2014年江苏省南京市溧水区中考二模英语试题及答案
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2014年江苏省南京市溧水区中考二模英语试题及答案
==&编辑推荐==
注意：1.本试卷共90分，考试时间90分钟；
2.请将所有答案都写在答题纸上。
第一卷 选择题（共40分）
一．& 单选填空（共15题，每小题1分，满分15分）
1. I forgot to bring my pen, would you please lend ________ to me?
A. one&& &&&&&&&B. that&&& &&&&&&&&&&&& &C. it&& &&&&&&& D. this&
2. &May I go swimming this afternoon?
& & I'm afraid not _______ you have finished your homework.
A. if& &&&&&&&&& B. unless&&&& &&&&&&& C. because&&& D. but
3. & What do you want to eat for lunch? I will prepare it earlier today.
& & You_____, mum. Let&s go out to have something different.
A. mustn&t& &&&&&& B. can&t&&&&&& &&&& C. shouldn&t&&& D. don&t have to
4. My bike is broken, so I have to go to school _________ my mother's.
A. by&&&&&&&&&&& B. in&&&&&&&& &C. on&&&&&&& &&D. with
5. &Liu Qian is good at doing the tricks with the cards.
&Yes, but if you watch carefully, you can see _______he does them.
&& A. who&&&&&&&&&&& B. what&&&&& &&&&&C. which&&&&&& D. how
6. &Mr. Smith, would you please speak a little more ________?
&Sorry! I thought you could follow me.
A. quietly&&&&& &&B. slowly&&& &C. quickly& &&&&&D. politely
7. Trees and flowers ________every year to make our country more beautiful.
A. is planted&&& &&B. was planted &&&&&&C. are planted &&&&&&D. were planted
8. _______ of the students will take part in the sports meeting.
A. Three five&&&&& & B. Three fives&& &&&&C. Three fifth&&& &&& &D. Three fifths
9. As a volunteer, he often goes to the hospital to ________ the sick.
A. cheer up&&&&& &&&&&& B. fix up&& &&& &&&&&& C. set up& &&& &&&&&& D. put up
10. I first met Lisa three years ago. She ________ at a radio shop at the time.&
& A. worked&&&&& B. was working& &&C. has worked& &&D. has been working
11. Oh, dear! There isn&t enough _____ for us in the lift. Let&s wait for the next.
A. floor&&& &&&&&&&&&& B. seat&&&& && &&&&&&&&&&&& C. room& &&&&&&&&D. ground&
12. _______ ways to get on well with your classmates, or you will make yourself very lonely.
A. To find&&&&&&& B. Find&&&&& &&C. Finding& &&&&D. Found
13. The teacher asked the students________________.
A. where did they go&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&B. that they should do it carefully
C. if their parents allowed them to come here&&&& D. how they can finish it in such a short time
14. &Didn't the robot have a rest?
&_______. Because it never gets tired.
A. Yes, it did&&& &&& B. No, it didn't&&&&& C. Yes, it had& & D. No, it hadn&t
15. & Have you been wasting time on cartoons again?
&& & __________. I&ve been working all the time and I need a break.
A. Not really&&&& B. No way&&&&&& C. That&s all right&&&& D. I couldn&t agree more
二．完形填空（共10题，每小题1分，满分10分）
Sneakers are a kind of shoes worn by many people all over the world. &&&16&& , no one really knows where the word &sneaker& came from. Some say it came from the old English verb &sneak&, which means to move silently and quickly. The only thing we are &&& 17& &&is that when you put on a pair of sneakers, you feel light-hearted, light-footed and ready to play.
Sneakers of some kind are used by those&who play tennis, basketball, and other sports. New design has been made && &18&& &&for people who run slowly. In fact American children of &&& 19&& &&ages would much rather play in sneakers than anything else.
New York City once held a poetry competition for children. The subject was only &sneaker&. One prize winner called &&& 20&& &poem &The Sneaker and the World Peace&. &When everyone is wearing sneakers,& she said, &it will be impossible to &&& &21&& &.&
American school children can be seen every day &&& 22&&& &sneakers of all colors. They put them on in the morning and take them off at bedtime. Sneakers are&& 23& &washed. Some children think the older and dirtier they are, the &&&24&& &&loveable they are. When their sneakers wear out, children hate to throw them off. How do you explain the closeness between &&&25&& and sneakers? Perhaps another young winner&in the New York Poetry Contest said it best. &A shoe is just a shoe,& he said. &But a sneaker is a friend.&
16. A. However&
B. If&&&&&&
17. A. excited about&
B.&&pleased with
C. surprised at&
D. sure of&
18. A. lovely&&&
B.&&lively&
C. specially&&
D. cheaply
19. A. all&&
B. some&&&&
C. little&&&&&
20. A. his&
B.&&&her&&&&&&
21. A. explain&&
B. guide&&
C. hate&&&&
22. A. dressing&
B. wearing
C. putting on&
23. A. always
B. usually&&
C.&sometimes&&
D. seldom&
24. A. much&
25. A. children
C. other shoes
D. winners
三．阅读理解（共15题，每小题1分，满分15分）
Happy birthday to Wally
Welcome to Formosa Zoo! Our beloved llama, Wally, will be 5 years old on Nov. 14. Come and join us to celebrate his birthday.
