GRE阅读练习每日一篇(十七)
编辑点评：
GRE阅读的方法相信大家已经积累了很多了，本文就为大家提供一些GRE阅读的材料，大家来练一练，把平时学到的东西运用到实际中，也多多积累词汇和句子，提高自己的阅读能力。
每天做一些标准的GRE阅读练习，有助于大家在GRE考试的复习过程中不断地进行练习和总结。希望大家在进行GRE阅读练习时，充分运用平时所积累的知识，这样才能有效果。&
Great comic art is never otherwordly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over (gloss over: v.掩盖) or transcend them by appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.
17. The passage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to
(A) rid themselves of pride
(B) transcend the human condition
(C) differentiate clearly between good and evil
(D) avoid social conflicts
(E) act rationally
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their
(A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil
(B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior
(C) ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior
(D) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition
(E) insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses
19. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general
It has long been known that the rate of oxidative metabolism (the process that uses oxygen to convert food into energy) in any animal has a profound effect on its living patterns. The high metabolic rate of small animals, for example, gives them sustained power and activity per unit of weight, but at the cost of (at the cost of: adv.以...为代价) requiring constant consumption of food and water. Very large animals, with their relatively low metabolic rates, can survive well on a sporadic food supply, but can generate little metabolic energy per gram of body weight. If only oxidative metabolic rate is considered, therefore, one might assume that smaller, more active, animals could prey on larger ones, at least if they attacked in groups. Perhaps they could if it were not for anaerobic glycolysis, the great equalizer.
Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present&in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles& wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production. This explains how many large species have managed to compete with their more active neighbors: the compensation for a low oxidative metabolic rate is glycolysis.
There are limitations, however, to this compensation. The glycogen reserves of any animal are good, at most, for only about two minutes at maximum effort, after which only the normal oxidative metabolic source of energy remains. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis. During this process the enormous energy debt that the animal has run up (run up: v.迅速积累) through anaerobic glycolysis must be repaid, a debt that is proportionally much greater for the larger vertebrates than for the smaller ones. Whereas the tiny shrew can replace in minutes the glycogen used for maximum effort, for example, the gigantic dinosaur would have required more than three weeks. It might seem that this interminably long recovery time in a large vertebrate would prove a grave disadvantage for survival. Fortunately, muscle glycogen is used only when needed and even then only in whatever quantity is necessary. Only in times of panic or during mortal combat would the entire reserves be consumed.
20. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) refute a misconception about anaerobic glycolysis
(B) introduce a new hypothesis about anaerobic glycolysis
(C) describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis
(D) analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to oxidative metabolism
(E) explain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival
21. According to the author, glycogen is crucial to the process of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen
(A) increases the organism&s need for ATP
(B) reduces the amount of ATP in the tissues
(C) is an inhibitor of the oxidative metabolic production of ATP
(D) ensures that the synthesis of ATP will occur speedily
(E) is the material from which ATP is derived
22. According to the author, a major limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can
(A) produce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert
(B) necessitate a dangerously long recovery period in large animals
(C) produce energy more slowly than it can be used by large animals
(D) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need
(E) reduce significantly the rate at which energy is produced by oxidative metabolism
23. The passage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate&s size because
(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates
(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates
(C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size
(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size
(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize
24. The author suggests that, on the basis of energy production, a 100-ton dinosaur would have been markedly vulnerable to which of the following?
I. Repeated attacks by a single smaller, more active adversary
II. Sustained attack by numerous smaller, more active adversaries
III. An attack by an individual adversary of similar size
(A) II only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
25. It can be inferred from the passage that the time required to replenish muscle glycogen following anaerobic glycolysis is determined by which of the following factors?
I. Rate of oxidative metabolism
II. Quantity of lactic acid in the body fluids
III. Percentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles
(A) I only
(B) III only
(C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III
26. The author is most probably addressing which of the following audiences?
(A) College students in an introductory course on animal physiology
(B) Historians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis
(C) Graduate students with specialized training in comparative anatomy
(D) Zoologists interested in prehistoric animals
(E) Biochemists doing research on oxidative metabolism
27. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The disadvantage of a low oxidative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy.
