From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city of Manchester in England.
For the larger conurbation, see .
For the wider metropolitan county, see .
For other uses, see .
Nickname(s): "", "",
Motto: "Concilio Et Labore" "By wisdom and effort"
Manchester shown within Greater Manchester and England
Coordinates:
(north of River Mersey)
(south of River Mersey)
1st century
Town charter
City status
Administrative HQ
Government
 o Type
 o Governing body
 o 
Susan Cooley
 o :
 o City
44.65 sq mi (115.65 km2)
 o Urban
243.4 sq mi (630.3 km2)
125 ft (38 m)
Population (;est.)
 o City
 o Rank
 o Density
11,260/sq mi (4,349/km2)
 o 
2,553,379 ()
 o Urban density
10,490/sq mi (4,051/km2)
 o 
 o Ethnicity
White Groups (66.7% )
Asian (14.4%)
Black (8.6%)
Mixed (4.7%)
Chinese (2.7%)
Arab (1.9%)
Other (1.2%)
 o Summer ()
Primary Airport
92.3 billion
GDP per capita
US$ 35,029
Manchester () is a city in , England, with a population of 514,417 as of 2013. In the United Kingdom's , which has a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is in the south-central part of , fringed by the
to the south, the
to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The
The recorded
began with the civilian settlement associated with the
of , a variant of which name is preserved by the city's : residents are still referred to as Mancunians (). The Roman fort was established in about 79 AD on a sandstone bluff near the confluence of the rivers
and . It was
a part of , although areas of
south of the
were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the
Manchester remained a
but began to expand "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century. Manchester's unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in , and resulted in it becoming the world's first industrialised city.
Manchester achieved city status in 1853, the first new British city for 300 years. The , at the time the longest river navigation canal in the world, opened in 1894, creating the
and linking the city to sea, 36 miles (58 km) to the west. Its fortunes declined after the Second World War however, owing to , but investment spurred by the
led to extensive regeneration.
Today Manchester is ranked as a
and is consequently the highest ranked British city except for London. Its
with an estimated
of US$92 billion as of 2014. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, after
and . It is notable for its , , , , , ,
and . Manchester was the site of the world's first inter-city passenger , the place where scientists first
and developed the first .
The name Manchester originates from the
name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium. These are generally thought to represent a
of an original
, either from mamm- ("", in reference to a "") or from mamma ("", in reference to a
). Both meanings are preserved in languages derived from , mam meaning "breast" in
and "mother" in . The
-chester is a survival of
ceaster (" fortified town").
Main article:
Main article:
were the ma they had a stronghold in the locality at a sandstone outcrop on which
now stands, opposite the banks of the . Their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now
and . Following the
in the 1st century,
ordered the construction of a
in the year 79 to ensure that Roman interests in
() were protected from the Brigantes. Central Manchester has been permanently settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the final version of the Roman fort is visible in . The Roman habitation of Manchester probably ended around the 3 its
appears to have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century, although the fort may have supported a small garrison until the late 3rd or early 4th century. After the
and , the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell and
sometime before the
after 1066. Much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent .
A map of Manchester c. 1650
Thomas de la Warre, , founded and constructed a collegiate church for the
in 1421. T the domestic premises of the college house
and . The library, which opened in 1653 and is still open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom.
Manchester is mentioned as having a
in 1282. Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of
weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry. Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of
and , and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in 's words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire." The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.
A map of Manchester and
During the
Manchester strongly favoured the Parliamentary interest. Although not long-lasting,
granted it the right to elect its own . , who sat for the city for only a year, was later appointed Major General for Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire during the . He was a diligent , turning out ale houses and banning the celebration of C he died in 1656.
Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen/cotton , but by around 1750 pure cotton fabrics were being produced and cotton had overtaken wool in importance. The Irwell and Mersey were made navigable by 1736, opening a route from Manchester to the sea docks on the Mersey. The , Britain's first wholly artificial waterway, was opened in 1761, bringing coal from mines at
to central Manchester. The canal was extended to the Mersey at
by 1776. The combination of competition and improved efficiency halved the cost of coal and halved the transport cost of raw cotton. Manchester became the dominant marketplace for textiles produced in the surrounding towns. A , opened in 1729, and numerous large warehouses, aided commerce. In 1780,
began construction of Manchester's first cotton mill. In the early 1800s,
formulated his atomic theory in Manchester.
about 1820
Manchester's history is concerned with . The great majority of
took place in the towns of south Lancashire and north Cheshire, and Manchester was for a time the most productive centre of cotton processing, and later the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods. Manchester was dubbed "" and "Warehouse City" during the . In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc. The industrial revolution brought about huge change in Manchester and was key to the increase in Manchester's population.
Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as people flocked to the city for work from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and other areas of England as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the . It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world." Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance.
View from Kersal Moor towards Manchester by Thomas Pether, circa 1820, then still a rural landscape.
Manchester from , by
in 1857, a view now dominated by chimney stacks as a consequence of the .
Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the . Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down. In 1878 the
(the forerunner of ) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.
was built between 1888 and 1894, in some sections by canalisation of the Rivers Irwell and Mersey, running 36 miles (58 km) from
to Eastham Locks on the tidal Mersey. This enabled oceangoing ships to sail right into the Port of Manchester. On the canal's banks, just outside the borough, the world's first industrial estate was created at . Large quantities of machinery, including cotton processing plant, were exported around the world.
A centre of capitalism, Manchester was once the scene of bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes. One such gathering ended with the
of 16 August 1819. The economic school of
developed there, and Manchester was the centre of the
from 1838 onward.
of 1819 resulted in 15 deaths and several hundred injured.
Manchester has a notable place in the history of
and left- being the subject of ' work ; Engels spent much of his life in and around Manchester, and when
visited Manchester, they met at Chetham's Library. The economics books Marx was reading at the time can be seen in the library, as can the window seat where Marx and Engels would meet. The first
was held in Manchester (at the Mechanics' Institute, David Street), from 2 to 6 June 1868. Manchester was an important cradle of the
At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the , promoting
and ), new classes or groups in society, new religious sects, and new forms of labour organisation. It attracted educated visitors from all parts of Britain and Europe. A saying capturing this sense of innovation survives today: "What Manchester does today, the rest of the world does tomorrow." Manchester's golden age was perhaps the last quarter of the 19th century. Many of the great public buildings (including ) date from then. The city's cosmopolitan atmosphere contributed to a vibrant culture, which included the . In 1889, when county councils were created in England, the municipal borough became a
with even greater autonomy.
An oil painting of
in 1910 by
Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian
noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind
the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester’s blackspots saw "wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments".
The number of
in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853. Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by
in the 1850s and
in the 1860s. However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of city as the financial centre of the region. Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area. The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the
and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture.
Like most of the UK, the Manchester area was mobilised extensively during the . For example, casting and machining expertise at 's locomotive works in
was swi 's ru and just outside the city in , engineers
bombers and
engines to power them. Manchester was thus the target of bombing by the , and by late 1940 air raids were taking place against non-military targets. The biggest took place during the "" on the nights of 22/23 and 24 December 1940, when an estimated 474 tonnes (467 long tons) of high explosives plus over 37,000 incendiary bombs were dropped. A large part of the historic city centre was destroyed, including 165 warehouses, 200 business premises, and 150 offices. 376 were killed and 30,000 houses were damaged.
was among the buildin its restoration took 20 years.
Cotton processing and trading continued to fall in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968. By 1963 the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest, and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large
ships. Traffic declined, and the port closed in 1982. Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the 1960s and was greatly reduced under the economic policies followed by 's government after 1979. Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983.
on 15 June 1996. There were no fatalities, but it was one of the most expensive man-made disasters. A large rebuilding project of Manchester ensued.
Regeneration began in the late 1980s, with initiatives such as the , the , the , and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as . Two bids to host the Olympic Games were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city.
Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the
of 1867, arson in 1920, a series of explosions in 1939, and two bombs in 1992. On Saturday 15 June 1996, the
(IRA) carried out the , the detonation of a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows 1/2 mile (800 m) away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at ?50 million, but this was quickly revised upwards. The final insurance payout was over ?400  many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade.
Spurred by the investment after the 1996 bomb, and aided by the , Manchester's city centre has undergone extensive regeneration. New and renovated complexes such as
have become popular shopping and entertainment destinations. The
is the UK's largest city centre shopping centre.
showing of a FIFA World Cup
Large sections of the city dating from the 1960s have been either demolished and re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into modern apartments,
has undergone extensive regeneration programmes, and million-pound lofthouse apartments have since been developed. The 169-metre tall, 47-storey , completed in 2006, is the tallest building in the UK outside London and when finished was the highest residential accommodation in Europe. In January 2007, the independent Casino Advisory Panel awarded Manchester a licence to build the only
in the UK, however plans were officially abandoned in February 2008.
