From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with
(grammar).
In , a conjunction ( CONJ or CNJ) is a
that connects words, , , or . A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences.[] This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each . In general, a conjunction is an invariable , and it may or may not stand between the items in a conjunction.
The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function, e.g. "as well as", "provided that".
A simple literary example of a conjunction: "the truth of nature, and the power of giving interest" (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria)
Conjunctions may be placed at the beginning of sentences. But some superstition about the practice persists.
Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or , two or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance. In English, the
acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coord various others are used, including:ch. 9:p. 171 "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don' neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don' no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("I would go, only I don't have time"). Types of coordinating conjunctions include cumulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, alternative conjunctions, and illative conjunctions.
Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions in English and what they do:
presents rationale ("They do not gamble or smoke, for they are ascetics.")
presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.")
presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.")
presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")
presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble, or they smoke.")
presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.")
presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.")
conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are many different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
either...or
not only...but (also)
neither...nor
both...and
whether...or
just as...so
as much...as
no sooner...than
rather...than
You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)
He is not only handsome, but also brilliant. (Not only A, but also B)
Not only is he handsome, but also he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B.)
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
You must decide whether you stay or you go. (It's up to you)
Whether you stay or you go, the film must start at 8 pm. (It's not up to you)
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
The more you practice dribbling, the better you will be at it.
Football is as fast as hockey (is (fast)).
Football is as much an addiction as a sport.
No sooner did she learn to ski, than the snow began to thaw.
I would rather swim than surf.
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join an
and a , and also introduce adverb clauses. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, every time, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while.
can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce
clauses: e.g. "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time". Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.
The subordinating conjunction performs two important functions within a sentence: illustrating the importance of the independent clause and providing a transition between two ideas in the same sentence by indicating a time, place, or cause and therefore effecting the relationship between the clauses.
must precede the
on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either
clause-final conjunctions (e.g. in ); or
attached to the , and not separate words
Such languages often lack conjunctions as a , because:
the form of the
used is formally nominalised and cannot occur in an independent clause
the clause-final conjunction or suffix attached to the verb is a marker of
and is also used in
to indicate certain functions. In this sense, the subordinate clauses of these languages have much in common with .
In other West Germanic languages like German and Dutch, the word order after a subordinating conjunction is different from that in an independent clause, e.g. in Dutch want ("for") is coordinating, but omdat ("because") is subordinating. The clause after the coordinating conjunction has normal word order, but the clause after the subordinating conjunction has verb-final word order. Compare:
Hij gaat naar huis, want hij is ziek. ("He goes home, for he is ill.")
Hij gaat naar huis, omdat hij ziek is. ("He goes home because he is ill.")
Similarly, in German, "denn" (for) is coordinating, but "weil" (because) is subordinating:
Er geht nach Hause, denn er ist krank. ("He goes home, for he is ill.")
Er geht nach Hause, weil er krank ist. ("He goes home, because he is ill.")
Many students are taught, and one guide maintains, that English sentences should not start with conjunctions such as "and", "but", "because", and "so". Some hypothesize that teachers invented this "rule" to encourage students to avoid overly simple sentences. This superstition has "no historical or grammatical foundation". First-rate writers from across the English-speaking world regularly begin sentences with conjunctions, in even the most formal writing:
"But she must give security that she will not marry without royal consent, if she holds her lands of the Crown, or without the consent of whatever other lord she may hold them of."
"But we, or our chief justice if we are not in England, are first to be informed."
"So please you, step aside."
"Yet, if thou swear’st, Thou mayst prove false."
"And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor."
"But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively."
"But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representatives from each State having one V a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice."
"And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof."
"And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of V which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate."
"And this power has been exercised when the last act, required from the person possessing the power, has been performed."
"But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground." 's
"Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether."
"So he took him to his own house, and dressed him up clean and nice, and had him to breakfast and dinner and supper with the family, and was just old pie to him, so to speak."
"And after supper he talked to him about temperance and such things till the old man cried, and said he'd been a fool, and
but now he was a-going to turn over a new leaf and be a man nobody wouldn't be ashamed of, and he hoped the judge would help him and not look down on him."