(B) The most significant problem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by-product, glucose, into glycogen.
(C) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the profound costs that must be paid.
(D) The major factor ensuring that a large animal will triumph over a smaller animal is the large animal&s ability to produce energy via anaerobic glycolysis.
(E) The great differences that exist in metabolic rates between species of small animals and species of large animals can have important effects on the patterns of their activities.
&&&&&&& 答案：EDCEEBDAEAA
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这个是阅读笔记，包括寻找的原题出处，翻译和生词。逻辑结构和文章类型是我自己写的。欢迎大家共同讨论~
这个没包括逻辑单题
前身 NO 4-1-2
Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher‘s genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
与博弈理论更为直接相关的是某些寄生性黄蜂种类的性别比例，雌性黄蜂占有绝对的过量。在这些种类的黄蜂身上，受精卵发展成为雌性黄蜂，未受精卵发展成为雄性黄蜂。雌性黄蜂能储存精子，并对她所产的每一个卵，通过使其受精或不让其受精，从而决定其性别。按照菲希尔的论点，生物体所会择取的是那样一种性别比例，那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量，对于雌性黄蜂来说，繁殖同等数量的雄性后代和雌性后代仍不乏益处。汉密尔顿（Hamilton）注意到，蜂卵是在其寄主——另一只昆虫的幼虫——体内成熟发展的，并且刚刚自卵中育出的成年黄蜂随即进行交配，然后积各奔东西，提供了一种极为严谨的分析。既然一般而言只有一只雌性黄蜂在一特定的幼虫体内产卵，对她来说，只需要繁殖一只雄性黄蜂便获益匪浅，因为这一只雄性黄蜂可以将其同胞的雌性黄蜂在自卵中育出之际皆予授精。如同菲希尔一样，汉密尔顿也意欲寻觅一种在生物进化上的稳定策略，但他更深入了一步，因为他认识到他的研究正是为了去寻找一种生物体的进化策略。
现象解释型
TS 首句，两个解释，前负后正。作者支持H
parasitic 寄生
excess过度的; 额外的sperm 精子
genetic 遗传的
immediately 立刻, 立即
disperse 分散, 散开, 传播
emerged 浮现, 脱出
cogent&&使人信服的strategy 策略
——————————————
conducted 引导, 管理, 带领
sought（seek）寻求, 探索
manipulate 操纵, 操作
thereby 因此
extinction 绝种
1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and
Hamilton was similar in that both scientists
(A) conducted their research at approximately
the same time
(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some
of the animals they studied
(C) sought an explanation of why certain sex
ratios exist and remain stable
(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important
groundwork for the later development of strategy theory
(E) studied reproduction in the same animal species
Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
2. The passage contains information that would
answer which of the following questions about
□A How many eggs does the female wasp
usually lay in a single host larva?
□B Can some species of wasp determine sex
ratios among their offspring?
□C What is the approximate sex ratio
among the offspring of parasitic wasps?
A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?
(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.
(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of
other insects.
(C) The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that
was hatched in the same larva as herself.
(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is
almost certain.
(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they
reach sexual maturity.
（A）A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.
（B）Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect
（C）Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.
（E）and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis
& && & because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence
前身 NO 5-1-2
Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized
as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established
and producing not what is acceptable but what will
become accepted. According to this formulation, highly
creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form
and establishes a new principle of organization. How-
ever, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends
established limits in misleading when it is applied to the
arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.
Difference between highly creative art and highly creative
science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For
the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the
creative act. Innovative science produces new
propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be
related to one another in more coherent ways. Such
phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are
relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for
formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly
creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself
becomes the direct product of the creative act.
Shakespeare‘s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of
indecisive princes or the use nor is
Picasso‘s painting Guernica primarily a propositional
statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of
fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is
not a new generalization that transcends established limits,
but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars
produced by the highly creative artist extend or
exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing
form, rather than transcend that form.
