u.s senator gaylord nelson是什么意思_百度作业帮
u.s senator gaylord nelson是什么意思
u.s senator gaylord nelson是什么意思
美国参议员盖洛德.尼尔森Sen. Gaylord Nelson, Founder of Earth Day
Senator Gaylord Nelson, Founder of Earth Day
David J. Webber, MU Political Science, Jan. 1996
Gaylord A. Nelson
"The Founder of Earth Day"
(June 4, 1916-
U.S. Senate 88th- 96th Congresses
Democrat-Wisconsin
While sponsoring significant environmental legislation, Senator
Gaylord Nelson will be long remembered as the founder of Earth Day.
First held on April 22, 1970, Earth Day has become an annual national
event to learn about ecology and what we can do to reduce environmental
harm. Senator Nelson's interest in the environment started as a boy and
continues after he left the Senate in 1981. Nelson is still active in
promoting Earth Day and is a counselor to The Wilderness Society, an
organization in Washington, D.C. devoted to protecting the environment.
Senator Nelson was awarded the Medal of Freedom in recognition
of a lifetime of public service.
His Boyhood
Gaylord Nelson was born the third of four children on June 4, 1916 in
Clear Lake, Wisconsin, a community of about 700 people in the northwest
corner of the state. Nelson's parents were involved in Clear Lake civic
activities and Gaylord became accustomed to discussions about local,
state, and national politics. His father, a country doctor, was mayor of
Clear Lake and his mother was involved in many community service. His
great-grandfather helped found the Republican Party in Wisconsin. Nelson
remembers wanting to be in politics since he was 8 or 9 when his dad took
him to hear Robert "Fighting Bob" LaFollette, leader of the Progressive
Party, speak from the back of a train. Nelson remembers being impressed by
the gestures and speech and when his dad asked him if he wanted to be in
politics he said: "Yes, but I'm afraid by the time I grew up Bob LaFollete
would have settled all the problems and there will be nothing for me to
Nelson graduated from Clear Lake High School in 1934 where he played
football and basketball. He attended San Jose State College in California,
the same school his sister had attended. After graduating in 1939, he
studied at the University of Wisconsin Law School where he graduated in
1942. Nelson served four years in the U.S. Army, seeing action in the
Okinawa campaign, before starting a law and political career.
Wisconsin Politics
Gaylord Nelson first learned about politics when at 14 he organized
campaign to plant trees along the five roads leading into Clear Lake.
Nelson was not successful and faced his first, but not last, defeat in
politics. After returning from service in World War II, Nelson ran for the
Wisconsin legislature as a Progressive Republican in 1946. He lost. He ran
for the state Senate as a Democrat in 1948 and this time he won and served
ten years before being elected Governor in
One disappointment in his life was his father's death shortly after he
had been nominated for governor but before he had been elected. In one of
his last conversations with his father, his dad surprised him, recalling
their conversation when Gaylord was a boy, by asking him "So do you think
Bob LaFollete left you enough problems to work on when you will be
governor?"
In the late 1950s, a crucial issues facing Wisconsin was the great
demand for outdoor recreation. A 1959 study found that over 25 percent of
Chicago residents took an over-night vacation trip to Wisconsin. Governor
Nelson proposed a bold plan to expand the state's conservation efforts. In
August 1961, Nelson won legislative approval in 1961 of the Outdoor
Resources Action Program financed by a one-cent-per-pack cigarette tax to
fund the state acquisition of parks and wetlands. This 10-year program
used "conservation easements" to purchase land rights to private property.
Instead of actually buying the land, a conservation easements pays the
property owner to preserve land as wilderness. The
Outdoor Resources
Action Program provided for recreation areas throughout the state for use
as wildlife areas and public parks. While governor, Nelson proposed other
environmental measure such as regulating detergents that were making their
way to Wisconsin's rivers and streams.
Election to the Senate
In 1962, Governor Nelson defeated Senator Alexander Wiley, a
Republican who had served 24 years,
and Senator Nelson began an 18 year
career in Congress.
He gained an appointment to the Senate Interior and
Insular Affairs Committee allowing him to pursue his natural resources
interests. On March 25, 1963, Nelson made his first speech before the U.S.