Since around the turn of the 21st century, Manchester has been regarded by sections of the international press, British public, and government ministers as being the . The BBC reports that redevelopment of recent years has heightened claims that Manchester is the second city of the UK. Manchester and Birmingham have traditionally been considered for this unofficial title.
Main articles:
in , seat of local government, is an example of
architecture.
The City of Manchester is governed by the . The earlier
was abolished in 1986 so it is effectively a . Manchester has been a member of the English
since its inception in 1995.
The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301, but lost its
in a court case of 1359. Until the 19th century local government was largely in the hands of , the last of which was dissolved in 1846.
From , the
lay within the
wrote "That [neighbouring]
are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England". A stroke of a
's pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of , that was separated from Salford. It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of , which included the . Manchester later formed its own
using the name "Manchester". In 1792, Commissioners—usually known as "Police Commissioners"—were established for the social improvement of Manchester. Manchester regained its borough status in 1838, and comprised the townships of , ,
and . By 1846, with increasing population and greater industrialisation, the Borough Council had taken over the powers of the "Police Commissioners". In 1853, Manchester was granted .
In 1885, , ,
and parts of
townships became part of the City of Manchester. In 1889, the city became a
as did many larger Lancashire towns, and therefore not governed by . Between 1890 and 1933, more areas were added to the city which had been administered by Lancashire County Council, including former villages such as , , , , , , and . In 1931, the
from the south of the
were added. In 1974, by way of the , the City of Manchester became a
of . That year, , the town where the
is located, was added to the City.
In November 2014 it was announced that Greater Manchester would receive a . The Mayor would have fiscal control over health, transport, housing and police in the area. The move was dubbed "Devo Manc", a play on the phrase .
Looking over the
towards 's
At , 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London, Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the , a mountain chain that runs the length of , and to the south by the . Manchester is 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-east of
and 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-west of , making the city the halfway point between the two. The
is on the east bank of the , near its confluences with the Rivers
and , and is relatively low-lying, being between 35 to 42 metres (115 to 138 feet) above sea level. The
flows through the south of Manchester. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a
at , the availability of water power from its rivers, and its nearby coal reserves.
The City of Manchester. The
is overwhelmingly urban
The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district within Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. The "Manchester City Zone", "" and the "" are all examples of this.
For purposes of the , Manchester forms the most populous settlement within the , the United Kingdom's third-largest conurbation. There is a mixture of high-density urban and suburban locations in Manchester. The largest open space in the city, at around 260 hectares (642 acres), is . Manchester is contiguous on all sides with several large settlements, except for a small section along its southern boundary with . The
pass through the south of Manchester, through
respectively. Heavy rail lines enter the city from all directions, the principal destination being
Manchester experiences a
, like much of the British Isles, with mild summers and cool winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year. The city's average annual rainfall is 806.6 millimetres (31.76 in) compared to the UK average of 1,125.0 millimetres (44.29 in), and its mean rain days are 140.4 per annum, compared to the UK average of 154.4. Manchester however has a relatively high humidity level and this, along with the abundant supply of soft water, was one of the factors that led to the localisation of the textile industry in the area. Snowfalls are not common in the city, due to the
effect. However, the
hills that surround the city to its east and north receive more snow and roads leading out of the city can be closed due to snow. notably the
() towards , and the
Climate data for Manchester (Ringway) 69 m or 226 ft asl, , extremes
Record high °C (°F)
Average high °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Avg. snowy days
Mean monthly
Source #1: Met Office
Source #2: NOAA
Racial structure, according to the 2011 census
  White Groups (66.7%)
  Asian (14.4%)
  Black (8.6%)
  Mixed (4.7%)
  Chinese (2.7%)
  Arab (1.9%)
  Other (1.2%)
Religious beliefs, according to the 2011 census
  Christian (48.7%)
  No Religion (25.3%)
  Muslim (15.8%)
  Hindu (1.1%)
  Buddhist (0.8%)
  Jewish (0.5%)
  Other (0.9%)
  Religion Not Stated (6.9%)
Historically the population of Manchester began to increase rapidly during the Victorian era, peaking at 766,311 in 1931. From then the population began to decrease rapidly, due to
and the increased building of
by Manchester City Council after the Second World War such as
The 2012 Mid-Year Estimate for the population of Manchester was 510,700. This was an increase of 7,900, or 1.6%, since the 2011 MYE. Since 2001, the population has grown by 87,900, or 20.8%. Manchester was the third fastest-growing of the areas in the 2011 census. The city experienced the greatest percentage population growth outside London, with an increase of 19% to over 500,000. Manchester's population is projected to reach 532,200 by 2021, an increase of 5.8% from 2011. This represents a slower rate of growth than the previous decade.
