PP Money和投哪网比那个好呢？_百度知道
PP Money和投哪网比那个好呢？
PP Money和投哪网比那个好呢？
提问者采纳
PP在很多评级和排行榜上都是落后于投哪网的。
提问者评价
其他类似问题
为您推荐：
等待您来回答
下载知道APP
随时随地咨询
出门在外也不愁基友的money被pp吃了肿么办？？？求解决。。。_六安吧_百度贴吧
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&签到排名：今日本吧第个签到，本吧因你更精彩，明天继续来努力！
本吧签到人数：0成为超级会员，使用一键签到本月漏签0次！成为超级会员，赠送8张补签卡连续签到：天&&累计签到：天超级会员单次开通12个月以上，赠送连续签到卡3张
关注：99,301贴子：
基友的money被pp吃了肿么办？？？求解决。。。收藏
昨晚还基友100元，基友在玩愤怒的小鸡，就把money压在pp下面。。。然后站起来就没了。。。初步证明被基友的PP吃了……
爆菊是最有效最正确最及时最有爱的办法。。。
昨晚*基友100元，基友*玩***小鸡，就把*****压在**下面。。。然后站起来就*了。。。****被*****吃了……
登录百度帐号推荐应用
为兴趣而生，贴吧更懂你。或PP money 和 投哪网 ，这两个哪个好一些呢？_百度知道
PP money 和 投哪网 ，这两个哪个好一些呢？
提问者采纳
投哪网收益能达到15%之高，又有广发证券亿元融资支持，比较可靠当然是投哪网
提问者评价
其他类似问题
为您推荐：
等待您来回答
下载知道APP
随时随地咨询
出门在外也不愁pp money属于p2p网络投资平台吗_百度知道
pp money属于p2p网络投资平台吗
而且还有平台在把握风险。一般就是平台将借款端的业务放到网上，投融资情况等都做评估，所以可以放心是一种互联网金融模式，你可以通过线下考察或者分析一些待收情况，通过对接投资端的资源和借款端的资源，就会有稳健的收益。所以互联网理财平台最重要还是第一步选平台，解决两边的问题。只要你决定是对的，然后投资端就选择适合自己的标的，一般抵押贷款风险比较低
来自团队：
其他类似问题
为您推荐：
p2p的相关知识
其他3条回答
是的，它就是一个p2p网络投资平台
是的 不错的 还有其他普通平台也是不错的 比如仓储贷 易简贷 等等 选择的时候可以做多方参考
属于。还有很多，比如99财富、陆金所、人人贷都是的
最近不是曝光P2P很多骗人的投资吗
选平台的时候要注意了，不是什么平台都可以投资的
看看平台有没有资金托管
哦。请问你那你觉得PPmoney扎样啊
哦。请问你那你觉得PPmoney扎样啊
个人觉得大资金池吧。
请问那你觉得PPmoney扎样，安全吗
不做绝对评价，因为没有绝对安全的。挑平台要适合自己的
等待您来回答
下载知道APP
随时随地咨询
出门在外也不愁From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see .
A sample picture of a fictional ATM card. The largest part of the world's money exists only as accounting numbers which are transferred between financial computers. Various plastic cards and other devices give individual consumers the power to electronically transfer such money to and from their bank accounts, without the use of currency.
Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as
and repayment of
in a particular
or socio-economic context, or is easily converted to such a form. The main functions of money are distinguished as: and, sometimes, a . Any item or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered money.
Money is historically an
establishing a , but nearly all contemporary money systems are based on . Fiat money, like any check or note of debt, is without intrinsic
as a physical commodity. It derives its value by being declared by that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for "all debts, public and private". Such laws in practice cause fiat money to acquire the value of any of the goods and services that it may be traded for within the nation that issues it.
of a country consists of
(banknotes and coins) and, depending on the particular definition used, one or more types of
(the balances held in , , and other types of ). Bank money, which consists only of records (mostly computerized in modern banking), forms by far the largest part of
in developed countries.
"money" is believed to originate from a temple of , on , one of Rome's seven hills. In the ancient world Juno was often associated with money. The temple of
at Rome was the place where the mint of Ancient Rome was located. The name "Juno" may derive from the Etruscan goddess
(which means "the one", "unique", "unit", "union", "united") and "Moneta" either from the Latin word "monere" (remind, warn, or instruct) or the Greek word "moneres" (alone, unique).
