lua-users wiki: Modules Tutorial
Creating and using Modules
There are actually two ways to make modules, the old (and deprecated) way for 5.0 and early 5.1, and the new way for 5.1 and 5.2. We will mainly explain the new way, but also the old because a lot of programs that you might come across still use it.
Create an example file mymodule.lua with the following content:
local mymodule = {}
function mymodule.foo()
print("Hello World!")
return mymodule
Now to use this new module in the interactive interpreter, just do:
& mymodule = require "mymodule"
& mymodule.foo()
Hello World!
In an actual script file, it would be recommended to make the mymodule variable local:
local mymodule = require "mymodule"
mymodule.foo()
But since we're in the interactive interpreter, that would make it out of scope on the next line, so we have to put it in a global variable.
So that you can require the same module in different files without re-running the module code, Lua caches modules in the package.loaded table. To demonstrate this, say we changed foo in mymodule.lua to now print "Hello Module!" instead. If we just continued in the same session as above the following would happen:
& mymodule = require "mymodule"
& mymodule.foo()
Hello World!
To actually reload the module, we need to remove it from the cache first:
& package.loaded.mymodule = nil
& mymodule = require "mymodule"
& mymodule.foo()
Hello Module!
Another nice thing is that since they're ordinary tables stored in a variable, modules can be named arbitrarily. Say we think that "mymodule" is too long to type every time we want to use a function from it:
& m = require "mymodule"
Hello Module!
Other ways to create a module table
There are different ways of putting together a module table, that you can choose depending on your situation and personal preference:
Create a table at the top and add your functions to it:
local mymodule = {}
local function private()
print("in private function")
function mymodule.foo()
print("Hello World!")
function mymodule.bar()
mymodule.foo()
return mymodule
Make all functions local and put them in a table at the end:
local function private()
print("in private function")
local function foo()
print("Hello World!")
local function bar()
foo = foo,
bar = bar,
A combination of the two examples above:
local mymodule = {}
local function private()
print("in private function")
local function foo()
print("Hello World!")
mymodule.foo = foo
local function bar()
mymodule.bar = bar
return mymodule
You can even change the chunk's environment to store any global variables you create into the module:
local print = print
local M = {}
if setfenv then
setfenv(1, M)
local function private()
print("in private function")
function foo()
print("Hello World!")
function bar()
Or if you don't want to have to save all the globals you need into locals:
local M = {}
local globaltbl = _G
local newenv = setmetatable({}, {
__index = function (t, k)
local v = t[k]
if v == nil then return globaltbl[k] end
__newindex = M,
if setfenv then
setfenv(1, newenv)
_ENV = newenv
local function private()
print("in private function")
function foo()
print("Hello World!")
function bar()
Note that it might make access to global and module variables a bit slower, since it uses an __index function. And the reason an empty "proxy" table is used instead of giving the module an __index metamethod pointing to _G is because this would happen:
& require "mymodule"
& mymodule.foo()
Hello World!
& mymodule.print("example")
The old way of creating modules
Lua 5.0 and 5.1 have a module function that's used like this:
mymodule.lua:
module("mymodule", package.seeall)
function foo()
print("Hello World!")
And it would be used like this:
& require "mymodule"
& mymodule.foo()
Hello World!
The way it works is it creates a new table for the module, stores it in the global named by the first argument to module, and sets it as the environment for the chunk, so if you create a global variable, it gets stored in the module table.
This would make it so the module can't see global variables (like print). One solution would be so store all needed standard functions in locals before calling module, but that can be tedious, so the solution was module's second parameter, which should be a function that's called with the module table as the parameter. package.seeall gives the module a metatable with an __index that points to the global table, so the module can now use global variables. The problem with this is that the user of the module can now see global variables through the module:
& require "mymodule"
& mymodule.foo()
Hello World!
& mymodule.print("example")
This is strange and unexpected at best, and could be a security hole at worst (if you give the module to a sandboxed script).
The reason module is deprecated, apart from the above issue, is the fact that it forces a global name onto the user of the module, and the fact that in 5.2 a function can't change the environment of its caller (at least not without the debug library), making module impossible to implement.
Modules for 5.0 and older ones for 5.1 use this, but 5.2 and new 5.1 modules should use the new way (returning a table).