had a population of 2,553,400 (2011 est.,). An estimated 2,702,200 people live in
(2012 est.,). 6,547,000 people live within 30 miles (50 km) of Manchester (2012 est.,), and 11,694,000 within 50 miles (80 km) (2012 est.,).
Between the beginning of July 2011 and end of June 2012 (Mid-Year Estimate date), births exceeded deaths by 4,800. Migration (internal and international) and other changes accounted for a net increase of 3,100 people between July 2011 and June 2012. Compared to Greater Manchester and England, Manchester has a younger population, with a particularly large 20–35 age group.
There were 76,095 under- and post-graduate students at The , The
during the academic year 2011/12.
Since the 2001 census, the proportion of Christians in Manchester has decreased by 22% from 62.4% to 48.7%. The proportion of people with no religious affiliation increased by 58.1% from 16% to 25.3%, whilst the proportion of Muslims increased by 73.6% from 9.1% to 15.8%. The size of the Jewish population in Greater Manchester is the largest in Britain outside London.
The population of Manchester shown with other boroughs in the
county from 1801 to 2011.
Manchester has a disproportionately high number of gay and lesbian people. Of all households in Manchester, 0.23% were Same-Sex
couple households, compared to the English national average of 0.16% in 2011.
In terms of , the City of Manchester has the highest non-white proportion of any district in Greater Manchester. Statistics from the
showed that 66.7% of the population was
(59.3% , 2.4% , 0.1%
or , 4.9%  – although those of mixed European and British there are reportedly over 25,000 Mancunians of at least partial
descent alone which represents 5.5% of the city's population). 4.7% were
(1.8% White and Black Caribbean, 0.9% White and Black African, 1.0% White and Asian, 1.0% Other Mixed), 17.1%
(2.3% , 8.5% , 1.3% , 2.7% , 2.3% Other Asian), 8.6%
(5.1% African, 1.6% ), 1.9%
and 1.2% of other ethnic heritage.
Kidd identifies , , , , as centres of population for ethnic minorities. Manchester's Irish Festival, including a
parade, is one of Europe's largest. There is also a well-established
in the city with a substantial number of oriental restaurants and Chinese supermarkets. The area also attracts large numbers of Chinese students to the city who, in attending the local universities, contribute to Manchester having the third-largest Chinese population in Europe.
The Manchester , a
measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, has a population of 2,539,100 in 2004. In addition to Manchester itself, the LUZ includes the remainder of the county of . The Manchester LUZ is the second largest within the United Kingdom, behind that of London.
Main article:
Greater Manchester South
(? million)
Growth (%)
Aerial view of
from the south
does not produce economic data for the City of Manchester alone, but includes four other metropolitan boroughs, , , , , in an area named Greater Manchester South, which had a
of ?34.8bn. The economy grew relatively strongly between 2002 and 2012, where growth was 2.3% above the national average. With a
of $88.3bn (2012 est., ) the wider
is the third-largest in the United Kingdom. It is ranked as a
As the UK economy continues to recover from the downturn experienced in 2008–10, Manchester compares favourably to other geographies according to the latest figures. In 2012 it is showed the strongest annual growth in business stock (5%) of all the . The city experienced a relatively sharp increase in the number of business deaths, the largest increase of all the Core Cities, however this was offset by strong growth in new businesses which resulted in a strong net growth.
Manchester's civic leadership has a reputation for business acumen. It owns two of the country's four busiest airports and uses its earnings to fund local projects. Meanwhile 's competitive alternative report found that in 2012 Manchester had the 9th lowest tax cost of any industrialised city in the world, and fiscal devolution has come earlier to Manchester than to any other British city: it can keep half the extra taxes it gets from transport investment.
KPMG's competitive alternative report also found that Manchester was Europe's most affordable city featured, ranking slightly better than Dutch cities,
and , who all have a cost of living index less than 95.