Picture Drawing
Let&s decorate Wally&s home together&
School students under 12 are invited
to draw pictures of Wally
Time: 12:30p.m.&2:30p.m.
Place: Children&s Park
Grandpa Lin&s Story Time
Where is Wally from?
What is Wally&s favorite food?
Is Wally married?
Want to know more about Wally?
Let Grandpa Lin tell you!!
&The Little Theatre
10:30a.m.---11:30
The Birthday Party&
Wally will be happy to see you at his birthday party from 3:00p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at Children&s Park.
Come and enjoy cakes, drinks, and music, and take pictures with Wally.
Special presents for people who were born on Nov.14
Best Wishes to Wally
Write down your best wishes for Wally.
26. Llama is a(n) _____.
A. zoo&&& &&&&&&&&&&&& B. boy&& &&&&&&&&&&&& C. animal&& & D. child
27. Who can be invited to draw a picture of Wally?
A. Susan, a college student who studies art.
B. Tony, a father who loves drawing animals.
C. Tom, a high school student who loves drawing.
D. Linda, a primary school student who loves drawing.
28. How long will Wally&s birthday party last?
&& A. Thirty minutes.&& B. Two hours.&&& C. Three hours.&&&&& D. Four hours.
29. The Browns will visit Formosa Zoo on Nov.14. Who can get a special present?
A. Ted. He will draw a picture of Wally.
B. Susan. She will send an email to Formosa Zoo.
C. Mr Brown. He has the same birthday as Wally.
D. Mrs Brown. She will help make cakes for Wally&s party.
30. Mary wants to learn about Wally&s life and history. Which activity should she join?
A. Grandpa Lin&s Story Time&&&&& B. Picture Drawing
C. The Birthday Party&&&&&&&&&& &D. Best Wishes to Wally
Most people will tell you that they can&t work without a cup of coffee in the morning. Research has shown that a cup of coffee does give a person slight excitement.
Legend said that Kaldi, an Ethiopian, found his goats happier while enjoying coffee plants. Curiously, he tasted the leaves and began to dance around. Whether the Legend was true or not, the discovery of coffee dates back to 800A. D. Soon Arabians were roasting coffee beans. Muslims were drinking coffee to stay awake by 1000 A.D. A merchant from Venice introduced coffee to Europe in 1615. By 1696, the Dutch started growing the coffee bush in Java. By 1723, coffee plants were introduced to the Americans. Today, coffee is the most popular drink in the world.
Caffeine is the major chemical in coffee. It blocks(阻止) adenosine, a chemical that makes you sleepy. People can get a pick-me-up or stimulation(刺激) from the drink. The stimulation does not last long. Caffeine poisoning can occur if more than 400 milligrams of caffeine is drunk in a short period, which is about four to five cups of coffee. Caffeine will also cause sleep difficulty, so it should not be drunk before bed.
Caffeine has many advantages. Studies have shown that it helps improve some skills in elderly women. Women who drank three cups of coffee daily scored higher on memory tests than women who drank one cup of coffee. According , one cup of coffee a day protects the brain. Coffee also can help people keep away from many diseases according .
Large amounts of coffee can cause nervousness, worries and a fast heartbeat. However, if you mix coffee with milk, it&s fine. Caffeine can be addictive like any drug. The more you drink, the more you depend on it. For some people, just one cup of coffee a day is OK.
31.Who found the most popular drink in the world according to the Legend?
A. An Ethiopian.&&&& B. Arabians.&&&&& C. Muslims.&&&& D. The Dutch.
32. When was the coffee introduced to Europe?
&& A. In the 1710s.&&&& B. In the 1610s.&& C. In the 1690s.& D. In the 1720s.