"Because no man can ever feel his own identity aright excep as if darkness were indeed the proper element of our essences, though light be more congenial to our clayey part."
"Because, while the whales of this order, though smaller than those of the former order, nevertheless retain a proportionate likeness to them in figure, yet the bookbinder's Quarto volume in its dimensioned form does not preserve the shape of the Folio volume, but the Octavo volume does."
"So the inquiries can coexist, though there is much overlap between them."
"And it appears that it was this latter factor which underlay the dismissal of the appeal by the majority. But it seems to me that the question of whether it is fair, just and reasonable is better considered against the background of whether a sufficiently proximate relationship exists."
"But the earlier decisions in Pratap Narain Singh Deo and Valsala K. were not brought to the notice of the Court in the two later decisions in Mubasir Ahmed and Mohd. Nasir."
"And now we have Facebook and Twitter and Wordpress and Tumblr and all those other platforms that take our daily doings and transform them into media."
"So any modern editor who is not paranoid is a fool".
"Because, in the end, free markets and free minds will win".
"And strikes are protected globally, existing in many of the countries with labour laws outside the Wagner Act model."
, sometimes used with conjunctions
- the comma used immediately before a coordinating conjunction preceding the final item in a list of three or more items
Greenblatt, Stephen (2006). The Norton Anthology of British Literature, 8th Ed. Vol. D. New York: Norton. p. 478.
Richard Nordquist. . .
Garner, Bryan A. (2001). Legal Writing in Plain English: A Text with Exercises. The University of Chicago Press. p. 20.  .: "[t]he idea that it is poor grammar to begin a sentence with And or But" is "nonsense baggage that so many writers lug around".
P Adams, Michael (2009). How English Works: A Linguistic Introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Pearson Longman. p. 152.  .
Algeo, John (2006). British or American English? A Handbook of Word and Grammar Patterns. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Burchfield, R. W., ed. (1996). Fowler's Modern English Usage (3rd ed.).
Dryer, Matthew S. (2005). "Order of adverbial subordinator and clause". In Haspelmath, M Dryer, Matthew S.; Gil, D Comrie, Bernard. The World Atlas of Language Structures. .  .
Landis, Jacquelyn. . .
University of Chicago (2010). The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. p. 257.  .
Magna Carta (). . Bl.uk.
(PDF). Folgerdigitaltexts.org.
. Constitutioncenter.org.
. Senate.gov.
. Senate.gov.
. Gutenberg.org.
. Gutenberg.org.
(PDF). Supremecourt.uk. 2015.
January 19, 2014, at the .
. The Atlantic.
. The Economist. .
, by Jennifer Frost
: Hidden categories:Conjunction - definition of conjunction by The Free Dictionary /conjunction
conjunction Also found in: , , , , .Related to conjunction:
con·junc·tion
(kən-jŭngk′shən)n.1. a.
The act of joining.b.
The state of being joined.2.
A joint or sim concurrence: the conjunction of historical and economic forces that created a depression.3.
One resulting from
a combination: "He is, in fact, a remarkable conjunction of talents" (Jerry Adler).4.
Abbr. conj. Grammar a.
The part of speech that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.b.
Any of the words belonging to this part of speech, such as and, but, as, and because.5.
The position of two celestial bodies when they have the same or close to the same celestial longitude, such as the configuration in which a planet or the moon lies along or near a straight line from Earth to or through the sun.6.
A compound proposition that has components joined by the word and or its symbol and is true only if both or all the components are true.b.
The relationship between the components of a conjunction.[Middle English coniunccioun, from Old French conjunction, conjuncion, from Latin coniūnctiō, coniūnctiōn-, a joining, conjunction (in grammatical sense, translation of Greek sundesmos, binding together, conjunction), from coniūnctus, past participle of coniungere, to join; see
conjoin.]con·junc′tion·al adj.con·junc′tion·al·ly adv.conjunction (k?n'd???k??n) n1. the act union2. simultaneous
coincidence3.
(Grammar) any word or group of words, other than a relative pronoun, that connects words, phrases, for example and and while. Abbreviation: conj See also , 4.