In the Western world, a prevalent term for coin-money has been , stemming from Latin in specie, meaning 'in kind'.
A 640 BC one-third
Main article:
The use of -like methods may date back to at least 100,000 years ago, though there is no evidence of a society or economy that relied primarily on barter. Instead, non-monetary societies operated largely along the principles of
and . When barter did in fact occur, it was usually between either complete strangers or potential enemies.
Many cultures around the world eventually developed the use of . The Mesopotamian
was a unit of weight, and relied on the mass of something like 160
of . The first usage of the term came from
circa 3000 BC. Societies in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Australia used
– often, the shells of the
(Cypraea moneta L. or C. annulus L.). According to , the
were the first people to introduce the use of
and . It is thought by modern scholars that these first stamped
were minted around 650–600 BC.
Song Dynasty Jiaozi, the world's earliest paper money
The system of
eventually evolved into a system of .[] This occurred because gold and silver merchants or banks would issue receipts to their depositors – redeemable for the
deposited. Eventually, these receipts became generally accepted as a means of payment and were used as money. Paper money or
were first used in
during the . These banknotes, known as "", evolved from
that had been used since the 7th century. However, they did not displace commodity money, and were used alongside coins. In the 13th century, paper money became known in Europe through the accounts of travelers, such as
and . Marco Polo's account of paper money during the
is the subject of a chapter of his book, , titled "." Banknotes were first issued in Europe by
in 1661, and were again also used alongside coins. The , a
where the medium of exchange are paper notes that are convertible into pre-set, fixed quantities of gold, replaced the use of gold coins as currency in the 17th-19th centuries in Europe. These gold standard notes were made , and redemption into gold coins was discouraged. By the beginning of the 20th century almost all countries had adopted the gold standard, backing their legal tender notes with fixed amounts of gold.
After , at the , most countries adopted fiat currencies that were fixed to the . The US dollar was in turn fixed to gold. In 1971 the US government suspended the convertibility of the US dollar to gold. After this many countries de-pegged their currencies from the US dollar, and most of the world's currencies became unbacked by anything except the governments' fiat of legal tender and the ability to convert the money into goods via payment. According to proponents of , fiat money is also backed by taxes. By imposing taxes, states create demand for the currency they issue.
In Money and the Mechanism of Exchange (1875),
famously analyzed money in terms of four functions: a , a common measure of value (or ), a standard of value (or ), and a . By 1919, Jevons's four functions of money were summarized in the :
Money's a matter of functions four,
A Medium, a Measure, a Standard, a Store.
This couplet would later become widely popular in macroeconomics textbooks. Most modern textbooks now list only three functions, that of , , and , not considering a standard of deferred payment as it is a distinguished function, but rather subsuming it in the others.
There have been many historical disputes regarding the combination of money's functions, some arguing that they need more separation and that a single unit is insufficient to deal with them all. One of these arguments is that the role of money as a
is in conflict with its role as a : its role as a store of value requires holding it without spending, whereas its role as a medium of exchange requires it to circulate. Others argue that storing of value is just deferral of the exchange, but does not diminish the fact that money is a medium of exchange that can be transported both across space and time. The term "financial capital" is a more general and inclusive term for all liquid instruments, whether or not they are a uniformly recognized tender.
Main article:
When money is used to intermediate the exchange of goods and services, it is performing a function as a medium of exchange. It thereby avoids the inefficiencies of a barter system, such as the "" problem. Money's most important usage is as a method for comparing the values of dissimilar objects.
Main article:
A unit of account (in economics) is a standard numerical monetary unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions. Also known as a "measure" or "standard" of relative worth and deferred payment, a unit of account is a necessary prerequisite for the formulation of commercial agreements that involve debt. To function as a 'unit of account', whatever is being used as money must be:
Divisible into smaller units w precious metals can be coined from bars, or melted down into bars again.
: that is, one unit or piece must be perceived as equivalent to any other, which is why , works of
are not suitable as money.
A specific weight, or measure, or size to be verifiably countable. For instance, coins are often milled with a , so that any removal of material from the coin (lowering its commodity value) will be easy to detect.
Money acts as a standard measure and common denomination of trade. It is thus a basis for quoting and bargaining of prices. It is necessary for developing efficient accounting systems.
