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淘豆网网友近日为您收集整理了关于2015年电大本科《学前教育科研方法》期末复习考试资料小抄【电大考试必备】的文档，希望对您的工作和学习有所帮助。以下是文档介绍：2015年电大本科《学前教育科研方法》期末复习考试资料小抄【电大考试必备】 电大《学前教育科研方法》期末复习资料小抄名词:1.学前教育科学研究答:按照某种途径,有组织,有计划,有系统地认识学前教育现象和建构学前教育理论的过程2. 文献综述答:是对某个时期或某个专题的若干文献进行系统组织和叙述性概括3. 抽样答:是从所研究对象的全体中,按照某种规则抽取一部分被试的方法4. 假设答:又称假说,是研究者根据已有的知识、经验对所研究的问题预先赋予的某种答案,是对研究结果的预测,是对课题涉及的主要变量之间相互关系的设想5. 无关变量答:又称“控制变量”,指与特定研究目标无关的非研究变量,即除了研究者操纵的自变量和需要测定的因变量之外的一切变量6. 结构性访谈答:访谈者按统一的设计要求和事先规定的访谈内容依次向访谈对象提问,并要求受访者按规定的标准回答提问的正式访谈7. 教育行动研究答:教育行动研究特定指在教育情境中,由教育专业工作者(通常指教师)用以改善教育专业实践,实现教育理想的行动研究8. 质的研究答:是以研究者本人作为研究工具,在自然情境下采用多种资料收集方法对社会现象进行整体性探究,使用(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])归纳法分析资料和形成理论、通过与研究对象互动对其行为和意义获得解释性理解的一种活动简答:9.学前教育科学研究的基本步骤?答:(1)确定研究课题(2)查阅文献(3)设计研究方案(4)搜集资料(5)分析研究资料,得出结论(6)阐述出研究成果,撰写论文10. 问题的来源?【可能是填空】答:(1)在教学中发现问题(2)在阅读中萌生问题(3)在交谈中激发问题11. 课题选择的一般步骤?答:(1)调查研究,选择研究方向(2)总结提炼,确立研究课题(3)决定研究的方法(4)分析梳理,明确研究目标(5)课题论证12. 好的研究课题的特征有哪些?答:(1)问题必须有价值(2)问题必须是清楚的(3)问题必须具体明确(4)问题要新颖,有独创性(5)问题要可行性(6)问题要符合道德13. 学前教育研究方案的设计有哪些内容?答:(1)研究的主要内容(2)研究的意义与价值(3)研究的方法与步骤(4)研究的成果14. 信度的类型有哪些?答:(1)标准关联观察者的信度(2)观察者间的信度(3)观察者内部信度15. 学前教育观(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])察实施的步骤?答:(1)确定观察的问题(2)制定观察计划(3)选择合适的观察方法(4)进入观察现场(5)观察记录16. 进入观察现场需注意什么?答:(1)尽可能注意不干预观察对象的活动(视情况决定完全参与还是完全观察)(2)保持中立、谨慎的态度,以证明研究者得诚信(3)定量观察,必须携带笔记记录(4)研究者要讲究观察记录的方式方法(5)做好突发事件的预案17. 问卷设计的准则有哪些?答:(1)相关原则(2)简洁原则(3)礼貌原则(4)方便原则(5)定量准确原则(6)选项穷尽原则(7)拒绝术语原则(8)非导向性原则(9)适合身份原则18. 访谈的特点有哪些?答:(1)整个访谈的过程是访谈者与受访者相互影响和相互作用的过程(2)访谈研究是访谈者主动与受访者建立积极信赖关系的人际交往过程(3)访谈研究具有特定的科学目的和一整套设计、编制和实施的原则19. 教育行动研究的基本特征有哪些?【有可能是填空】答:(1)以“探究------介入”作为行动的主旨(2)以研究者自身做为研究对象(3)行动研究的自我(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])反思特征(4)建立协同参与的学习共同体(5)教育行动研究的有效性追求(6)强调伦理关系的建立(7)教育行动研究是公开形式的探究20. 教育行动研究的六个阶段?【可能是填空】答:(1)研究目的与问题的起始(2) 计划(3)协同合作(4)行动(是核心环节) (5)评价问题(6)报告21. 学前教育科研的特点?答:(1)从研究对象来看,研究的是学前教育现象,特别是学前儿童(2)从研究过程来看,从教育过程中来,到教育过程中去(3)从研究内容来看,有广义和狭义之别(4)研究的学科性质:社会科学,自然科学(5)研究方法特殊性:特殊的观察、侧量、实验手段需要多种方法的整合研究【选择,考试时给个例子看是什么研究】22. 学前教育科学研究的分类?答:(1)基础研究与应用研究(2)定量研究与定性研究(3)其他分类23. 教育研究的基本方法?【选择】答:(1)思辨的方法类【历史法、文献法、总结经验法】(2)实证类【调查法(问卷调查、访谈)、实验法、观察法】24. 问题产生的一般思维策略?答:(1)变换思考的角度(同(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])层变换、异层变换)(2)怀疑25. 确立研究课题的策略或方法?答:(1)缩小策略(2)扩展策略(3)分析策略26. 重要课题往往要论证哪两次?答:(1)立项论证(2)开题论证27. 操作性定义都有哪几种描述法?【出题可以出给例子,确定是哪种描述】答:(1)条件描述法(2)指标描述法(3)行为描述法28. 【M】专著【C】论文集【N】报刊【J】杂志【D】学位论文29. 文献阅读有哪些原则?答:(1)顺序性原则(2)计划性原则(3)批判性原则(4)同时性原则30. 文献检索的方法有哪些?答:(1)顺序法(2)逆查法(3)追溯法(4)抽查法31. 文献综述的类型有哪些?答:(1)目录性综述(2)文摘性综述(3)分析性综述32. 新课题的综述,引用文献在五年以内32. 用于发表的综述,参考文献至少在6、7篇以上33. 抽样的方法有哪些?答:(1)概率抽样(简单随机抽样、系统随机抽样、分层随机抽样、整群随机抽样)【考试时会给个例子,然后一一对应的说明是哪种抽样】(2)非概率抽样34. 核心概念【考试时会(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])出个论文题目然后挑核心概念是什么】35. 假设是研究的核心,也是研究的前提36. 根据假设的方式可分为归纳假设和演绎假设37. 如何出研究假设(研究假设的方法)?