(Astronomy) astronomy a. the position of any two bodies that appear to meet, such as two celestial bodies on the celestial sphereb.
Also called: solar conjunction the position of a planet or the moon when it is in line with the sun as seen from the earth. The inner planets are in inferior conjunction when the planet is between the earth and the sun and in superior conjunction when the sun lies between the earth and the planet. Compare 8a5.
(Astrology) astrology an exact aspect of 0° between two planets, etc, an orb of 8° being allowed. See 9, 106.
(Logic) logic a. the operator that forms a compound sentence from two given sentences, and corresponds to the English andb. a sentence so formed. Usually written p&q, p∧q, or p.q., where p,q are the component sentences, it is true only when both these are truec. the relation between such sentences con'junctional adj con'junctionally advcon•junc•tion
(kənˈdʒʌŋk ʃən)
a member of a small class of words functioning as connectors between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, and unless. Abbr.:
t combination.
the stat association:
The police worked in conjunction with the army.
a combination of events or circumstances.
Logic. a compound proposition that is true only if all of its component propositions are true.
the coincidence of two or more heavenly bodies at the same celestial longitude.
such a coincidence regarded astrologically as a fusion of planetary influences.
[;1400; Middle English (& Anglo-French) & Latin]
con•junc′tion•al, adj.
con•junc′tion•al•ly, adv.
Conjunction&a combination of events or circumstances.Examples: conjunction of alleys, courts, and passages, 1722; of circumstances, 1866; of events, 1862; of grammarians—Lipton, 1970; of planets, 1375; of all good things. 1644.conjunctionA word used to connect other words, phrases, or sentences, for example, &but.&
Switch to Noun1.conjunction - the temporal property of two things happen "the interval determining the coincidence gate is adjustable", , ,
- happening or existing or done at the same time - occurrence or existence together or in connection with one another - the property of partial coincidence in time,
- the quality of belonging to the same period of time - occurring togeth "the two spoke in unison"2.conjunction - the state of being joined together, , ,
- a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuous - the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a "nerve impulses cross a synapse through the action of neurotransmitters",
- the state of being joined "there is strength in union"3.conjunction - an uninflected function word that serves to conjoin words or phrases or clauses or sentences, , ,
- a word that is uninflected and serves a grammatical function but has little identifiable meaning - a conjunction (like `and' or `or') that connects two identically constructed grammatical constituents,
- a conjunction (like `since' or `that' or `who') that introduces a dependent clause4.conjunction - the grammatical relation between linguistic units (words or phrases or clauses) that are connected by a conjunction - a linguistic relation established by grammar - the coordination by conjunction of linguistic units of the same status - the subordination that occurs when a conjunction makes one linguistic unit a constituent of another - the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the addition of their meanings - the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the disjunction of their meanings - the conjunctive relation of units that expresses the opposition of their meanings5.conjunction - (astronomy) apparent meeting or passing of two or more celestial bodies in the same degree of the zodiac,
- the branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole,
- a casual or un "he still remembers their meeting in Paris"; "there was a brief encounter in the hallway" - (astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the same side of the sun - (astronomy) the alignment of the Earth and a planet on the opposite side of the sun6.conjunction - something that joins or connects, , , ,
- an instrumen "he soldered the connection"; "he didn't have the right connector between the amplifier and the speakers",
- (electronics) a junction where things (as two electrical conductors) touch or are "they forget to solder the contacts" - junction by which parts or objects are joined together,
- a junction unit for connecting 2 cables without the need for plugs,
- a junction where two things (as paper or film or magnetic tape) have
"the break was due to an imperfect splice" - a junction between two dissimilar metals across which a voltage appearsconjunctionnoun , , , , , ,
This is due to a conjunction of religious and social factors.conjunctionnounThe state of being associated:, , , , , , .
conjunction [kənˈdʒʌŋkʃən] N1. (Ling) →
f2. in conjunction with → ,
conconjunction [kənˈdʒʌŋkʃən] n in conjunction with →
avec (LINGUISTICS) →
fconjunction n (Gram) →
f, →
nt (= association) →
f; (= co-occurrence: of events) →
nt; in conjunction → ; in conjunction with the new evidence → in
; the programme was broadcast in conjunction with the NBC → die
; the programme was produced in conjunction with the NBC → das
(Astron) →
fconjunction [kənˈdʒʌŋkʃ/ən] na. (Gram) →
fb. in conjunction with →
or aconjunction (k?n'd?a?k??n)
noun a word that connects sentences, clauses or words. John sang and M I'll do it if you want. voegwoord
??????? ????? / ?????