Main article:
While standard of deferred payment is distinguished by some texts, particularly older ones, other texts subsume this under other functions. A "standard of deferred payment" is an accepted way to settle a
– a unit in which debts are denominated, and the status of money as , in those jurisdictions which have this concept, states that it may function for the discharge of debts. When debts are denominated in money, the real value of debts may change due to
and , and for sovereign and international debts via
Main article:
To act as a store of value, a money must be able to be reliably saved, stored, and retrieved – and be predictably usable as a medium of exchange when it is retrieved. The value of the money must also remain stable over time. Some have argued that , by reducing the value of money, diminishes the ability of the money to function as a store of value.
Main article:
Money Base, M1 and M2 in the US from 1981 to 2012
Printing paper money at a printing press in Perm
In economics, money is a broad term that refers to any
that can fulfill the functions of money (detailed above). These financial instruments together are collectively referred to as the
of an economy. In other words, the money supply is the amount of financial instruments within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services. Since the money supply consists of various financial instruments (usually currency, demand deposits and various other types of deposits), the amount of money in an economy is measured by adding together these financial instruments creating a monetary aggregate.
Modern monetary theory distinguishes among different ways to measure the money supply, reflected in different types of monetary aggregates, using a categorization system that focuses on the
of the financial instrument used as money. The most commonly used monetary aggregates (or types of money) are conventionally designated M1, M2 and M3. These are successively larger aggregate categories: M1 is currency (coins and bills) plus
(such as checking accounts); M2 is M1 plus
under $100,000; and M3 is M2 plus larger time deposits and similar institutional accounts. M1 includes only the most liquid financial instruments, and M3 relatively illiquid instruments. The precise definition of M1, M2 etc. may be different in different countries.
Another measure of money, M0, unlike the other measures, it does not represent actual
by firms and households in the economy.[] M0 is , or the amount of money actually issued by the
of a country. It is measured as currency plus deposits of banks and other institutions at the central bank. M0 is also the only money that can satisfy the
Main article:
Market liquidity describes how easily an item can be traded for another item, or into the common currency within an economy. Money is the most liquid asset because it is universally recognised and accepted as the common currency. In this way, money gives consumers the
to trade goods and services easily without having to barter.
Liquid financial instruments are easily
and have low . There should be no (or minimal)
between the prices to buy and sell the instrument being used as money.
Currently, most modern monetary systems are based on fiat money. However, for most of history, almost all money was commodity money, such as gold and silver coins. As economies developed, commodity money was eventually replaced by , such as the , as traders found the physical transportation of gold and silver burdensome. Fiat currencies gradually took over in the last hundred years, especially since the breakup of the
in the early 1970s.
Main article:
A 1914 British
Many items have been used as
such as naturally scarce , , , beads etc., as well as many other things that are thought of as having . Commodity money value comes from the commodity out of which it is made. The commodity itself constitutes the money, and the money is the commodity. Examples of commodities that have been used as mediums of exchange include , , , , salt, peppercorns, large stones, decorated belts, shells, alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis, candy, etc. These items were sometimes used in a metric of perceived value in conjunction to one another, in various commodity valuation or
economies. Use of commodity money is similar to barter, but a commodity money provides a simple and automatic
for the commodity which is being used as money. Although some
such as the
are considered , there is no record of their face value on either side of the coin. The rationale for this is that emphasis is laid on their direct link to the prevailing value of their
are imprinted with their gold content and legal tender .
Main article:
In 1875, the British economist
described the money used at the time as "". Representative money is money that consists of ,
or other physical tokens such as certificates, that can be reliably exchanged for a fixed quantity of a commodity such as
or . The value of representative money stands in direct and fixed relation to the commodity that backs it, while not itself being composed of that commodity.
Main article:
Gold coins are an example of legal tender that are traded for their intrinsic value, rather than their face value.
Fiat money or fiat currency is money whose value is not derived from any intrinsic value or guarantee that it can be converted into a valuable commodity (such as gold). Instead, it has value only by government order (fiat). Usually, the government declares the fiat currency (typically notes and coins from a central bank, such as the
in the U.S.) to be , making it unlawful not to accept the fiat currency as a means of repayment for all debts, public and private.
such as the
are legal tender, however, they trade based on the
of the metal content as a , rather than their legal tender
(which is usually only a small fraction of their bullion value).