This is not to deny that a highly creative artist some-
times establishes a new principle of organization in the
the composer Monteverdi,
who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes
to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a
composition establishes a new principle in the history of
music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because
they embody a new principle of organization, some
musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine
Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few
listeners or musicologists would include these among the
great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart‘s The
Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of
music even though its modest innovations are confined
to extending existing means. It has been said of
Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music
from the stifling confines of convention. But a close
study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven
overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an
incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the
rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from
predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and
Bach—in strikingly original ways.
(466words)
论点说明型
卓越的创造性活动被人们一贯描述成是革命性的，公然抗拒既已确立的体制，所产生的并非是那种可予接受的事物，而是那种终将获得人们接受的事物。按此阐述，高度创造性的活动会超越既存形式的局限，并确立一种全新的组织原则。然则，卓越的创造性活动超越既已确立的局限，这一思想在应用于艺术时会产生误导作用，虽然它对于科学而言或许是有效的。高度创造性的艺术与高度创造性的科学之间的差异，部分程度上缘起于两者目标之不同。对科学而言，一种全新的理论即是创造性行为的目标和终极结果。富于创新的科学产生全新的命题（propsition），依据这些全新的命题，各种形形色色的现象便能以更为连贯的方式彼此联系起来。诸如一颗璀璨的金刚石或一只正在筑巢的小鸟这类现象，被降至充当数据之位置，权当阐述或检验全新的理论的手段。高度创造性的艺术，其目标迥然不同：现象本身即成为创造性行为的产物。莎士比亚（Shakespeare）的《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）一剧并不是有关优柔寡断的王子之行为或政治权力之运用的一部宣传性小册子，而毕加索（Picasso）的《格尔尼卡》（Guernica）从根本上来说亦不是有关西班牙内战或法西斯罪恶的某种命题陈述。高度创造性的艺术活动所创造的，不是一种全新的、超越既已确立之局限的普遍性原则（generalization），而是一种美学上的独特之物。由高度创造性的艺术家所创造的美学上的独特事物，以一种富予创新的方式，拓宽或利用既存形式的局限，而不是超越那种形式本身。
这并不意欲否认，一个高度创造性的艺术家某些时候在某一艺术领域的历史上可建立某种全新的组织原则；在这方面，创作了具有最高美学价值的音乐的作曲家蒙特威尔地（Monteverdi）便浮现于我们的脑海。但是，更普遍而言，一部音乐作曲是否能在音乐史上建立起一种全新原则，与该作品美学价值几乎无甚联系。某些音乐作品，诸如佛罗伦萨的卡梅拉塔会社创作的歌剧，由于它们体现了一种全新的组织原则，因而具有显著的历史重要性，但鲜有听众或音乐研究专家愿意将这些作品襄括到音乐杰作之中。从另一方面来说，莫扎特（Mozart）的《费加罗的婚礼》（The Marriage of Figaro）无疑属于音乐的典范之作，虽然其朴素的创新仅限于将既存的创作手法予以拓展而已。有关贝多芬（Beethoven），人们称他推翻了种种规则，将音乐从传统那令人窒息的蕃蓠中解放出来。然而，对他音乐作品一番细致的研究会揭示出贝多芬根本没有推翻任何规则。实质上，他是一个无以伦比的谋略家。善于以令人瞩目的独特方式利用各种局限——即他从诸如海顿（Haydn）和莫扎特、亨德尔（Handel）和巴赫（Bach）这些前辈那里继承而来的各种规则、形式和传统。
transcends超出，超越
propositions论点，主张
coherent条理清楚的，连贯的
indecisive犹豫不决的
propositional命题的
fascism法西斯主义, 独裁统治
generalization一般化, 归纳, 概括
particular特定(别)的；挑剔的；详细的
exploit剥削；利用，开发
bearing 举止，方位，方向感
embody体现；包括
modest谦虚的；适度的
confined限制
extend 延伸；扩展
topple 使倒塌，推翻
stifling令人窒息的incomparable无可比拟的conventions习俗，惯例；公约
strikingly显著地, 突出地, 惊人地
——————————————————
indignation愤怒，愤慨
moderate一般的；温和的
derision嘲弄relegate 使降级，使降职
For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply
7. The passage supplies information for answering which
of the following questions?
(A) Has unusual creative activity been character-
ized as revolutionary?
(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition
that also included Handel and Bach?