грам. съюз
die Konjunktion
konjunktion
konjunktio
?????? ????????
?????, ???
spoj, stjecaj, veznik
samtenging
kata penghubung ;
??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????: (?????) ? ??? ????: ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??
conjunc?ie
konjunktion
сполучник
conjunció in conjunction (with) (acting) together (with).
in oorleg met, in samewerking met, met medewerking van
??????????? ??
заедно с
em conjunto com
ve spojení/spolupráci s
σε συνδυασμ?
?? ??? ???? ??
conjointement avec
???????????
u spoju s, zajedno s
vkivel együtt
ásamt, í sameiningu vi?
kartu, i?vien
??? ?????? ?? ???: ?? ??? ???? ?? ???: ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???
juntamente com
?mpreun? (cu)
skupaj (z)
i samverkan (tillsammans) med
разом, сп?льно
??? ?????? ??? ?? ??
en col·laboració amb conjunction →
spojka sammentraef
yhdist?minen
f?rening ??????????????????
s? k?t h?p
Want to thank TFD for its existence? , add a link to this page, or visit .
Link to this page:
You will diminish them, indeed," re "for never did I hear a more unworthy conjunction of execution and language than that to which I and I was far gone in a learned inquiry into the causes of such an unfitness between sound and sense, when you broke the charm of my musings by that bass of yours, Duncan N not so, my little Pearl," a for, with the new energy of the moment, all the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, h and he was already trembling at the conjunction in which -- with a strange joy, nevertheless -- he now found himself -- " not so, my child. In the slack seasons some of them would go with Miss Henderson to this house downtown--in fact, it would not be too much to say that she managed her department at Brown's in conjunction with it. Now what a radical reversa what a jumbling together of extra what a fantastic conjunction of opposites and irreconcilables -- the home of the bogus miracle become the home of a real one, the den of a mediaeval hermit turned into a telephone office! Sometimes, when the heavenly bodies are in just the right conjunction, nature seems to be the most perfect art. In conjunction with Miss Pross, he took immediate steps towards the latter precaution, by giving out that the Doctor was not well, and required a few days of complete rest. I wear a gold watch and chain, a ring upon my little finger, and a long- and I use a great deal of bear's grease - which, taken in conjunction with the ring, looks bad. It would have done so, pretty surely, in conjunction with the mental wear and tear I had suffered, but for the unnatural strain upon me that to-morrow was. this mischief had not then befall'n, And more that shall befall, innumerable Disturbances on Earth through Femal snares, And straight conjunction with this Sex: for either He never shall find out fit Mate, but such As some misfortune brings him, or mistake, Or whom he wishes most shall seldom gain Through her perverseness, but shall see her gaind By a farr worse, or if she love, withheld By Parents, or his happiest choice too late Shall meet, alreadie linkt and Wedlock-bound To a fell Adversarie, his hate or shame: Which infinite calamitie shall cause To humane life, and houshold peace confound. For, since the conjunction of male and female is founded upon the great law of nature, in order to propagate and continue the species, the Lilliputians will needs have it, that men and women are joined together, like other animals, by the moti and that their tenderness towards their young proceeds from the like natural principle: for which reason they will never allow that a child is under any obligation to his father for begetting him, or to his mother for bringin which, considering the miseries of human life, was neither a benefit in itself, nor intended so by his parents, whose thoughts, in their love encounters, were otherwise employed. If we attend carefully to geographical and commercial considerations, in conjunction with the habits and prejudices of the different States, we shall be led to conclude that in case of disunion they will most naturally league themselves under two governments. In conjunction with an executive council, he appoints the members of the judiciary department, and forms a court of impeachment for trial of all officers, judiciary as well as executive.
▲conjunction▼
conjunction
For webmasters:}