Fiat money, if physically represented in the form of currency (paper or coins) can be accidentally damaged or destroyed. However, fiat money has an advantage over representative or commodity money, in that the same laws that created the money can also define rules for its replacement in case of damage or destruction. For example, the U.S. government will replace mutilated
(U.S. fiat money) if at least half of the physical note can be reconstructed, or if it can be otherwise proven to have been destroyed. By contrast, commodity money which has been lost or destroyed cannot be recovered.
Main article:
These factors led to the shift of the store of value being the metal itself: at first silver, then both silver and gold, and at one point there was bronze as well. Now we have copper coins and other non-precious metals as coins. Metals were mined, weighed, and stamped into coins. This was to assure the individual taking the coin that he was getting a certain known weight of precious metal. Coins could be counterfeited, but they also created a new , which helped lead to .
provided the next link: coins could now be easily tested for their
weight of metal, and thus the value of a coin could be determined, even if it had been shaved, debased or otherwise tampered with (see ).
In most major economies using coinage, copper, silver and gold formed three tiers of coins. Gold coins were used for large purchases, payment of the military and backing of state activities. Silver coins were used for midsized transactions, and as a unit of account for , dues, contracts and fealty, while copper coins represented the coinage of common transaction. This system had been used in ancient
since the time of the . In Europe, this system worked through the
period because there was virtually no new gold, silver or copper introduced through mining or conquest.[] Thus the overall ratios of the three coinages remained roughly equivalent.
Main article:
, issued in 1160
, the need for credit and for circulating a medium that was less of a burden than exchanging thousands of
coins led to the introduction of , commonly known today as . This economic phenomenon was a slow and gradual process that took place from the late
(618–907) into the
(960–1279). It began as a means for merchants to exchange heavy coinage for
of deposit issued as
from shops of , notes that were valid for temporary use in a small regional territory. In the 10th century, the
government began circulating these notes amongst the traders in their
salt industry. The Song government granted several shops the sole right to issue banknotes, and in the early 12th century the government finally took over these shops to produce state-issued currency. Yet the banknotes issued were still regionally it was not until the mid 13th century that a standard and uniform government issue of paper money was made into an acceptable nationwide currency. The already widespread methods of
and then 's
by the 11th century was the impetus for the massive production of paper money in premodern China.
At around the same time in the , a vigorous
was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the ). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of , , , , , , , , the transfer of credit and , and
for loans and .
In Europe, paper money was first introduced in
in 1661. Sweden was rich in copper, thus, because of copper's low value, extraordinarily big coins (often weighing several kilograms) had to be made. The advantages of paper currency were numerous: it reduced transport of gold and silver, and th it made loaning gold or silver at interest easier, since the specie (gold or silver) never left the possession of the lender until someone el and it allowed for a division of currency into credit and specie backed forms. It enabled the sale of
in , and the redemption of those
However, these advantages held within them disadvantages. First, since a note has no intrinsic value, there was nothing to stop issuing authorities from printing more of it than they had specie to back it with. Second, because it increased the money supply, it increased inflationary pressures, a fact observed by
in the 18th century. The result is that paper money would often lead to an inflationary bubble, which could collapse if people began demanding hard money, causing the demand for paper notes to fall to zero. The printing of paper money was also associated with wars, and financing of wars, and therefore regarded as part of maintaining a . For these reasons, paper currency was held in suspicion and hostility in Europe and America. It was also addictive, since the speculative profits of trade and capital creation were quite large. Major nations established
to print money and mint coins, and branches of their treasury to collect
and hold gold and silver stock.
At this time both silver and gold were considered , and accepted by governments for taxes. However, the
between the two grew over the course of the 19th century, with the increase both in supply of these metals, particularly silver, and of trade. This is called
and the attempt to create a
standard where both gold and silver backed currency remained in circulation occupied the efforts of . Governments at this point could use currency as an instrument of policy, printing paper currency such as the United States , to pay for military expenditures. They could also set the terms at which they would redeem notes for specie, by limiting the amount of purchase, or the minimum amount that could be redeemed.
Banknotes with a face value of 5000 of different currencies
By 1900, most of the industrializing nations were on some form of gold standard, with paper notes and silver coins constituting the circulating medium. Private
and governments across the world followed : keeping gold and silver paid, but paying out in notes. This did not happen all around the world at the same time, but occurred sporadically, generally in times of war or financial crisis, beginning in the early part of the 20th century and continuing across the world until the late 20th century, when the regime of floating fiat currencies came into force. One of the last countries to break away from the
was the United States in 1971.
No country anywhere in the world today has an enforceable
currency system.