The package table
As already mentioned above Lua uses the package library to manage modules.
package.path (for modules written in Lua) and package.cpath (for modules written in C) are the places where Lua looks for modules. They are semicolon-separated lists, and each entry can have a ? in it that's replaced with the module name. This is an example of what they look like:
& =package.path
./?./usr/local/share/lua/5.1/?./usr/local/share/lua/5.1/?/init./usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/?./usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/?/init./usr/share/lua/5.1/?./usr/share/lua/5.1/?/init.lua
& =package.cpath
./?./usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/?./usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lua/5.1/?./usr/lib/lua/5.1/?./usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/loadall.so
package.loaded is a table, where the already loaded modules are stored by name. As mentioned before, this acts as a cache so that modules aren't loaded twice, instead require first tries getting the module from this table, and if it's nil, then it tries loading.
package.preload is a table of functions associated with module names. Before searching the filesystem, require checks if package.preload has a matching key. If so, the function is called and its result used as the return value of require.
The other fields aren't really important for general use of Lua modules, but if you are interested in how the module system works they are described in detail in the manual:
For more and in-depth information see the sample chapter of Programming in Lua, 2nd Edition
- explains the relationship between the various ways of loading external code in Lua
- various ways to define modules
& Last edited October 28,From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
needs additional
for . Please help by adding . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially
or harmful. (July 2013)
Robert George "Bobby" Seale (born October 20, 1936) is an American political activist. With
he co-founded the .
Seale was the oldest of three children, having a younger brother, Jon, and a younger sister, Betty. He was born in ,
to George Seale, a carpenter, and Thelma Seale (née Traylor), a homemaker. The Seale family lived in poverty during most of Bobby Seale's early life. After moving around Texas, first to Dallas, San Antonio, and Port Arthur, his family later relocated to ,
when he was eight years old. Seale attended , then dropped out and joined the
in 1955. He was discharged for bad conduct three years after joining for fighting with a commanding officer at the
in South Dakota. After being discharged from the Air Force, Seale worked as a sheet metal mechanic for different aerospace plants while earning his high school diploma at night. After earning his high school diploma, Seale attended
until 1962 where he studied engineering and politics. While in college, Bobby Seale joined the Afro-American Association (AAA), a group on campus devoted to advocating black separatism. Through this AAA group, Seale met . While in college he also became a member of . Seale married and had a son, Malik Nkrumah Stagolee.
Bobby Seale and , heavily inspired by , the civil rights leader assassinated in 1965, and his teachings, joined together in October 1966 to create the Black Panthers, later known as the
for self-defense who adopted the slain activist's slogan “Freedom by any means necessary” as their own. Seale and Newton created the Black Panther Party to resist police brutality and t using violence if necessary. Seale was known to have said that the Black Panthers didn't carry guns unless authorized in a matter of self-defense. They weren't looking for violence, but were willing to if that is what it came to. It is "an organization that represents black people and many white radicals relate to this and understand that the Black Panther Party is a righteous revolutionary front against this racist decadent, capitalistic system." Seale became known as the chairman of the Black Panther Party and underwent
surveillance as part of its
In 1968, Seale wanted the public to know about the formation and the history of the Black Panthers. He wrote the book, Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, later published in 1970. This book describes the evolution of the Black Panthers and the continuous struggle for human liberation.
Bobby Seale was one of the original "" defendants charged with
and inciting to riot, in the wake of the , in . Bobby Seale, while in prison, states, "To be a Revolutionary is to be an Enemy of the state. To be arrested for this struggle is to be a Political Prisoner." The evidence against Seale was slim as he was a last-minute replacement for
and had been in Chicago for only two days of the convention. On November 5, 1969, Judge
sentenced him to four years in prison for 16 counts of , each count accounting for three months of his imprisonment, because of his outbursts, and eventually ordered Seale severed from the case, hence the "". During the trial, one of Seale's many outbursts led the judge to have him bound and gagged, as commemorated in the song "" written by
and mentioned in the poem and song "H2Ogate Blues" by .
Seale on trial in 1970, State Attorney Arnold Markle in the background.
The trial of the Chicago Eight was depicted in the 1987
television movie Conspiracy: The Trial of the Chicago 8, whose script relied heavily upon transcripts from the court proceedings. Seale was portrayed by actor .
While serving his four-year sentence, Seale was put on trial again in 1970 in the . Several officers of the Panther organization had murdered a fellow Panther, , who had confessed under torture to being a police informant. The leader of the murder plan, , turned state's evidence and testified that he had been ordered to kill Rackley by Seale himself, who had visited New Haven only hours before the murder. The New Haven trials were accompanied by a large demonstration in New Haven on , 1970, which coincided with the beginning of the American college . The jury was unable to reach a verdict in Seale's trial, and the charges were eventually dropped. The government suspended his convictions and Seale was released from prison in 1972. While in prison Seale’s wife, Artie, became pregnant allegedly by fellow Panther . Bennett’s murdered and mutilated remains were found in a suspected Panther hideout in April 1971. Seale was implicated in the murder with police suspecting he had ordered it in retaliation for the affair. However, no charges were pressed. Seale wrote an article titled, One Less Oppressor that shows appreciation of the murder of Bennett and stated, "The people have now come to realize that the only way to deal with the oppressor is to deal on our own terms and this was done."