33. From the third paragraph we can learn ___________.
A. caffeine can make people sleepy&& B. adenosine can make people awake
C. about four to five cups of coffee will cause sleep difficulty
D. coffee isconsidered harmful if it is taken in a large amount
34. The fourth paragraph mainly tells us ___________.
A. the importance of coffee&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. the good effects of coffee
C. the bad effects of coffee&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. the development of coffee
35. If you like drinking coffee, you had better_______.
&& A. drink it before bed&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. give up this bad habit
&& C. drink one cup of coffee a day&&&&&&&& D. drink more coffee than milk
Cats& sense of smell is very important to their health. Many cat owners have seen a cat smell the food and refuses it. Careful sniffing tells the cat if something is safe to eat.
Cats have a pair of vomeronasal organs(犁鼻器) on the roof of the mouth. When the cat wants to sniff, she will breathe the air in through her mouth. At this moment, she will often squint(斜视) her eyes and maybe even flatten(使&平坦) her ears. This makes her look like she is making faces. The vomeronasal organs will then analyze the smell---almost as if the cat is tasting the smell.
When you come home from outside the house, your cat can smell what you had for lunch andfor a mid-afternoon snack. She can smell the people you shook hands with and your neighbour you stopped to talk to and hug. She can smell the grass brought under your shoes as you took a shortcut across the lawn. Your cat&s sense of smell is so good that she can smell difference between a gallon of water with a teaspoon of salt in it and plain water. In comparison, we think of salt as completely tasteless.
Cats have scent glands(臭腺) on each side of the forehead, on the chin, the lips and next to the tail. When your cat rubs up against your hand, your leg, the sofa, and your bed, she is leaving her scent in those things. She will then use her sense of smell to recognize &her& things, people and even other pets in the home.
If you want to have fun with your cat&s sense of smell, take some small bits of different things, such as a bit of chicken, some flowers and some fish. Place each different scent under a piece of paper towel(so your cat cannot see any of them) andencourage your cat to investigate and find what kind of food she likes to eat best.
36. Cats know whether the food is fit to eat or not with their____________.
A. sense of touch&&&&& B. scent glands&& C. organs of smell&& D. sense of taste
37. The third paragraph was written mainly to prove that _____________.
A. cats are very smart&&&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&B. cats have a good sense as dogs
C. salty water has a special smell&&&&&&&&& D. cats& sense of smell is excellent
38. What does your cat do when it rubs against your foot?
A. She puts her scent on it.&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. She shows respect to you.
C. She asks you to play with her.&&&&&&&& D. She smells where you were just now.
39. What does the word &investigate& mean in the last paragraph?
A. Smell.&&&&&&& B. See.&&&&&&&&&&& C. Search.&&&&&&&&& D. Send.
40. The passage mainly tells us _________________.
A. cats are one of our best friends&&&&&& B. cats have sharp sense of smell
C. sense of smell is very important&&&&& D. cats know if something is safe to eat
第二卷 非选择题（共50分）
三．& 填空（共15题，每小题1分，满分15分）
A）根据括号中所给的汉语写出单词，使句子意思完整正确，并将答案填写在答题纸标号为41&45的相应位置上。
41. Those boys like playing hide-and-seek and often hide __________(在&之中) the trees.
42. How beautiful she is and her skin is as _________(光滑的)as silk.
43. She is looking forward to &&&&&&&&(收到) letters from her friends.
44. The heavy smog makes it more difficult for us to see traffic signs _________(清楚地).
45. After several &&&&&&&&(星期) study, we will have our senior high school entrance exam.
B）根据句子意思，用括号中所给单词的正确形式填空，并将答案填写在答题纸标号为46&50的相应位置上。
46. In the morning, taking a walk and _________(breathe) some fresh air are good for your health.
47. He was ___________(terrible) hurt and had to stay in hospital for a long time.
48. Many _________(wood) houses have been built for the tourists in this area recently.
49. Mr. Brown _____________ (prefer) hiking to running when he was in his twenties.
50. Tian&anmen Square is always filled with __________(visit) on National Day.
C）根据短文内容，从下面方框中选择适当的短语填空，使短文内容完整正确，并将答案填写在答题纸标号为51&55的相应位置上。
the large number of, more than, hurried back, on a business trip, taken a train&&&
President Xi Jinping came to the Qing Feng Steamed Dumpling Shop for lunch on December 28th, 2013. Since then, the set meal of the president has been popular in China. Sun, a 33-year-old soldier, could have been home on Monday if he had &&&&51&& &from Weifang, Shandong province. He would go &&&52&& &to Liaoning province. But he chose to change trains in Beijing with his five boxes. Sun arrived at the shop at about noon to join a line &&&&53&& &50 meters long. After waiting for nearly half an hour, he took his &president's meal&. Then Sun joined another line to wait for a chance to sit in Xi's seat and have his photo taken there. Sun then quickly moved to another table because of &&&54&&&& &people who were waiting for their turns to be photographed at Xi's table. &The greatest honor I had during my stay in Beijing was to have a set meal of the president,& he said. After getting one more photo of himself in front of the shop, Sun &&&55&& &to the train station.