Manchester is a city of contrast, where some of the country's most deprived and most affluent neighbourhoods can be found. According to the 2010
Manchester is the 4th most deprived local council in the England. Unemployment throughout 2012–13 averaged 11.9%, which was above the national average, but lower than some of the country's other comparable large cities. On the other hand, Greater Manchester is home to more multi-millionaires than anywhere outside London, with the City of Manchester taking up most of the tally. In 2013 Manchester was ranked 6th in the UK for quality of life, according to a rating of the UK's 12 largest cities.
Women fare better in Manchester than the rest of the country in terms of equal pay to men. The per hours worked
is 3.3%, in contrast to 11.1% for Great Britain. 37% of the working-age population in Manchester have degree level qualifications in contrast to the average of 33% across other Core Cities, although schools under-perform slightly when compared to the national average.
Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London according to
with a quarterly office uptake (averaged over 2010–14) of approximately 250,000 square ft – equivalent to the quarterly office uptake of ,
combined and 90,000 square feet more than the nearest rival Birmingham. The strong office market in Manchester has been partly attributed to 'Northshoring', (from ) which entails the relocation or alternative creation of jobs away from the overheated South to areas where office space is possibly cheaper and workforce market may not be as saturated.
Main article:
See also: , , ,
since 2006
Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from
to . The widespread use of
characterises the city, much of the architecture of which harks back to its days as a global centre for the cotton trade. Just outside the immediate city centre is a large number of former , some of which have been left virtually untouched since their closure while many have been redeveloped into apartment buildings and office space. , in , was built in the
style and is considered to be one of the most important Victorian buildings in England.
Manchester also has a number of
built during the 1960s and 1970s, the tallest of which was the
located near
was completed in 2006; it is an example of the new surge in high-rise building and includes a , a restaurant, and apartments. On its completion, it was the tallest building in the UK outside London. , opposite , is a pioneering eco-friendly housing project, while the recently completed , is one of the most sustainable large buildings in the world. The award-winning
in the north of the city borough is one of the largest municipal parks in Europe, covering 610 acres (250 ha) of parkland. The city has 135 parks, gardens, and open spaces.
Two large squares hold many of Manchester's public monuments. Albert Square has monuments to , , , ,and .
has monuments dedicated to , ,
and the . The cenotaph in St Peter's Square, by , is Manchester's main memorial to its war dead. The
commemorates his role as the father of modern computing. A larger-than-life statue of
by George Gray Barnard in the eponymous Lincoln Square (having stood for many years in ) was presented to the city by Mr. and Mrs. Charles Phelps Taft of , Ohio, to mark the part that Lancashire played in the
is on display near Manchester Airport.
Manchester has six designated
which are , Blackley Forest, Clayton Vale and Chorlton Ees, Ivy Green,
Main article:
See also: , ,
is the busiest airport in the UK outside London, with
of the next busiest non-London airport.
Manchester,
are served by . The airport is the
and the largest outside the London region. Airline services exist to many destinations in Europe, North America, the , Africa, the Middle East and Asia (with more destinations from Manchester than any other airport in Britain). A second runway was opened in 2001 and there have been continued terminal improvements. The airport has the highest rating available: "Category 10", encompassing an elite group of airports which are able to handle "Code F" aircraft including the
and . From September 2010 the airport became one of only 17 airports in the world and the only UK airport other than
to operate the Airbus A380.
A smaller airfield, , also exists 9.3 km (6 mi) to the west of Manchester city centre. It was Manchester's first , and became the site of the first
tower in the UK, and the first municipal airfield in the UK to be to be licensed by the . Today, private
use the airfield, it also has a , and both the
have helicopters based at the airfield.
, the busiest of the four major railway stations in the
with 23.1 million passengers using the station in 2013.
was the world's first purpose-built passenger and goods railway station, and served as the Manchester terminus on the
– the world's first
passenger railway. Today the city is well served by the rail network, and is at the centre of an extensive countywide railway network, including the , with two mainline stations:
– comprising Manchester Piccadilly, Manchester Victoria,
– is the fourth busiest in the United Kingdom, with 41.7 million passengers recorded in 2013. On 7 February 2014, construction of the ?600m
project, which aims to increase capacity and reduce journey times across , began with construction work commencing on a 4th platform at . The
link to Birmingham and London is also planned, which, if built, will include a 12 km (7 mi) tunnel under Manchester on the final approach into an upgraded Piccadilly station.
is the , with a total route length of 57 miles (92 km).
