Deductive and Inductive Logic
More on Logic
Logical arguments are usually classified as either 'deductive'
or 'inductive'.
Deduction: In the process of deduction, you begin with
some statements, called 'premises', that are assumed to be true,
you then determine what else would have to be true if the premises
are true. For example, you can begin by assuming that God exists,
and is good, and then determine what would logically follow from
such an assumption. You can begin by assuming that if you think,
then you must exist, and work from there. In mathematics you can
begin with some axioms and then determine what you can prove to
be true given those axioms. With deduction you can provide absolute
proof of your conclusions, given that your premises are correct.
The premises themselves, however, remain unproven and unprovable,
they must be accepted on face value, or by faith, or for the purpose
of exploration.
Induction: In the process of induction, you begin with
some data, and then determine what general conclusion(s) can logically
be derived from those data. In other words, you determine what
theory or theories could explain the data. For example, you note
that the probability of becoming schizophrenic is greatly increased
if at least one parent is schizophrenic, and from that you conclude
that schizophrenia may be inherited. That is certainly a reasonable
hypothesis given the data. Note, however, that induction does
not prove that the theory is correct. There are often alternative
theories that are also supported by the data. For example, the
behavior of the schizophrenic parent may cause the child to be
schizophrenic, not the genes. What is important in induction is
that the theory does indeed offer a logical explanation of the
data. To conclude that the parents have no effect on the schizophrenia
of the children is not supportable given the data, and would not
be a logical conclusion.
Deduction and induction by themselves are inadequate for a
scientific approach. While deduction gives absolute proof, it
never makes contact with the real world, there is no place for
observation or experimentation, no way to test the validity of
the premises. And, while induction is driven by observation, it
never approaches actual proof of a theory. The development of
the scientific method involved a gradual synthesis of these two
logical approaches.
For a more comprehensive discussion of deduction, and induction,
read the relevant sections of the book by Copi, referenced on
this page.
Introduction to Logic, CopiInductive reasoning和deductive reasoning 是什麽意思中文翻译能不能说明它们分别基于什么之上_百度作业帮
Inductive reasoning和deductive reasoning 是什麽意思中文翻译能不能说明它们分别基于什么之上
Inductive reasoning和deductive reasoning 是什麽意思中文翻译能不能说明它们分别基于什么之上
inductive reasoning 是说你从一个你观察到的现象得到一个结论,一个原则.example：我目前看到过的所有羊都是白的,利用inductive reasoning,我总结羊一定全都是白色的deductive reasoning 是说你已经知道一个原则了,而你利用这个原则来预料你会看到什么现象example:你知道的定律是所有的乌龟都有壳,那么你现在有一个乌龟,你预料到这个乌龟一定也有壳我不知道他们中文的翻译是什么A general inductive approach for qualitative data analysis—文档、资料、论文..
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A general inductive approach for qualitative data analysis
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1)&&inductive-deductive approach
归纳演绎语法教学
2)&&deductive and inductive approaches
演绎法与归纳法
3)&&Induction Deduction method
归纳演绎方法
Based on historical data the floods are divided into some types, which can be predicted by using Induction Deduction method.
本文将历史洪水分成若干类型，采用归纳演绎方法对未来洪水进行分类预测，针对不同类型洪水以不同调度规则进行实时调度。
4)&&deductive proof and inductive analysis
5)&&induction and deduction
归纳和演绎
Logical thought s position and its role in the scientific innovation are discussed here from induction and deduction to logical contradiction and analogy, from mathematical logic to man-made intellectual faculties,etc.
本文从逻辑思维中的归纳和演绎、逻辑矛盾和类比、数理逻辑与人工智能等方面简述了逻辑思维在科学知识创新中的地位和作用。
6)&&deduction and induction
演绎和归纳
They corre- spond to the methods of deduction and induction.
"三个世界"理论是科学知识之构成的一种表达,在知识形成的过程中,判断力起着至关重要的中介作用,它可以分为规定性判断力和反思性判断力,前者的思维路向是从一般到具体,而后者相反,二者分别对应于科学方法论里演绎和归纳两种方法。
补充资料：归纳与演绎
归纳与演绎induction&and&deduction&&&辩证逻辑的方法之一。归纳是从个别性的前提推出一般性的结论，前提与结论之间的联系是或然性的；演绎是从一般性的前提推出个别性的结论，前提与结论之间的联系是必然性的。在科学研究中，归纳是对经验事实的概括，演绎则是对一般性原理的应用，公理方法是它的典型方法。辩证逻辑从人的完整的认识过程出发，把认识看作是在实践基础上从个别到一般、又从一般到个别的辩证统一的过程，并正确把握归纳与演绎的辩证关系，从而把两者的统一作为辩证逻辑的一种基本方法。&&&归纳与演绎通常被看作各自独立的推理形式和方法。这两种方法在各自所运用的范围内是有效的。但无论是归纳还是演绎都有其不足之处，这是由归纳与演绎本身的特点所决定的。在哲学和逻辑史上，曾出现过把归纳与演绎互相割裂和对立甚至互相否定的倾向。只有马克思主义才真正把归纳与演绎辩证地统一起来。归纳与演绎的辩证关系是：归纳与演绎相互联系。归纳是演绎的基础，演绎则为归纳确定研究的目的和方向。归纳与演绎相互渗透、相互转化。
说明：补充资料仅用于学习参考，请勿用于其它任何用途。}