五．阅读填空（共20题，每小题1分，满分20分）
A）阅读下面短文，根据所读内容，在文章后第56到65小题的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词，并将答案填写在答题纸标号为56&65的相应位置上。
Blood donation, also called blood banking, is a wonderful thing to do. It is an easy and direct way of making a contribution to social work and having a big effect on the community. It helps to save lives and helps those who are in need of blood because of bad conditions or the heavy loss of blood during operations or in accidents.
You are able to give or donate blood every three or four months. The doctors say it is not bad for your health. It is such a beautiful way of making a huge difference to someone&s life and you can always be proud of it if you make a valuable contribution to society. Blood donation is not a big problem, but you need to keep a few points in mind.
Before donating blood, make sure that the ferrum(铁) level in your body is high enough and for that you should take a healthy diet. Do not go for blood donation with an empty stomach. You should follow the correct process so that everything goes well. After having a balanced diet you will feel strong and comfortable to donate blood. You will not feel weak at the same time.
For required hemoglobin(血红蛋白) in your body, drink lots of juice and other drinks. Fruit juice, such as apple juice is very good for increasing the blood level in your body.
For a good blood flow(血流) in your body, drink at least 6-7 glasses of water every day. Completely avoid taking alcohol or caffeine a day before and after giving blood. Do not smoke cigarettes(烟) half an hour before giving blood.
When you are going for blood donation, be relaxed, which helps keep the right blood pressure(血压). During the blood donation activity, you can breathe deeply and try to calm yourself down. Don&t take part in some other activities.
When you donate blood, you are making the effort to save someone&s life. Blood donation is a very simple and fast process, but you need to take care of yourself after donating blood. Proper care helps to reduce side effects. The following are a few tips that will help you out.
Take a rest for 15 minutes after completion of the donation. It helps you to feel relaxed and energetic.
Eat something and drink juice before leaving the blood donation center. Make sure that you have meals after donating blood. Smoking should be prevented for one hour after the process. Don&t join in some activities at once, for example, driving.
Finally, be proud of yourself because you have done a great thing in helping to save someone&s life. Blood donation is a very important activity.
Blood donation& an important activity
The &&&&&56&&&&&
&of blood donation
²&&&&&&& Making contributions to &&&57&& &work and the community.
²&&&&&&& Helping those people who suffer the &&&&58&& &of blood.
Before the donation
²&&&&&&& Take a healthy diet for a &&&&&59&&&& &ferrum level.
²&&&&&&& Drink fruit juice for enough hemoglobin.
²&&&&&&& Drink at least 6-7 glasses of water a day for a good blood flow.
²&&&&&&& Avoid taking alcohol and &&&&60&& &cigarettes.
²&&&&&&& Never take &&&&&61&&& &in other activities.
During the donation
²&&&&&&& Relax and take a &&&&&62&&& &breath.
After the donation
²&&&&&&& Take a rest.
²&&&&&&& Don&t forget meals.
²&&&&&&& Don&t smoke &&&&&63&&&& &one hour later after the process.
²&&&&&&& Never join in some activities &&&&&64&&&&& .
²&&&&&&& Giving yourself a sense of &&&65&&& &of it after making a valuable contribution to society.
B）根据短文内容和首字母提示，填入所缺单词，并将答案填写在答题纸标号为66&75的相应位置上。（共10小题；每小题1分，计10分）
Have you watched The Man from the Star. Many Chinese people are c&& 66&& &about it. It was first on TV on December 18, 2013 in Korea. Then it was sold to China where it&s been viewed f&& 67& &14.5 billion times. It tells a love story. The m&& 68&& &characters are Do Min Joon and Cheon Song Yi. Do Min Joon is an alien who l&& 69& &&on the earth 400 years ago in Korea and fell in love. Fast forward to present, he still lives a& 70&& &and has the young and handsome appearance as he first arrived on earth with superpower. He meets his f& 71&& &love&s doppelganger(面貌相似的人) &Cheon Song Yi, and falls in love with her. Chicken and beer, Cheon Song Yi&s favorite food, become very popular in China. A company boss even let his workers have a day o& 72&& &just to catch the series final and eat fried chicken and beer at KFC. A few days ago, a young couple got Acute Pancreatitis(胰腺炎) just because of e&& 73& &too much fried chicken and beer. Yan Feng, a professor at Fudan University, says the new wave of South Korean drama is trying to attract a wider audience when he is i&& 74&& . &It is interesting to explore what elements of those dramas attract the audience. It&s obviously more than just pretty f& 75& &and beautiful love stories,& says Yan.&
六．书面表达（满分15分）
日，第二届世界青年奥运会将在南京举行，为了把一个美丽的南京展现给世人，日，南京市政府发布了致各单位及市民的一封信，号召大家积极参加&环境大扫除&。假如你是《今日溧水报》的小记者，请写一份倡议书，倡导市民们积极行动起来，作为中学生也可以做些力所能及的事，请至少列出1或2点。
相关热词搜索：From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about common table salt.