Manchester became the first city in the UK to acquire a modern
tram system when the
opened in 1992. 25 million passenger journeys were made on the system in 2012/13. The present system mostly runs on former commuter rail lines converted for light rail use, and crosses the city centre via on-street tram lines. The 45.6 mi (73.4 km)-network consists of six lines with 69 stations (including five on-street tram stops in the centre). An expansion programme is underway which will create four new lines to add to the current three and will be at least 99 stops, 62 more than in 2010. Manchester city centre is also serviced by over a dozen heavy and light rail-based park and ride sites.
The city has one of the most extensive bus networks outside London with over 50 bus companies operating in the
region radiating from the city. In 2011, 80% of public transport journeys in Greater Manchester were made by bus, amounting to 220 million passenger journeys by bus each year. Following
in 1986, the bus system was taken over by , which after privatisation was split into GM Buses North and GM Buses South and at a later date these were taken over by
respectively. First Greater Manchester also operates a three route
bus service, called , which carries 2.8 million commuters a year around Manchester's business districts. Stagecoach Manchester is the 's largest subsidiary and operates around 690 buses. One of its services is the .
An extensive canal network, including the , was built to carry freight from the Industrial R the canals are still maintained, though now largely repurposed to leisure use. In 2012, plans were approved to introduce a
service between Manchester city centre and
Main article:
See also: ,
The Gallagher brothers of
Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include , the , ,
and its successor group , , ,
and . Manchester was credited as the main regional driving force behind
bands of the 1980s including , , , and . These groups came from what became known as the "" scene that also centred on
nightclub developed by founder of
. Although from southern England,
subsequently formed in Manchester. Ex-Smiths
continues a successful solo career. Notable Manchester acts of the 1960s include , , and
(famed in the mid-1960s for not only their albums but also their American TV show) and the earlier , who grew up in .
The , the city's premier indoor multi-use venue
Its main pop music venue is the
with over 21,000 seats, the largest arena of its type in Europe which was voted International Venue of the Year in 2007. In terms of concert goers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world ahead of
in New York and
in London, the second and third busiest respectively. Other major venues include the
and the . Smaller venues are the , the Roadhouse, the Night and Day Café, the Ruby Lounge, and The Deaf Institute.
Manchester has two , the
and the . There is also a , the Manchester Camerata. In the 1950s, the city was home to the so-called "Manchester School" of classical composers, which comprised , , David Ellis and . Manchester is a centre for musical education, with the , which celebrates its 40th Anniversary since its merger, and . Forerunners of the RNCM were the
(founded 1920) and the
(founded 1893), which were merged in 1973. One of the earliest instructors and
pianists/conductors at the RMCM, shortly after its founding was the famous Russian-born , (), who later had the music library at the famed
conservatory of music in , , named for him. The main
venue was the
on Peter Street, until the opening in 1996 of the 2,500 seat .
music, a tradition in the north of England, is an important part of Manchester' some of the UK's leading bands, such as the
Manchester Band and the , are from Manchester and surrounding areas, and the
brass band contest takes place annually in the neighbouring areas of
The , one of Manchester's largest theatre venues
Manchester has a thriving theatre, opera and dance scene, and is home to a number of large performance venues, including the , which feature large-scale touring shows and West E and the
in Manchester's former cotton exchange. The Royal Exchange is the largest
space in the UK. Smaller performance spaces include the , a producing theatre in the basement of the Central L and Studio Salford. The
is dedicated to dance productions. The Library Theatre closed in 2010, and will reopen in 2014 as , a new custom built arts complex it will share with .
HOME centre for international contemporary art, theatre and film.
Since 2007 the city has hosted the , a biennial international
with a specific focus on original new work. In
's 2014 autumn statement he announced a ?78 million grant to fund a new "large-scale, ultra-flexible arts space" for the city. The theatre, to be called The Factory, after Manchester's , will provide a permanent home for the Manchester International Festival.
City Art Gallery
Manchester's museums celebrate Manchester's Roman history, rich industrial heritage and its role in the , the , the Trade Union movement,
and . A reconstructed part of the Roman fort of Mamucium is open to the public in . The , housed in the former , has a large collection of , industrial machinery, aircraft and a replica of the world's first stored computer program (known as ). The
displays a collection of historic buses and trams. Trafford Park in the neighbouring borough of Trafford is home to . The
opened to the public in the 1880s, has notable
collections.