After the release of Seale, the Black Panther Party wanted to clean up their reputation and announced that they would be instituting a breakfast program. Their slogan for this program was, "The Youth We Are Feeding Will Surely Feed the Revolution." The Panthers helped prepare and serve breakfast to the children at the Concord Baptist Church near Berkeley, California. They distributed breakfast daily at the church and later expanded to distributing breakfast to
at the . Seale also ran for Mayor of
in 1973. He received the second-most votes in a field of nine candidates but ultimately lost in a run-off with incumbent Mayor . In 1974 Seale and Huey Newton argued over a proposed movie about the Panthers that Newton wanted
to produce. According to several accounts the argument escalated to a fight where Newton, backed by his armed bodyguards, beat Seale with a bullwhip so badly that Seale required extensive medical treatment for his injuries, went into hiding for nearly a year, and ended his affiliation with the Party in 1974. Seale denied any such physical altercation took place, dismissing rumors that he and Newton were ever less than friends.
In 1978, Seale wrote an autobiography entitled A Lonely Rage. Also, in 1987, Bobby Seale wrote a cookbook called Barbeque'n with Bobby Seale: Hickory & Mesquite Recipes, the proceeds going to various non-profit social organizations. Seale also advertised
ice cream.
In the early 1990s, Seale appeared on the TV documentary series Cold War, reminiscing about events in the 1960s. In 2002, Seale began dedicating his time to Reach!, a group focused on youth education programs. He has also taught
in . Seale appears in 's book , renamed Barry Seaman. Also in 2002, Seale moved back to Oakland, working with young political advocates to influence social change. In 2006 Seale appeared in the documentary film
to discuss his friendship with .
Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, Arrow Books and Hutchinson & Co., 1970. Reprint
A Lonely Rage - The Autobiography of Bobby Seale, 1978.
Pearson, Hugh. The Shadow of the Panther: Huey P. Newton and the Price of Black Power in America, Addison-Wesley, 1994.
at Spartacus Educational
Bagley, Mark. . Penn State University Libraries. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
at Discover the Networks.org
at Shmoop.
Jason Mitchell, , History in an Hour, June 15, 2012.
The Black Panther Leaders Speak pp. 21-22, On Violent Revolution.
. diva.sfsu.edu.
The Black Panther Leaders Speak, p. 23. On Violent Revolution.
iPad iPhone Android TIME TV Populist The Page (). . TIME.
. Yale.edu.
. The Palm Beach Post, April 21, 1971.
Jama Lazerow, Yohuru R. Williams. In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University Press. 2006, p. 170.
The Black Panther Leaders Speak, p. 24, On Violent Revolution.
The Black Panther Leaders Speak p. 23. On Violent Revolution.
at 's online library
Kate Coleman and . The Party’s Over. . July 10, 1978.
Hugh Pearson, The Shadow of the Panther, 1994.
. Ur.umich.edu. .
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Wikiquote has quotations related to:
, American Black Journal
, Daily Bleed Calendar
: Hidden categories:seall是什么意思_百度知道
seall是什么意思
seal是封口，密封的意思，还有其他近似的含俯激碘刻鄢灸碉熏冬抹义。seall这个词型不对，后面应该还有字母，也许是sealler.
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collapse all是什么意思
中文翻译全部坍塌；全部折叠使所有装配树合并收缩所有隐藏明细科目 (全部摺叠):&&&&vi. 1.(屋顶等)倒塌，塌下；(政府等)崩溃，瓦解。 ...:&&&&adj. 1.所有的，全部的，整个的，一切的。 2.非常 ...
例句与用法1.Collapses all nodes in the current tree view折叠当前树视图中的所有节点。 2.From the shortcut menu . choose collapse all in从“大纲显示”子菜单中选择“全部折叠: < 3.To restore automatic outlining and collapse all expanded sections恢复自动大纲显示并折叠所有已展开的部分4.Collapses all the categories in the中的所有类别。 5.Alt up arrow collapses all links , not just the ones selectedAlt +向上键折叠所有链接，而不仅仅是选定的链接。 6.Collapse block collapse all in折叠块/全部折叠7.Collapses all the tree nodes折叠所有树节点。 8.To collapse all definitions折叠所有定义9.Collapse all tree nodes折叠所有树节点10.Check this to keep today ' s title expanded when clicking collapse all menu item验证这个到保存今天标题扩展当按触倒塌全部菜单项目&&更多例句：&&1&&
相邻词汇热门词汇}