For salts in chemistry, see .
For table salt used in chemistry, see .
For other uses, see .
Salt deposits beside the .
Red rock salt from Pakistan
Common salt is a
composed primarily of
belonging to
salt in its natural form as a
mineral is known as rock salt or . Salt is present in vast quantities in , where it is the main the open ocean has about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of solids per litre, a
of 3.5%. , and saltiness is one of the . The tissues of animals contain larger quantities of salt t therefore the typical diets of nomads who subsist on their flocks and herds require little or no added salt, whereas cereal-based diets require supplementation. Salt is one of the oldest and most ubiquitous of food seasonings, and
is an important method of .
Some of the earliest evidence of salt processing dates to around 8,000 years ago, when people living in
were boiling
has been found which dates to approximately the same period. Salt was prized by the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and the Egyptians. Salt became an important article of trade and was transported by boat across the Mediterranean Sea, along specially built salt roads, and across the Sahara in camel caravans. The scarcity and universal need for salt has led nations to go to war over salt and use it to raise tax revenues. Salt is also used in religious ceremonies and has other cultural significance.
Salt is produced from
of seawater () or mineral-rich spring water in shallow pools. Its major industrial products are
and , and it is used in many industrial processes and in the manufacture of , ,
and many other products. Of the annual production of around two hundred million
of salt, only about 6% is used f other uses include water conditioning processes, de-icing highways and agricultural use. Edible salt is sold in forms such as sea salt and table salt which usually contains an
and may be
to prevent . As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in many processed foods. ; it raises
and may increase the risk of
recommends that adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium which is equivalent to 5 grams of salt per day.
Main article:
Salt production in
While people have used
and artificial
to preserve food for the last hundred years or so, salt has been the best-known food preservative, especially for meat, for many thousands of years. A very ancient saltworks operation has been discovered at the Poiana Slatinei archaeological site next to a salt spring in , , Romania. Evidence indicates that
people of the
were boiling the salt-laden spring water through the process of
to extract the salt as far back as 6050 BC. The salt extracted from this operation may have had a direct correlation to the rapid growth of this society's population soon after its initial production began. The harvest of salt from the surface of
in , China, dates back to at least 6000 BC, making it one of the oldest verifiable saltworks.
There is more salt in animal tissues such as meat, blood and milk, than there is in plant tissues.
who subsist on their flocks and herds do not eat salt with their food, but agriculturalists, feeding mainly on cereals and vegetable matter, need to supplement their diet with salt. With the spread of civilization, salt became one of the world's main trading commodities. It was of high value to the ancient Hebrews, the Greeks, the Romans, the Byzantines, the Hittites and other peoples of antiquity. In the Middle East, salt was used to ceremonially seal an agreement, and the ancient Hebrews made a "covenant of salt" with God and sprinkled salt on their offerings to show their trust in Him. An ancient practice in time of war was : scattering salt around in a defeated city in order to prevent plant growth.
was ordered by God to do this at , and various texts claim that the
ploughed over and sowed the city of
with salt after it was defeated in the
Ponds near , fed from a mineral spring and used for salt production since the time of the .
Salt may have been used for
in connection with the
described salt trading routes across Libya back in the 5th century BC. In the early years of the Roman Empire, roads such as the
were built for the transportation of salt from the salt pans of
to the capital. Salt was included among funeral offerings found in
tombs from the third millennium BC, as were salted birds, and salt fish. From about 2800 BC, the Egyptians began exporting salt fish to the
in return for , the Phoenicians traded Egyptian salt fish and salt from
throughout their Mediterranean trade empire.
In Africa, salt was used as currency south of the Sahara, and slabs of rock salt were used as coins in . Moorish merchants in the 6th century traded salt for gold, weight for weight. The
have traditionally maintained routes across the
especially for the transportation of salt by
(salt caravans). The caravans still cross the desert from southern Niger to , although much of the trade now takes place by truck. Each camel takes two bales of
and two of trade goods northwards and returns laden with salt pillars and dates.
lie within 17 km (11 mi) of each other on the river Salzach in central Austria in an area with extensive salt deposits.
literally means "salt river" and Salzburg "salt castle", both taking their names from the
word Salz meaning salt and Hallstatt was the site of the world's first . The town gave its name to the
that began mining for salt in the area in about 800 BC. Around 400 BC, the townsfolk, who had previously used
and , began . During the first millennium BC, Celtic communities grew rich trading salt and
in exchange for wine and other luxuries. The word
originates from : salarium which referred to the money paid to the 's soldiers for the purchase of salt. The word salad literally means "salted", and comes from the ancient Roman practice of salting .