The municipally owned
on Mosley Street houses a permanent collection of European painting, and has one of Britain's most significant collections of
paintings.
In the south of the city, the
displays modern art, sculpture and textiles. Other exhibition spaces and museums in Manchester include , the
centre, the Manchester Costume Gallery at , the
The works of -born painter , known for his "matchstick" paintings of industrial Manchester and Salford, can be seen in both the city and Whitworth Manchester galleries, and at
art centre in
(in the neighbouring borough of Salford) devotes a large permanent exhibition to his works.
In the 19th century, Manchester featured in works highlighting the changes that industrialisation had brought to Britain. These included 's novel : A Tale of Manchester Life (1848), and , written by
while living and working in Manchester.
is reputed to have set his novel
in the city, and while it is partly modelled on , it shows the influence of his friend Mrs Gaskell. Among 20th century writers from Manchester,
, one of Manchester's liveliest nightspots, part of the city's gay village
The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities. The more than 500 licensed premises in the city centre have a capacity to deal with more than 250,000 visitors, with 110–130,000 people visiting on a typical weekend night. The night-time economy has a value of about ?100 million and supports 12,000 jobs.
scene of the 1980s, from which groups including , , , the , , ,
emerged, was based on clubs such as the world famous and first "Gay Club", . The period was the subject of the film . Many of the big clubs suffered problems with organise Haslam describes one where staff were so completely intimidated that free admission and drinks were demanded (and given) and drugs were openly dealt. Following a series of drug-related violent incidents, The Hacienda closed in 1998. In 1988, Manchester was often referred to as Madchester for its rave scene, later Gunchester. Owned by Tony Wilson's Factory Records (1st Independent Record Label), it was given the catalogue number FAC51 and official club name, FAC51 The Hacienda. Known for developing many talented 80's influential acts, it also had an impact on the Graphic Design Industry via Factory Artists such a Peter Saville (PSA), Octavo (8vo), Central Design Station, etc. The memorabilia from this club holds a high value among collectors and fans of these artists and the club. Peter Saville was most notable for his minimalistic influence that still impacts current day graphic design everywhere.
area have had a gay clientele since at least 1940, and now form the centre of Manchester's gay community. Since the opening of new bars and clubs, the area attracts 20,000 visitors each weekend and has hosted a popular festival, , each August since 1991.
There are three universities in the City of Manchester. The
is the largest full-time non-collegiate university in the United Kingdom and was created in 2004 by the merger of
and . It includes the , which offered the first MBA course in the UK in 1965.
was formed as Manchester Polytechnic on the merger of three colleges in 1970. It gained university status in 1992, and in the same year absorbed Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education in South Cheshire. , the largest provider of vocation legal training in Europe, has a campus in the city.
The University of Manchester, Manchester Metropolitan University and the
are grouped around Oxford Road on the southern side of the city centre, which forms Europe's largest urban higher education precinct. Together they have a combined population of 73,160 students in higher education as of 2007, although almost 6,000 of them were based at Manchester Metropolitan University's campuses at
in Cheshire.
One of Manchester's most notable secondary schools is the . Established in 1515, as a free
next to what is now the Cathedral, it moved in 1931 to Old Hall Lane in Fallowfield, south Manchester, to accommodate the growing student body. In the post-war period, it was a
(i.e. partially state funded), but it reverted to independent status in 1976 after abolition of the direct-grant system. Its previous premises are now used by . There are three schools nearby: ,
In 2010, the Manchester
was ranked last out of Greater Manchester's ten LEAs – and 147th out of 150 in the country LEAs – based on the percentage of pupils attaining at least five A* grades at
(GCSE) including maths and English (38.6% compared with the national average of 50.7%). The LEA also had the highest occurrence of absences, with 11.11% of "half-day sessions missed by pupils", above the national average of 5.8%. Of the schools in the LEA with 30 or more pupils, four had 90% or more pupils achieving at least five A*–C grades at GCSE including maths and English: (, , Manchester Islamic High School for Girls, and ) while three managed 25% or below (, North Manchester High School for Boys, Brookway High School and Sports College).
Main article:
The , host stadium for the 2002 Commonwealth Games and home of Manchester City F.C.
