow into healthy adults with normal social skills．
　　Feelings of “warmth” and “coldness” in social judgments appear to be universal．Although no worldwide study has been done, Bargh says that describing people as “warm” or “cold” is common to many cultures, and studies have found those perceptions influence judgment in dozens of countries．
　　To test the relationship between physical and psychological warmth, Bargh conducted an experiment which involved 41 college students．A research assistant who was unaware of the study’s hypotheses(假设), handed the students either a hot cup of coffee, or a cold drink, to hold while the researcher filled out a short information form：The drink was then handed back．After that, the students were asked to rate the personality of “Person A” based on a particular description．Those who had briefly held the warm drink regarded Person A as warmer than those who had held the iced drink．
　　“We are grounded in our physical experiences even when we think abstractly,” says Bargh．
According to Paragraph 1, a person’s emotion may be affected by _________．
the visitors to his office
the psychology lessons he has
his physical feeling of coldness
the things he has bought online
The author mentions Harlow’s experiment to show that _________．
adults should develop social skills
babies need warm physical contact
caregivers should be healthy adults
monkeys have social relationships
In Bargh’s experiment, the students were asked to _________．
evaluate someone’s personality
write down their hypotheses
fill out a personal information form
hold coffee and cold drink alternatively
We can infer from the passage that _________．
abstract thinking does not come from physical experiences
feelings of warmth and coldness are studied worldwide
physical temperature affects how we see others
capable persons are often cold to others
What would be the best title for the passage?
Drinking for Better Social Relationships
Experiments of Personality Evaluation
Developing Better Drinking Habits
Physical Sensations and Emotions
科目：高中英语
来源：福建省厦门一中学年高一上学期期中英语试题
　　Your shipment of twelve thousand ‘Smart' watches was received by our company this morning．However, we wish to make a number of complaints concerning the serious delay in delivery and your failure to carry out our specific instructions with regard to this order．
　　It was stressed from the beginning that the delivery date had to be less than six weeks from the first order, in order to meet our own customers' requirements．While we understand that delays in production are occasionally unavoidable，we must point out that the major reason why the order was placed with your company was that we were assured by you of its speed of delivery, and that your existing stocks(存货)were sufficiently high to ensure immediate shipment．Late delivery of the goods has caused us to disappoint several of our most valued customers，and is bound to have a negative effect on the potential future orders．
　　The second complaint concerns the difference in colour between the watches we ordered and those delivered．It was stated clearly in the original order that watches in combinations of green/purple and orange/purple only were required．However, only half the watches in the delivery received are of the colours specified．Our Hong Kong agent assures us that she stressed to you the importance of following our instructions precisely, since we consider there to be only a limited market in this country for watches of other colours at the present time．Any watches that are not of the specified colours will，of course，be returned to you．
　　We are also somewhat concerned about the rather poor quality of the goods received，since it is obvious that the watches that finally arrived have been produced from inferior materials and have been manufactured to a lower standard than those in the sample．We have also found that a number of the watches do not appear to be functioning．Whether the latter problem is due to poor manufacture，damage during transportation or bad batteries is not yet clear, but we should like to point out that we feel this matter to be only your responsibility．
　　As a result of the above problems，therefore，we feel that the most suitable course of action is to return to you unpaid any of the goods considered unsatisfactory, and to subtract(扣除)any resulting costs from our final settlement．We shall also, of course, be forced to reconsider whether any further orders should be placed with your company．
　　We look forward to your prompt reply．
Yours sincerely,
John Smith
The manufactures of “Smart'' watches were given the order because ________．
they claimed the order would be easy since the watches were already in stock
the watches would be easy to make and the designs were already prepared
they promised they could produce enough stocks quite quickly
they produced the best watches of its kind in the world
Receiving watches in the wrong colours is a problem because ________．
the Hong Kong agent stressed the need to fulfill the order exactly
people will not buy the watches as presents
these watches will not be limited to the Hong Kong market
these watches will be difficult to sell
“The latter problem” in paragraph 4 refers to ________．
the poor quality of the goods
some of the watches not working
the low standard of manufacture
the use of inferior materials
What does the underlined words “is bound to” most probably mean?
is willing to
is addicted to
is certain to
be attributed to
The last sentence of paragraph 5“We shall also of course，be forced to…with your company．”suggests that ________．
the writer is afraid their company might go out of business soon
the company will probably reduce the number of watches to be ordered in the future
the company may stop trading with the watch manufacturers
the company is probably willing to give the manufactures another chance
科目：高中英语
来源：2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试北京卷英语
Wilderness
　　“In wilderness(荒野)is the preservation of the world．” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism．The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection：whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved．
　　As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly．The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation(开发)brings to such landscapes(景观)is real．Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need－the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities．To Mr．Sauven, these ”ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation．
　　Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view．He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation．But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation．There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival．While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance．If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so．Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others．
　　I look forwards to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants．One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly．And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm．
　　This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason．What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking．
John Sauven holds that ________．
many people value nature too much
exploitation of wildernesses is harmful
wildernesses provide humans with necessities
the urge to develop the ecosystem services is strong
What is the main idea of Para．3?
The exploitation is necessary for the poor people．
Wildernesses cannot guarantee better use of raw materials．
Useful services of wildernesses are not the reason for no exploitation．
All the characteristics concerning the exploitation should be treated equally．
What is the author's attitude towards this debate?
Objective．
Disapproving．
Sceptical．
Optimistic．
Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?
(CP：Central Point　P：Point　Sp：Sub-point(次要点)　C：Conclusion&
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