答:(1)演绎法(2)归纳法(3)类推法(4)有因推果的方法38. 观察法是最适合幼儿,是幼教科研的最基本方法39. 观察的类型?答:(1)有结构观察与无结构观察(2)参与观察与非参与观察(3)自然观察与实验观察40. 根据研究者的情景条件,可把观察法分为自然观察和实验观察41. 问题的类型有哪些?答:(1)开放式问题(2)封闭式问题(3) 半封闭式问题42. 访谈研究的类型?答:根据研究者是否对访谈过程进行控制和访谈是否使用经过严格设计的问卷和提纲(1)结构性访谈(2)非结构性访谈43. 自然情景是质的研究资料的直接来源,研究者是获得研究资料的工具44. 质的研究资料一般是以文字或图片的形式来收集的45. 研究报告写作格式与技巧?答:(1)题目(2)前言(3)方法(4)结果【正文部分】(5)讨论(6)结尾【参考文献、附录】46. 研(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])究报告或论文的题目包括哪些?答:(1)标题(2)署名(3)摘要(4)关键词【3~~~~5个】其他47. 写一个观察提纲:(1)观察谁(2)观察什么(3)什么时间观察(4)观察的地点(5)观察的方式或方法48. 写一个问卷调查步骤答:标题、前言(封面信)、指导语、基本情况、问题及选择答案结束语49. 写一篇访谈步骤答:导语、表头、正题、结束语简答题1. 一般途径:通过对人类教育行为仔细、认真观察;教育工作实际需要;探讨各种教育现象之间的关系; 探讨经验事实与已有理论之间的矛盾;广泛的查阅文献,或者是在对他人成果的研究考察中受到启发,发现研究问题;交叉学科所产生的空白区等。2. 科学研究中所遇到的各种问题是很复杂的,正确划分问题的类别,对于确定研究问题具有指导意义。这些类别有⑴科学问题与非科学问题。(2)有意义问题与无意义问题(3)常规问题与突破常规问题(4)具体问题与抽象问题。3. 确定研究问题的三原则:(1)价值性原则,即问题是否在理论与实用上有价值;(2)科学性原则,即问题是否有一定的科学理(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])论为依据;(3)可行性原则,即是否具备客观条件、主观条件、人力、物力、理论准备等。4. 语文智慧、逻辑一数学智慧、空间智慧、肢体一动觉智慧、音乐智慧、人际智慧、内省智慧、自然观察智慧、存在智慧。5. 教会学生认知即让学生学会学习与自我成长的期望。教给学生学会主动求知能力。改变以教师中心,学生被动受教的教学传统,形成以学生为中心,启发学生主动求知,继而学到:⑴从陈述性知识到程序性知识;⑵从认知学习到认知策略;⑶从书本知识到生活应用;⑷从原理原则的理解到独出心裁的创造;⑸学会运用最新信息科学技能获取新知;⑹从学习心得中养成主动求知的兴趣与意志,进而奠定以后从事独立研究高深学术专业的心理基础。6. 观察的目的性、计划性、观察对象的自然性、观察的客观性和观察的直接性。观察法对教师的功用是了解学生。具体的应用场合有:(1)对学生课堂学习活动的观察;(2)对学生课外活动的观察,包括课间的活动、午间的活动、课外活动时间里的活动等;(3)对学生家庭的观察。具体的应用对象有:(1)全班学生;(2)小团体或者小组(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html]);(3)个别学生,特别是需要重点了解的学生。具体的应用内容有:(1)学习与思维活动;(2)人际交往活动与互动行为;(3)思想品德方面的表现等。7. 在观察的准备阶段和设计过程中,最重要的是理论的准备。爱因斯坦说:“你能不能观察到眼前的现象取决于你运用什么样的理论,理论决定着你到底能够观察到什么。”在教育领域,观察者的教育观念和教育理论水平非常重要。例如,一个观察者,如果持有的是传统的旧观念,他会观察教师的语言、仪表、板书,看他讲授是否科学、有条理等,如果以持有“促进学生学习是教学的中心”的观点,他的观察重心是学生,会注意学生的表情、行为、神态,关注学生的独特理解、语言和师生之间的互动等。同时理论不仅决定观察什么,也会影响观察之后的分析内容和评价方法。8. 位置的选择包括两个因素:方位和距离。方位是指观察者如何面对被观察者;距离是指观察者和被观察者之间的远近。一般说来,观察者要面对被观察者,距离要合适,不能太近,也不太远。太近,会对被观察者产生心理上的压力与干扰;太远,又看不清楚。所以,距离合适(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])的标准是:第一,保证被观察的现象能够清晰地落在观察者的视野内;第二,保证被观察者保持常态,不受干扰。9. 第一,观察者的推论。应该将事实与推论区别开来,观察者在进行推论的时候,应该给出相应的证据,仔细检查自己的前设,说明自己是如何得出这个推论的。第二,观察者的心情。观察者在观察时的心情会对观察的内容和效果产生影响,消极情绪会给事实带上阴影,观察者可以把这些情绪记录在个人的方法笔记中。第三,叙述方式。如果叙述不当,会给读者一种错觉,好象这也是观察者看到的“事实”。10 初步整理的任务是:对记录进行修补。例如,改掉明显错误的地方,补充遗漏的资料,对当时概括的记录进行细节补充使之丰满,对当时没有记录下来的资料及时进行回忆并记录等。初步整理的目的,是使观察记录完整、清楚、准确,为进一步分析活动提供资料。11. 观察的标准:(1)真实,即要注意避免个人偏见、“先入为主”的观念,同时善于识别“假象”。(2)全面系统地观察,把握事物的一切方面、一切联系,不能只抓住一些孤立的个别的现象。(3)对发展过程进行动(来源：淘豆网[/p-7009615.html])态的观察,不要只抓一两次的现象就做分析。12. 题目难度项目分析又称题目分析,包括两个方面,一个是质的分析,一个是量的分析,前面题目编辑中提出的一般原则、题目的内容,形式,取材的适切性方面进行分析,这是质的分析。所谓量的分析就是指通过题目预测结果进行统计分析,确定题目难度,区分度以及被试对各种答案的反应情况。13. 这些因素有:(1)指导语与测验的情境,(2)测试焦虑,(3)练习与应付技巧,(4)反应方式,(5)反应心向。以上所举种种影响测验结果的因素,都须在施测测验时,或恒定或消除,这样才能使反应的结果可靠。14.(1)选择项目(题目) 时首先要注意测验的目的、功能、性质,分析项目是否能够测定所需要的特征,项目(题目) 的性能好坏是相对的,但应最大可能地体现测验的目的、功能及性质。