Wars have been fought over salt.
fought and won a war with
over the product, and it played an important part in the . Cities on overland trade routes grew rich by levying , and towns like
flourished on the export of salt extracted from the salt mines of Cheshire. Various governments have at different times imposed salt taxes on their peoples. The voyages of
are said to have been financed from salt production in southern Spain, and the oppressive
in France was one of the causes of the . After being repealed, this tax was reimposed by
when he became emperor to pay for his foreign wars, and was not finally abolished until 1945. In 1930,
led at least 100,000 people on the "Dandi March" or "", in which protesters made their own salt from the sea thus defying
and avoiding paying the . This
inspired millions of common people, and elevated the
from an elitist movement to a national struggle.
image of a grain of table salt
Main article:
Salt is mostly , the
NaCl, representing equal proportions of
and freshly mined salt (much of which is sea salt from prehistoric seas) also contain small amounts of
(which in these small amounts are generally good for plant and animal ). Mined salt is often refined in the prod it is dissolved in water, purified via
of other minerals out of solution, and reevaporated. During this same refining process it is often also . Salt crystals are translucen they normally appear white but impurities may give them a blue or purple tinge. The
of salt is 58.443 g/mol, its melting point is 801 °C (1,474 °F) and its boiling point 1,465 °C (2,669 °F). Its density is 2.17 grams per cubic centimetre and it is readily soluble in water. When dissolved in water it separates into Na+ and Cl- ions and the solubility is 359 grams per litre. From cold solutions, salt crystallises as the
NaCl·2H2O. Solutions of sodium chloride have very different properties from the
is -21.12 °C (-6.02 °F) for 23.31 wt% of salt, and the boiling point of saturated salt solution is around 108.7 °C (227.7 °F).
Further information:
Salt is essential to the health of people and animals and is used universally as a seasoning. It is used in cooking, is added to manufactured foodstuffs and is often present on the table at mealtimes for individuals to sprinkle on their own food. Saltiness is one of the .
Salt shaker
In many cuisines around the world, salt is used in cooking, and is often found in
on diners' eating tables for their personal use on food. Table salt is a refined salt containing about 97 to 99 percent . Usually, anticaking agents such as
are added to make it free-flowing. Iodized salt, containing , is widely available. Some people put a , such as a few grains of uncooked
or a , in their salt shakers to absorb extra moisture and help break up salt clumps that may otherwise form.
Some table salt sold for consumption contain additives which address a variety of health concerns, especially in the developing world. The identities and amounts of additives vary widely from country to country.
is an important micronutrient for humans, and a
of the element can cause lowered production of
() and enlargement of the thyroid gland () in adults or
in children.
has been used to correct these conditions since 1924 and consists of table salt mixed with a minute amount of ,
or . A small amount of
may also be added to stabilize the iodine. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people around the world and is the leading preventable cause of . Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used.
The amount of iodine and the specific iodine compound added to salt varies from country to country. In the , the
(FDA) recommends [21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)] 150
of iodine per day for both men and women. US iodized salt contains 46–77 ppm (parts per million), whereas in the UK the iodine content of iodized salt is recommended to be 10–22 ppm.
, also known as yellow prussiate of soda, is sometimes added to salt as an anticaking agent. The additive is considered safe for human consumption. Such anti-caking agents have been added since at least 1911 when magnesium carbonate was first added to salt to make it flow more freely. The safety of sodium ferrocyanide as a food additive was found to be provisionally acceptable by the
in 1988. Other anticaking agents sometimes used include ,
or magnesium carbonates,
salts (), , , , sodium aluminosilicate and . Both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration permitted the use of
in the latter two compounds.
In "doubly fortified salt", both iodide and iron salts are added. The latter alleviates , which interferes with the mental development of an estimated 40% of infants in the developing world. A typical iron source is . Another additive, especially important for
(vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color. Folic acid helps prevent
and anaemia, which affect young mothers, especially in developing countries.
in the diet is the cause of a greatly increased incidence of .
salts can be added to table salt with the goal of reducing tooth decay, especially in countries that have not benefited from fluoridated toothpastes and fluoridated water. The practice is more common in some European countries where
is not carried out. In , 35% of the table salt sold contains added .