(C) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the
author would consider to embody new prin-
ciples of organization and to be of high aes-
thetic value?
（A）However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences.
（B）he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach
8. The author regards the idea that all highly creative
artistic activity transcends limits with
(A) deep skepticism
(B) strong indignation
(C) marked indifference
(D) moderate amusement
(E) sharp derision
However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. 后来举例反驳都可看出作者对这种观点是质疑态度
9. The author implies that an innovative scientific
contribution is one that
(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications
of other scientists
(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific com-
(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data
(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact
(E) introduces a new valid generalization
For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act.
10. Which of the following statements would most
logically concluded the last paragraph of the
(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest
of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did
not transcend existing musical forms.
(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were
even further exploited by the next generation
of great European composers.
(C) Thus, many of the great composers displayed
the same combination of talents exhibited by
Monteverdi.
(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts
exploits but does not transcend limits is sup-
ported in the field of literature.
(E) Actually, Beethoven‘s most original works were
largely unappreciated at the time that they
were first performed.
Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways
杀G党委书记 发表于
前身 NO 5-1-2
Exe1.5（这篇的逻辑结构不是太确定）
前身NO 4-3-1
Great comic art is never otherwordly, it does not
seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by
branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great
comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights,
and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in
social action, not gloss over or transcend them by
appeals to extrasocial symbols of divine ends, cosmic
purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of
transcendence in great comic art is a social moment,
born out of the conviction that we are human, even
though we try to be gods. The comic community to
which artists address themselves is a community of
reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who
are willing to assume the human risks of acting
rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great
comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which
grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.
伟大的喜剧艺术从不以彼岸世界为其目标，它所追求的并不是要予人以神秘玄惑感，它并不会通过将任何与善不一样的事物烙上罪恶的印记而否认那些模棱两可的情形。伟大的喜剧艺术家们认为，真理可呈现出各种不同的表现形态，故而他们力图强调社会行为中的对立矛盾，而不是通过诉诸于那些代表着神圣目标、字宙目的、或自然法则的超社会象片符号去掩饰或超越它们。伟大的喜剧艺术中的超越瞬间乃是一个社会性瞬间，源自这样一个坚定信念，即我们终是凡夫俗子，尽管我们竭力想成为神灵。艺术家们所致力表现的那个不乏喜剧色彩的社会，是一个由那些具有理性思维能力、充满爱心、快乐、和富于怜悯之心的人类构成的社会，他们甘愿承担人类理性行动的风险。伟大的喜剧艺术根本不祈求神灵或魔鬼，相反，它激发起我们对于理性的无畏勇气，这种勇气缘自对人类作为人所能做到的一切的信心。
论点说明型
ambiguity模棱两可的话
contradictions矛盾; 反驳
gloss上光; 掩盖
transcend超越, 胜过
appeal 请求, 呼吁
divine占卜; 推测, 神的; 非凡的
conviction定罪, 坚信
invoke祈求, 实行, 恳求
--------------------------------------
reconcile使和解, 调和
condition情况; 环境
sequence序列, 顺序, 继起的事inference推论assertion 言明, 断言; 坚持
succession连续
11. Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to act rationally.
Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.
12. It can be inferred from the passage that the
author admires great comic artists primarily
(A) ability to understand the frequently subtle
differences between good and evil
(B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in
human behavior
(C) ability to distinguish between rational and
irrational behavior
(D) insistence on confronting the truth about
the human condition
(E) insistence on condemning human faults and
Weaknesses
我认为对应句应该是这句:The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. 也有童鞋认为应该是末句的，不过那就和上一题重了
13. Which of the following is the most accurate
description of the organization of the passage?
(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction
(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the
beginning of the passage
(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject
(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by
specific examples
(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to
（A）& &&&根据一系列的观察做出一个推论（没有观察和推论）（B）& && &根据段首的事实作出的一系列推论（现象解释）（C）& && &根据一个主题做出的一系列论证(论点说明)（D）& &&&陈述一个主要观点，随后举出详细例子（没有具体的例子）（E）& && &从个例推广到一般
好的谢谢，来看看书记的帖子
楼主 我问一个很蠢的问题 TS首句 是什么意思呀
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