(2)选择区分度高的题目,但有时为兼顾测验功能,在学科成就测验中有一些区分度较低、但内容十分重要的题目也应选入。区分度较高是指区分度指数在0.30以上。(3)题目的难度一般要适中,最好是按正态分布原则选择不同难度题目,即难度适中(0.40-0.60)之间的题目数量多些,较易或较难的题目数量少些,这样集合的测验区分度会很好,对于不同类型的被试都能加以鉴别。而对于选拔测验,一般难度要大些。(4)所选题目要与当初的编题计划对照,看是否各部分的题目都能按比率选入,同时还要看项目数量是否适合测验所限定的时间,过长或过短都不好。项目的编排要合理,一般开头安排些难度较小的项目(题目),这样有利于被试了解回答方式,并建立完成测验的信心。有两种方式安排题目,一是并列直进式:将测验性质相同的题目的组成一个分测验,这样可分成若干分测验,而各分测验都是按由易到难排列题目。二是混合螺旋式,即将各类性质的题目,依难度分成不同的层次,再将不同性质的题目予以组合,交叉排列,题目难度渐次增加,这样做可以维持被试回答问题的兴趣,使各类题目均有循序反应的机会。10. 预测应注意以下几点:(1)预测的对象应是将来正式应用测验团体的一个随机样本,取样时应注意代表性,一般人数 400人左右为宜。(2)预测的情境应与未来正式施测的情境相同。(3)预测时一般时间可稍长些,应使受测者有足够的时间回答,这样可得到反应较为充分的资料,便于统计分析结果。(4)在预测过程中随时注意被试的反应,如有特殊性况应於以记录,这样便于以后正式应用时参考。11. 测验的客观性是关于测验系统化过程好坏程度的指标,包括三方面: 测验刺激的客观性、量化的客观性、推论的客观性。1212. 制定常模大概有以下三步: (1)确定有关的常模团体。清楚界定常模团体,如性别、年级、职业、地区、民族、文化程度等。(2)常模团体是所要测验群体的一个代表性样本,而制定常模时所取的样本必须是常模团体的一个代表性取样,样本大小要适当。(3)注意常模的时间特性。13. 计算复本信度应注意以下几点:(1)复本必须是真正的复本,其相关又称作等值系数。从理论上讲如果复本等值,其相关系数应当很高,根据等值系数,又可反推两个测验是否是等值的复本,即等值系数越高,说明该二测验是等值复本,而二者之间实际所得差异可认为是取样的差异。(2)复本测验可同时连续施测,也可间隔一定时间施测。所得相关系数称为等值系数,或稳定系数,它反映内容与时间两个方面的变异。(3)从测验理论上考察复本信度,认为是检验信度的一种最好方法,它可克服练习,记忆等因素造成的误差,但有时有“学会学习”即学会如何做测验的迁移效应,需要很好地加以控制。(4)测验复本编制起来比较麻烦,需要考虑很多项目。14. 标准化的内容,大致包括以下几个方面:(1)内容,(2)施测,(3)测验分数组合,(4)常模。15. 区分度又称鉴别度,对于区分度分析有两个方面,一个是题目内部一致性分析,即检查个别试题与整个测验之内间的一致性,另一个是外在效度的分析,在于检验每一个题目是否具有预定的某种鉴别作用,它依外在效标为依据, (例如学业成绩,工作表现或评定的分数)其两个方面的分析方法相同,有下列两种:⑴计算题目得分(反应)与测验总分之间的关联性—相关系数表示,因计分方式不同有不同的相关方法。(2)比较高分组与低分组在个别题目上通过的百分比,求区分度指标。16.. 问卷法的优点:(1)用问卷法收集资料,可不受人数限制,因此,抽样范围较广,在时间,经费方面,也比直接调查访问较为经济。(2)此法只需印刷费、邮费,所费不多,且易行。(3)问卷法可令被调查者有充分考虑的时间,不受别人干扰,并自由地表示意见,其结果将更为可靠。(4)所拟问题可尽量求其细密,凡在访问时不能直问,或问而不易得到真确回答的事项,皆可在问卷上得到较为满意与可靠的答案。问卷法的缺点:(1) 问题含糊不清,便不能得到确实的回答。(2) 所选样本,若不能代表某种团体的意见,其结果将不可靠,亦即要注意样本的代表性。而问卷法由于问卷的回收率较低,使样本的代表性难于保证。(3) 问题太多会令填答者生厌,故而置之不理,若问题太少,却又无法达到研究的目的。(4) 问题设计的不理想时,会散漫零乱,不易整理,且难以应用统计方法分析和对结果进行科学解释。(5) 当填答者不合作、言不由衷时,所得结果会不可靠。(6) 有些事情非常复杂,不能用问卷的简单问答所能表明。拉丁方设计的特点是:①每个因素在每个被试的实验次数相同;②每个顺序在每个因素的实验次数相同;③每个顺序在每个被试的实验次数相同。故拉丁方设计能够抵消实验中因实验顺序、被试差异等所造成的无关变量效果。9. 影响构想效度的主要因素主要包括以下两个方面:一是理论上的构想之代表性不充足,二是构想之代表性过宽,以致包括了无关的多余事物。四、1. (1)自变量的操作定义,(2)规定自变量的的不同水平(检查点或实验处理)。2. (1)规定好反映的操作定义,(2)因变量应具备的特点,(3)反映指标的平衡。3. 这些变量应该作为无关变量处理,控制方法:(1)用指导语控制,(2)主试对待被试者的态度应予规范化,(3)双盲实验法,(4)控制被试者的个体差异,(5)实验组控制组法。4. (1)操作控制的方法(无关变量的消除和无关变量保持恒定),(2)设计控制的方法(无关变量效果的平衡、无关变量的抵消、随机化方法和配对法、统计方法)。5. 影响内在效度的一些因素:⑴历史因素;⑵选择,这是指没有用随机取样的方法选择实验对象或进行分组;⑶成熟,是指随着时间的经过,被试者内部发生改变,而影响了实验结果的真实性;⑷测验经验的成长,测验经验是指对教育研究中常用的测验量表的应答技巧;⑸测量工具的稳定性;⑹统计回归因素,是指在取样时,选取某些特质位于两极端的被试,而这些被试在前后两次测试时,出现最高分和最低分的被试其得分向中间回归;⑺被试亡失;⑻选择与成熟之交互作用,选择不同被试可能与成熟之间存在交互作用,故也影响效度;⑼前测与实验处理的反作用效果;(10)霍桑效应、安慰剂效应、要求特征;(11)疲劳因素,由重复安排实验所产生的影响实验结果的因素。上述几方面都在不同程度上影响实验结果的内在效度,在研究设计上应予以严格控制。6. 影响统计结论效度的因素:⑴统计检定力低(决定统计检定力大小的一些因素有:a、样本大小,样本小统计检定力低。b、显著性水平α的大小。α越小,β错误就越大,统计检定力降低。因此显著性水平α的大小要合适,一般为.05, 但有些研究其统计推论错误不会造成严重后果或教育方面的研究,允许显著性水平α为0.10。c、因变量的误差变异(标准差)的大小,标准差越大,标准误也大,达到显著水平时,β错误增大。