Irregular crystals of sea salt
contains small amounts of
and , traces of , salt-resistant bacteria and sediment particles. The calcium and magnesium salts confer a faintly bitter overtone, and they make unrefined sea salt
(i.e., it gradually absorbs moisture from air if stored uncovered). Algal products contribute a mildly "fishy" or "sea-air" odour, the latter from . Sediments, the proportion of which varies with the source, give the salt a dull grey appearance. Since taste and aroma compounds are often detectable by humans in minute concentrations, sea salt may have a more complex flavor than pure sodium chloride when sprinkled on top of food. When salt is added during cooking however, these flavors would likely be overwhelmed by those of the food ingredients. The refined salt industry cites scientific studies saying that raw sea and rock salts do not contain enough
salts to prevent .
Different natural salts have different
depending on their source, giving each one a unique flavour. , a natural sea salt from the surface of evaporating brine in salt pans, has a unique flavour varying with the region from which it is produced. In traditional , so-called "" is prepared by roasting salt in a
container plugged with mud at both ends. This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud, and has been claimed to increase the
properties of
(a fermented bean paste).
, though refined, contains no iodine and has a much larger grain size than most refined salts. This can give it different properties when used in cooking, and can be useful for preparing . Some kosher salt has been certified to meet
requirements by a , but this is not true for all products labelled as kosher salt.
Salt is present in most , but in naturally occurring foodstuffs such as meats, vegetables and fruit, it is present in very small quantities. It is often added to processed foods (such as
and especially , , and
or other ), where it functions as both a
and a . Before the advent of electrically powered , salting was one of the main methods of . Thus,
contains 67 mg sodium per 100 g, while , its preserved form, contains 990 mg. Similarly,
typically contains 63 mg while
contains ;mg, and
contain 7 mg but
800 mg per 100 g. The main sources of salt in the diet, apart from direct use of sodium chloride, are bread and cereal products, meat products and milk and dairy products.
In many East Asian cultures, salt is not traditionally used as a condiment. In its place, condiments such as ,
tend to have a high sodium content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures. They are most often used for cooking rather than as table condiments.
Main article:
Table salt is made up of just under 40% sodium by weight, so a 6 g serving (1 teaspoon) contains about 2,300 mg of sodium. Sodium serves a vital purpose in the human body: it helps nerves and muscles to function correctly, and it is one of the factors involved in the
of water content (). Most of the sodium in the
comes from salt. The habitual salt intake in many Western countries is about 10 g per day, and it is higher than that in many countries in Eastern Europe and Asia. The high level of sodium in many processed foods has a major impact on the total amount consumed. In the United States, 77% of the sodium eaten comes from processed and restaurant foods, 11% from cooking and table use and the rest from what is found naturally in foodstuffs.
Too much salt appears to be bad for health and health organizations generally recommend that people reduce their dietary intake of salt. High salt intake is associated with a greater risk of
and total . A reduction in sodium intake by 1,000 mg per day may reduce CVD disease by about 30 percent. In adults and children with no acute illness, a decrease in the intake of sodium from the typical high levels reduces blood pressure. A low salt diet results in a greater improvement in blood pressure in those with
than in those without. However, the effects of recommending decreasing sodium intake are not entirely clear.
recommends that all adults should consume less than 2,000 mg of sodium (which is equivalent to 5 g of salt) per day. Guidelines by the United States in 2010 recommend that people with hypertension, blacks, and middle-aged and older adults should limit consumption to no more than 1,500 mg of sodium per day and meet the potassium recommendation of (4,700 mg/day) with a healthy diet of fruits and vegetables.
Whether greater reduction is beneficial is disputed. A 2013 review recommended 1,200 mg of sodium (3 g of salt) per day. While a 2013 and 2015 review found insufficient evidence to show that there is additional benefit in lowering sodium intake to less than 2,300 mg per day. In those with
a very low sodium diet may be worse than a diet with slightly more salt.
Main article:
Cow and calf licking a mineral block
Only about 6% of the salt manufactured in the world is used in food. Of the remainder, 12% is used in water conditioning processes, 8% goes for de-icing highways and 6% is used in agriculture. The rest (68%) is used for manufacturing and other industrial processes, and sodium chloride is one of the largest inorganic raw materials used by volume. Its major chemical products are
and , which are separated by the
of a pure brine solution. These are used in the manufacture of , ,
and many other inorganic and organic compounds. Salt is also used as a
in the production of . For this purpose, a layer of melted salt floats on top of the molten metal and removes iron and other metal contaminants. It is also used in the manufacture of
and , where it is added to the vat to precipitate out the
products. As an emulsifier, salt is used in the manufacture of , and another use is in the firing of , when salt added to the furnace vaporises before condensing onto the surface of the ceramic material, forming a strong .