Manchester is well known for being a city of sport. The city has two
(the most successful Premier League club) and . Manchester City's ground is the
(also known as the Etihad Stadium for sponsorship purposes); its former ground,
was demolished in 2003. The City of Manchester Stadium was initially built as the main athletics stadium for the
and was subsequently reconfigured into a football stadium before Manchester City's arrival. Manchester United are situated at
in the neighbouring Greater Manchester borough of , the largest club football ground in the United Kingdom. Manchester has hosted every domestic, continental and international football competition at either , ,
and the . Competitions hosted in city include the
Final (), five
(, , , ) and three
First class sporting facilities were built for the , including the City of Manchester Stadium, the
and the . Manchester has competed twice to host the Olympic Games, beaten by
for 1996 and Sydney for 2000. The
includes a velodrome, BMX Arena and Mountainbike trials and is the home of , UCI ProTeam
was built as a part of the bid for the 2000 games and has become a catalyst for British success in cycling. The velodrome hosted the
for a record third time in 2008. The
(2,000 capacity) adjacent to the velodrome opened in 2011. The
hosted the
World Swimming Championships in 2008.
evolved into
and play at . Manchester also hosted the
in 2008, and also hosted the
in July 2010. Recent
hosted by Manchester include the
and . Future
to be hosted in Manchester include the .
Main article:
See also: ,
The , built in the 1930s but since vacated by the Daily Express. Despite this, newspaper printing still takes place at the building.
franchisee
is partially headquartered in the old Granada Studios site on
and the new location at MediaCityUK as part of the initial phase of its migration to Salford Quays. It produces , local news and programmes for North West England. Although its influence has waned Granada had been described as 'the best commercial television company in the world'.
Manchester was one of the 's three main centres in England. Programmes including , and , were made at New Broadcasting House. The Cutting It series set in the city's Northern Quarter and
were set in Manchester as was . The first edition of
was broadcast from a studio in
on New Year's Day 1964. Manchester was the regional base for
North West Region programmes before it relocated to MediaCityUK in nearby . The Manchester television channel, , owned by the
operated from 2000 but closed in 2012. Manchester is also covered by two internet television channels: Quays News and Manchester.tv. The city will also have a new terrestrial channel from January 2014 when YourTV Manchester, who won the OFCOM licence bid in February 2013 begins its first broadcast.
, headquarters of
The city has the highest number of local radio stations outside London including , , , , , , , 96.2 , NMFM (North Manchester FM) and . Student radio stations include
at the University of Manchester and
at the Manchester Metropolitan University. A
network is coordinated by Radio Regen, with stations covering ,
( 96.9) and
(Wythenshawe FM 97.2). Defunct radio stations include , which became , then ), and KFM which became Signal Cheshire (now ). These stations and
played a significant role in the city's
culture, the
scene, which was based in clubs like .
newspaper was founded in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian. Its head office is still in the city, though many of its management functions were moved to London in 1964. Its sister publication, the , has the largest circulation of a UK regional evening newspaper. It is free in the city centre on Thursdays and Fridays, but paid for in the suburbs. Despite its title, it is available all day. The
North West is available free at
stops, rail stations and other busy locations. The MEN group distributes several local weekly free papers. For many years most of the national newspapers had offices in Manchester: , , , , . Only
remains based in Manchester. At its height, 1,500 journalists were employed, though in the 1980s office closures began and today the "second Fleet Street" is no more. An attempt to launch a Northern daily newspaper, the North West Times, employing journalists made redundant by other titles, closed in 1988. Another attempt was made with the , which hoped to provide a true "regional" newspaper for the , much in the same vein as the
it folded in October 2006.
Manchester has formal
arrangements (or "friendship agreements") with several places. In addition, the
maintains a metropolitan centre in Manchester. Although not an official twin city, , Finland is known as "the Manchester of Finland" – or "Manse" for short. Similarly,
is nicknamed as "The Manchester of Japan",
is known as "the Manchester of " and , India established itself as the centre of a booming textile industry, which earned it the nickname "the Manchester of India".
, Nicaragua
, Germany (1983)
, Pakistan (1997)
, United States (2009)
, Russia (1962)
, China (1986)
Manchester is home to the largest group of
in the UK outside London. The expansion of international trade links during the Industrial Revolution led to the introduction of the first consuls in the 1820s and since then over 800, from all parts of the world, have been based in Manchester. Manchester has remained (in consular terms at least) the second city of the UK for two centuries, and hosts consular services for most of the north of England.
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