以上因素会影响统计检验能力,使之偏低,易犯第二类型错误。)(2)选用的统计方法依据的各种假设条件满足的程度。例如一般统计方法建立在随机变量的基础上,若数据本身不是随机变量,此时所用统计方法的依据不能满足,因而,其统计结论效度自然降低或没有效度。再如Τ检验,u检验,方差分析等都要求数据为随机的等距或等比的变量,总体分布为正态,其抽样分布亦为正态分布或Τ分布,或方差齐性,才可应用。(3)多重比较和误差变异(如果实验误差太大,标准误也大,实验处理的层次增加,摒弃虚无假设的可能性增加,α错误也增加。)(4)测量工具的信度;(5)实验处理执行的信度,即实施实验时遵守设计要求的程度。(6)实验环境内,无定性非相关事故的影响;(7)被试者的随机变异。上述后四种因素,皆影响误差变异的大小,如果误差变异增大,使β错误(Ⅱ型错误)增大,如果误差变异太小,又易犯第Ⅰ类型(α)错误,因此,选择好样本,严密研究设计,选择正确的统计检验方法,利用可靠的测量工具等会增加统计结论效度。7. (1)克服实验的过份人工情景化;(2)增加样本的代表性,这要求取样时一定注意随机化和代表性问题,增加取样的层次,会使样本代表性增大。另外,研究推论的范围不要超出取样的范围和层次;(3)保证测量工具的效度,研究中所使用的各种工具,必须能够正确的表达或显示所欲测定的特质,无论是仪器,还是教育测验量表,必须有效,才能保证研究的效度。请您删除一下内容,O(∩_∩)O 谢谢!!!2015 年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全,电大期末考试必备小抄,电大考试必过小抄 Many people have thesame mixed feelings when planning a trip duringGolden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-dayChinese 请您删除一下内容,O(∩_∩)O 谢谢!!!National Day holiday could be the best occasion toenjoy a destination. However, it can also be theeasiest way to ruin how you feel about a place andyou may e more fatigued after the holiday,due to battling the large crowds. During peakseason, a dream about a place can turn tonightmare without carefulplanning, especially if youtravel with children and olderpeople. As most Chinesepeople will take the holiday tovisit domestic touristdestinations, crowds and busytraffic are inevitable at mostplaces. Also to be expected areincreasing transport modation prices, withthe possibility that there will be no rooms available.It is mon that you' ll wait in the line forone hour to get a ticket, and another two hours atthe site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to thecrowds. Last year, 428 million tourists traveled inChina over the week-long holiday in October.Traveling during this period is a matter that needsthorough preparation. If you are short on time toplan the ing &Golden Week& it may not be abad idea to avoid some of the most crowded placesfor now. There is always a place sofascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is aplace like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlastingregardless of the changing of four seasons.Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonallandscape and mountains are just beyond word.Arxan is a crucial destination for the mendedtravelling route, &China Inner Mongolia Arxan —Hailar — Manzhouli&. It is also the joint of thefour prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border,where people gravitate towards the exoticatmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, andMongolia elements. As a historic site for the YitianBattle, Arxan still embodies the spirit of GenghisKhan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by akaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round-- the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, theSummer sea wavering blue in the breeze, theAutumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanictraces, and the Winter woods shining white on thevast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan cityis situated in the far eastern area of Inner MongoliaAutonomous Region. Its full name &Haren Arxan&means &hot holy water& in the Mongolian language.Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontierwith a blend of large forest, grand prairies, vastsnowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well asvolcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourismbase filled with healthy sunshine, clean air andunspoiled green. Nestled close to the country'slargest virgin forest, and known for its spring andecological environment, Arxan is marveled at bymany tourists as the purest land on earth. Youcannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It isdefinitely the best with brightly-colored scenery fullof emotions. Autumn in the northern part of es earlier than the South. A Septemberrain followed by the footprints of Autumn bringsmore colors to the once emerald green mountainand blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to seefor themselves the marvel of splendid colorsaround the mountains and waters, many of whomhave travel a long distance and even camp hereonly to capture a moment of the naturewonder. The silver birch turns golden, while thelarch is still proudly green. You will find yourselfdrowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits aswell as the glamour of flowers in full blown. Andyour heart will be lingering on the woods as it'stime for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesqueArxan in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only existsin a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. Ifit rains heavily on Saturday night, some elderlyChinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the WeavingMaid, is crying on the day she met her husbandNiulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. MostChinese remember being told this romantic tragedywhen they were children on Qixi, or the SeventhNight Festival, which falls on the seventh day of theseventh lunar month, which is usually in earlyAugust. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2.Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was acowherd, Niulang, who lived with his elder brotherand sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him,and the boy was forced to leave home with only anold cow pany. The cow, however, was aformer god who had violated imperial rules andwas sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cowled Niulang to a lake where fairies took a bath onearth. Among themwas Zhinu, the mostbeautiful