Main article:
in cheque form
Commercial bank money or
are claims against financial institutions that can be used for the purchase of goods and services. A demand deposit account is an account from which funds can be withdrawn at any time by check or
withdrawal without giving the bank or financial institution any prior notice. Banks have the legal obligation to return funds held in demand deposits immediately upon demand (or 'at call'). Demand deposit withdrawals can be performed in person, via checks or bank drafts, using
(ATMs), or through .
Commercial bank money is created through , the banking practice where
keep only a fraction of their
(as cash and other highly liquid assets) and lend out the remainder, while maintaining the simultaneous obligation to redeem all these deposits upon demand.[] Commercial bank money differs from commodity and fiat money in two ways: firstly it is non-physical, as its existence is only reflected in the account ledgers of banks and other financial institutions, and secondly, there is some element of risk that the claim will not be fulfilled if the financial institution becomes insolvent. The process of fractional-reserve banking has a cumulative effect of
by commercial banks, as it expands
(cash and demand deposits) beyond what it would otherwise be. Because of the prevalence of fractional reserve banking, the
of most countries is a multiple larger than the amount of
created by the country's . That multiple (called the ) is determined by the
requirements imposed by financial regulators.
The money supply of a country is usually held to be the total amount of currency in circulation plus the total amount of checking and savings deposits in the commercial banks in the country. In modern economies, relatively little of the money supply is in physical currency. For example, in December 2010 in the U.S., of the $8853.4 billion in broad money supply (M2), only $915.7 billion (about 10%) consisted of physical coins and paper money.
Main article:
Many digital currencies, in particular
and , had gained momentum before the
of the early 2000s. Not much innovation occurred until the conception of
in 2009, which introduced the concept of a .
Main article:
US dollar banknotes
When gold and silver are used as money, the money supply can grow only if the supply of these metals is increased by mining. This rate of increase will accelerate during periods of
and discoveries, such as when Columbus discovered the
and brought back gold and silver to Spain, or when gold was . This causes inflation, as the value of gold goes down. However, if the rate of
cannot keep up with the growth of the economy, gold becomes relatively more valuable, and prices (denominated in gold) will drop, causing deflation. Deflation was the more typical situation for over a
when gold and paper money backed by gold were used as money in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Modern day monetary systems are based on fiat money and are no longer tied to the value of gold. The control of the amount of money in the economy is known as monetary policy. Monetary policy is the process by which a , central bank, or
manages the
to achieve specific goals. Usually the goal of monetary policy is to accommodate
in an environment of stable prices. For example, it is clearly stated in the
should seek "to promote effectively the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates."
A failed monetary policy can have significant detrimental effects on an economy and the society that depends on it. These include , , , high , shortages of imported goods, inability to export goods, and even total monetary collapse and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy. This happened in Russia, for instance, after the .
Governments and central banks have taken both regulatory and
approaches to monetary policy. Some of the tools used to control the money supply include:
changing the
at which the central bank loans money to (or borrows money from) the commercial banks
currency purchases or sales
increasing or lowering
increasing or lowering
manipulation of
raising or lowering bank reserve requirements
regulation or prohibition of
or tax breaks on imports or exports of capital into a country
In the US, the
is responsible for controlling the money supply, while in the
the respective institution is the . Other central banks with significant impact on global finances are the ,
For many years much of monetary policy was influenced by an
known as monetarism.
is an economic theory which argues that management of the money supply should be the primary means of regulating economic activity. The stability of the demand for money prior to the 1980s was a key finding of
supported by the work of , and many others. The nature of the demand for money changed during the 1980s owing to technical, institutional, and legal factors[] and the influence of monetarism has since decreased. However, since the emergence of new dynamic models (such as
), some authors show that money has a role on the economy and business cycles depending on the households' risk aversion level.
Main article:
Counterfeit money is imitation currency produced without the legal sanction of the state or government. Producing or using counterfeit money is a form of
or . Counterfeiting is almost as old as money itself. Plated copies (known as ) have been found of
which are thought to be among the first western coins. Before the introduction of , the most prevalent method of counterfeiting involved mixing base metals with pure
or . A form of counterfeiting is the production of documents by legitimate printers in response to fraudulent instructions. During , the
forged British pounds and American dollars. Today some of the finest counterfeit banknotes are called
because of their high quality and likeness to the real US dollar. There has been significant counterfeiting of
banknotes and coins since the launch of the currency in 2002, but considerably less than for the US dollar.