When drilling through loose materials such as sand or gravel, salt may be added to the boring mud to provide a stable "wall" to prevent the hole collapsing. There are many other processes in which salt is involved. These include its use as a
dying, to regenerate
in water softening, for the
of hides, the preservation of meat and fish and the
of meat and vegetables.
is boiled to produce salt at , , Thailand
Salt mounds in , Bolivia
The manufacture of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries. A major source of salt is seawater, which has a
of approximately 3.5%. This means that there are about 35 grams (1.2 oz) of , predominantly
(Cl-) , per kilogram (2.2 lbs) of water. The world's oceans are a virtually inexhaustible source of salt, and this abundance of supply means that reserves have not been calculated. The evaporation of seawater is the production method of choice in marine countries with high evaporation and low precipitation rates.
are filled from the ocean and salt crystals can be harvested as the water dries up. Sometimes these ponds have vivid colours, as some species of algae and other micro-organisms thrive in conditions of high salinity.
Elsewhere, salt is extracted from the vast sedimentary deposits which have been laid down over the millennia from the evaporation of seas and lakes. These are either
directly, producing rock salt, or are extracted in solution by pumping water into the deposit. In either case, the salt may be purified by mechanical evaporation of brine. Traditionally, this was done in
which were heated to increase the rate of evaporation. More recently, the process is performed in pans under . The raw salt is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. This usually involves recrystallization during which a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts). Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are -dried. Some salt is produced using the , which involves vacuum pan evaporation combined with the seeding of the solution with cubic crystals, and produces a grainy-type flake. The , an indigenous group from the Paraguayan , obtain their salt from the ash produced by burning the timber of the Indian salt tree (Maytenus vitis-idaea) and other trees.
One of the largest
operations in the world is at the
in Pakistan. The mine has nineteen storeys, eleven of which are underground, and 400 km (250 mi) of passages. The salt is dug out by the
method, where about half the material is left in place to support the upper levels. Extraction of
is expected to last 350 years at the present rate of extraction of around 385,000 tons per annum.
In 2002, total world production (of sodium chloride in general, not just table salt) was estimated at 210 million , the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tonnes), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5) and Canada (12.3). During the period 2003 to 2008, global production of salt increased by 12% per year, and China took over as the largest producing nation as its chemical industry expanded. Food grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in
(7% in Europe), although worldwide, food uses account for 17.5% of salt production.
at a Russian wedding ceremony
Salt has long held an important place in religion and culture. At the time of
sacrifices, in
rituals and during festivals held by
and Greeks at the time of the , salt was thrown into a fire where it produced crackling noises. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans invoked their gods with offerings of salt and water and some people think this to be the origin of
in the Christian faith. In
mythology,
was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water.
In one of the
recorded in , the Islamic Prophet
is reported to have said that: "Salt is the master of your food. God sent down four blessings from the sky – , ,
and salt". Salt is considered to be a very auspicious substance in
and is used in particular religious ceremonies like house-warmings and weddings. In , devotees lay an offering of raw rice with a pinch of salt before a deity to signify their devotion and salt is sprinkled on a person's cremated remains before the ashes are buried. Salt is believed to ward off evil spirits in
tradition, and when returning home from a , a pinch of salt is thrown over the left shoulder as this prevents evil spirits from entering the house. In , salt is used for
of locations and people (, specifically shubatsu), and small piles of salt are placed in dishes by the entrance of establishments for the two-fold purposes of warding off evil and attracting patrons.
In the , there are thirty-five verses which . One of these is the story of 's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she looked back at the cities of
( 19:26) as they were destroyed. When the judge
destroyed the city of , he is said to have " on it," probably as a curse on anyone who would re-inhabit it (Judges 9:45). The
contains the first mention of salt as a condiment. "Can that which is unsavoury be eaten without salt? or is there any taste in the white of an egg?" (Job 6:6). In the , six verses mention salt. In the ,
referred to his followers as the "".
also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4:6). Salt is mandatory in the rite of the . Salt is used in the third item (which includes an ) of the Celtic Consecration (cf. ) that is employed in the consecration of a church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water.
In , it is recommended to have either a salty bread or to add salt to the bread if this bread is unsalted when doing
for . It is customary to spread some salt over the bread or to dip the bread in a little salt when passing the bread around the table after the Kiddush. To preserve the covenant between their people and God, Jews dip the
bread in salt. In , salt is symbolic of the element Earth. It is also believed to cleanse an area of harmful or negative energies. A dish of salt and a dish of water are almost always present on an , and salt is used in a wide variety of rituals and ceremonies.
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