fairy and askilled seamstress.The two fell in love atfirst sight and weresoon married. Theyhad a son anddaughter and theirhappy lifewas held upas anexample forhundreds ofyears inChina. Yet inthe eyes of the Jade Emperor, theSupreme Deity in Taoism, marriagebetween a mortal and fairy was strictlyforbidden. He ordered the heaven troop tocatch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when hediscovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven.Driven by Niulang's misery, the cow told him toturn its hide intoa pair of shoesafter it died. Themagic shoeswhisked Niulang,who carried histwo children inbaskets strungfrom a shoulderpole, off on achase after theempress. Thepursuit enragedthe empress, whotook her hairpinand slashed itacross the skycreating theMilky Way which separated husband from wife.But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their loveand devotion, formed a bridge across the MilkyWay to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperorwas touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu tomeet once a year on the seventh night of theseventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. Thefestival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up atthe sky and find a bright star in the constellationAquila as well as the star Vega, which are identifiedas Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine onopposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs Inbygone days, Qixi was not only a special day forlovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the&Begging for Skills Festival& or &Daughters'Festival.& In this day, girls will throw a sewingneedle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixias a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats ontop of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girlis a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray forfinding a good husband in the future. And thenewly married women pray to e pregnantquickly. Tradition transformed The love story ofNiulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have beenhanded down for generations. Yet these ancienttraditions and customs are slowly dying out. Manymodern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem toknow more about St Valentine's Day on February14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolatesand romantic candlelight dinners, than they doabout their home-grown day for lovers. Even Qixiis nowadays referred to as the &Chinese Valentine'sDay.& More and more young Chinese people beginto celebrate this day in a very similar way as that inwestern countries. Fewer people than ever will gazeat the heavens on Saturday to pick out the twostars shining bright on either side of the Milky Way,that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls.There are ready reminders dotted about, in theform of big ads saying &Sales on ChineseValentine's Day!