Main article:
Money laundering is the process in which the proceeds of crime are transformed into ostensibly legitimate money or other assets. However, in a number of legal and regulatory systems the term money laundering has become
with other forms of financial crime, and sometimes used more generally to include misuse of the financial system (involving things such as securities, , credit cards, and traditional currency), including ,
and evading of .
(2007). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (Alternate Edition). Boston: Addison Wesley. p. 8.  .
By John N. Smithin. Retrieved July-17-09.
. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics 2010.
(2007). "2". Macroeconomics (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. pp. 22–32.  .
. Money: Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender, White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green Publishing (2001).
(2006). The Little Money Book. The Disinformation Company. p. 37.  .
Bernstein, Peter, A Primer on Money and Banking, and Gold, Wiley, 2008 edition, pp29-39
D'Eprio, Peter & Pinkowish, Mary Desmond (1998). What Are the Seven Wonders of the World? First Anchor Books, p.192.
. The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. pp. 36-37.
David Graeber: Debt: The First 5000 Years, Melville 2011. Cf.
David Graeber (2001). . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 153–154.   2011.
Kramer, History Begins at Sumer, pp. 52–55.
Herodotus. Histories, I, 94
Goldsborough, Reid (). . .
Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008). History of the weksel: Bill of exchange and promissory note. p. 55.  .
Marco Polo (1818). . pp. 353–355 2012.
Wray, L. Randall (2012). Modern money theory: a primer on macroeconomics for sovereign monetary systems. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 45–50.  .
Milnes, Alfred (1919). The economic foundations of reconstruction. Macdonald and Evans. p. 55.
Dwivedi, DN (2005). Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 182.
Krugman, Paul & Wells, Robin, Economics, Worth Publishers, New York (2006)
(2005). "7". Macroeconomics (5th ed.). Pearson. pp. 266–269.  .
– Library of Economics and Liberty
Mises, Ludwig von. , (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, Inc., 1981), trans. H. E. Batson. Available online here []; accessed 9 May 2007; [].
. Retrieved July-18-09.
. Retrieved July-18-09.
Jevons, William Stanley (1875). "XVI: Representative Money". .  .
Deardorff, Prof. Alan V. (2008). . Department of Economics, University of Michigan.
Black, Henry Campbell (1910). A Law Dictionary Containing Definitions Of The Terms And Phrases Of American And English Jurisprudence, Ancient And Modern, page 494. West Publishing Co.
defines the word "fiat" to mean "a short order or warrant of a Judge or magistrate directing an authority issuing from some competent source for the doing of some legal act"
Tom Bethell (). . New York 13 (5) (New York Media). p. 34. Retrieved July-18-09
, Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved .
Banaji, Jairus (2007). . Historical Materialism () 15 (1): 47–74. :.  .   2010.[]
; Raymond, Irving W Constable, Olivia Remie (2001) [1955]. . Records of Western civilization.; Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 52. New York: .  .  .[]
Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". The Journal of Economic History (Wilmington, DE: Economic History Association) 29 (1): 79–86.  .  .  .
; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 258.  .
The Bank Credit Analysis Handbook: A Guide for Analysts, Bankers and Investors by Jonathan Golin. Publisher: John Wiley & Sons (August 10, 2001).
The Federal Reserve.
() Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, (). Retrieved .
Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz, (1971). Monetary History of the United States, . Princeton, N.J: .  .
David Laidler, (1997). Money and Macroeconomics: The Selected Essays of David Laidler (Economists of the Twentieth Century). Edward Elgar Publishing.  .
Benchimol, J., , A. (2012), , , vol. 34, pp. 95-111.
Duhaime, Christine.
(February 2015).
Uses arguments from
(1989), The Theory of the Monetary Circuit, Thames Papers in Political Economy, Spring: pp 1–26. "Banks create money by issuing
they record the loan as an asset, and the money they deposit in the borrower’s account as a liability. This, in one way, is no different to the way the Federal Reserve creates money ... money is simply a third party’s promise to pay which we accept as full payment in exchange for goods. The two main third parties whose promises we accept are the government and the banks ... money ... is not backed by anything physical, and instead relies on trust. Of course that trust can be abused ... we continue to ignore the main game: what the banks do (for good and for ill) that really drives the economy."
Media related to
() at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to
at Wikiquote
The dictionary definition of
at Wiktionary
: Hidden categories:}