& in shops, hotels and restaurants.But few young women will mark the festival withtheir boyfriends, or take part in traditionalactivities to pray for cleverness. A large-scaleof exhibition on the Silk Road opened to the publicin the National Museum on Thursday. Theexhibition displays more than 400 treasures fromShaanxi province, Gansu province and 14 otherregions. It is largest scale exhibition that shows thehistory of the Silk Road in recent years.As APEC is going on in Beijing, the exhibit aims toshow the world this brilliant section of history.The Silk Road is a series of trade and culturaltransmission routes that were central to culturalinteraction through regions of the Asian continent.It connected the West and East by linking traders,merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, andurban dwellers from China andIndia to theMediterraneanSea duringvarious periodsof time. I metmy dear hubbyin 2009 thesecond year Iwas in myschool and itwas the firstyear when he came here. Webecame colleagues. And there wasnothing special happening duringthat year. He was just a kind andhumble brother graduated from the same college asme. But we did not know each other till he becamemy colleague and his office desk was just in front ofme. There was only a glass between us. So actuallywe could see each other when we both look up. Butit is not the main reason that really draws us close.How we e close to each other was somethingseems quite natural. We went outto play badminton with othercolleagues and we sometimeschatted for a while. He is a manof few words but somehowsometimes will say somethingreally humorous. Then one day,to my great surprise, I found apot of beautiful flower on mydesk. It was just the flower I hadtalked about with my colleaguethe other day, and I thought itwas her who put the flower there.But the truth is not. It was thehumble guy sitting in front of me.He just simply said ,”well, Icaught sight of this flower andthought that it’s beautiful andyou may like it”. I wonder why I was movedbecause of these simple words and present. Maybeit is the sincerity and the true self that impress me.I thanked him and some colleagues walked past mydesk would appreciate the beautiful flower andthey noticed that something romance happenedthere. Then later on, there were some littlesurprises once in a while. Once, there wassomething wrong with my drawer and I plained about it unconsciously. And he fixed itfor me. Then the other day, he placed several pinkdiamond roses beside the flower with a piece ofpaper saying” I love you more than I can say!Diamond stands for marriage, rose stand for love. Ihope you are mine, e my wife. You are theonly girl who I really want to spend the rest of mylife to stand by.” Although there were somegrammar errors but I got what he meant. He meantso clear and so direct. And actually, I acceptedhim some days earlier. I was just waiting for him tobreak the ice. So finally, mon interests mon understanding brought us together.Some people say the relationship and the feelingwill change after getting hitched. You will find thatlove is no longer strong and there is always lack ofpassion and what’s worse you may find out manybad habits of your partner, which never appearwhen you are first in love before the marriage. Itseems that many faults turn up after you trulyliving together and see each other’s face themoment you open your eyes in the early morning.But after almost 4 years from now, I do not feel anynegative change in our relationship. During allthese years, we know each other better and e more tolerant about each other and Irealize that if you really love a person you ept his imperfect. And what is the qualificationof a good husband? Once I was chatting with mycolleague about this issue. And one of thequalifications I thought was that he must be a goodcook. But to my surprise, my colleague said that agood husband must be someone who makes bigmoney. What made her think so was quite beyondme. Maybe I am not sophisticated enough and whatI want is just simple life style. The most enjoyablething is that we go to the market to buy vegetablesand other daily stuffs if we both have time. Maybehe is a housebound husband and I love houseboundman. And there is another reason why We lovegoing to the market. That is because we sometimeswill get some surprises. The surprise is saving littlefish which are disserted by the fish mongers.Because these fish are swellfish. Then we willcollect them and set them free into the river.Swellfish are lovely creature. When they look like alittle submarine when they are swimming in thewater and look like a meat ball when you holdthem in your hand. And if they are scared, they willswell and look like a little ball. Every time we seethem swim away and we feel their happiness ofreturning home and this also make us cherish life.Maybe some will consider these behavior assomething childish. Well, that is fine with us. Welove doing these together and feel happy that iswhat it is all about. My dear hubby is a kindhearted man and he love animals just as I do. I amlucky to have someone who can be both myintimated soul mate and my forever friend.播放器加载中，请稍候...
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2015年电大本科《学前教育科研方法》期末复习考试资料小抄【电大考试必备】 电大《学前教育科研方法》期末复习资料小抄名词:1.学前教育科学研究答:按照某种途径,有组织,有计划,有系统地认识学前教育现象和建构学前教育理论的过程2. 文献综述答:是对某个时期或某个专题的若干文献进行系统组织和叙述性概括3. 抽样答:是从所研...
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