Senate in support of a bill to ban detergents from water supplies. After
describing the magnitude of the detergent pollution problem, some 3.8
billion pounds used each year resulting in serious foaming of rivers and
Nelson commented on government's efforts to preserve the
environment. "We need a comprehensive and nationwide program to save the
national resources of America," he said. "We cannot be blind to the
growing crisis of our environment. Our soil, our water, and our air are
becoming more polluted every day. Our most priceless natural
resources--trees, lakes, rivers, wildlife habitats, scenic landscapes--are
being destroyed."
Nelson aligned himself with liberal Democrats supporting the Great
Society legislation of the Johnson Administration. He took a special
interest in education programs, highway safety, and health care and was
one of the first Senators to oppose the Vietnam War.
In 1965, Nelson introduced the first legislation to ban DDT
(dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane), a chemical used to kill insects but
which threatened many other species. DDT remains in the environment for a
long time, building up in the ecosystem. From water runoff or from eating
insects, some fish and birds accumulated dangerous amounts of DDT that
caused abnormalities in offspring. DDT became a threat to human health as
it were passed up the foodchain.
On January 19, 1970, Senator Nelson delivered a major speech in the
Senate presenting his "environmental agenda," consisting of 11 items many
of which he accomplished during his career. The first item was his
proposal for a constitutional amendment that read: "Every person has the
inalienable right to a decent environment. The United States and every
State shall guarantee this right." Next, he proposed that immediate action
"to rid America in the 1970s of the massive pollution from five of the
most heavily used product of our affluent age." These five are: internal
combustion engine, hard pesticides, detergent pollution, aircraft
pollution, and nonreturnable containers.
The third item on his agenda was to enhance the quality of life by
establishing family planning. Fourth, creating a new environmental
advocacy agency to involve citizens in environmental policy activities.
Fifth, reduce ocean pollution by regulating oil drilling. Sixth, establish
an environmental education program for all levels of education. Seventh,
the development of mass transit to reduce the use of private automobiles.
Eight, adoption of a national land use policy involving all levels of
government to reduce the chaotic, unplanned combination of urban sprawl,
industrial expansion, and air, water, land, and visual pollution. Ninth,
establishment of a national minerals and resources policy that encourages
wise use and conservation. Tenth, establishment of national air and water
quality policies.
Eleventh, creation of a nonpartisan national
environmental political action organization which encourages public
involvement at all levels of government. Over the next decade, Senator
Nelson by working with other members of Congress made progress on many of
these items on his environmental agenda.
The Idea for Earth Day
Senator Nelson searched for many years to find a way to focus public
attention on the environment. He thought he had found a way to bring the
environment into the political limelight when he had persuaded President
John F. Kennedy to make a nationwide conservation tour in 1963. Although
President Kennedy traveled through Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Wyoming, Utah, Washington, and California speaking about the
need to conserve natural resources the effort received little media
attention. Senator Nelson realized he needed another mechanism for
promoting environmental concern and asked himself "how are we going to get
the nation to wake up and pay attention to the most important challenge
the human specifies faces on the planet?" While reading an article on
anti-Vietnam War teach-ins that were organized on college campuses across
the nation to protest that War, the thought occurred to him: Why not have
a nationwide teach-in on the environment? Upon returning to Washington,
Nelson raised the funds to get Earth Day started. He wrote letters to all
50 governors and the mayors of major cities asking them to issue Earth Day
Proclamations. He sent an Earth Day article to all college newspapers
explaining the event and one to Scholastic Magazine, which went to most
high schools and grade schools.
It worked.
An estimated twenty million people participated in
educational activities and community events demonstrating their interest
in the environment. Congress recessed for the day so that House and Senate
members could speak about the environment and attend community events. In
New York city, Mayor John Lindsay closed Fifth Avenue to automobile
traffic and 100,000 people attended an ecology fair in Central Park.
In Earth Day ceremonies at the University of Wisconsin, Senator Nelson
Our goal is an environment of decency, quality, and mutual respect
for all other human creatures and for all living creatures. . .The
to restore a proper relationship between man and his
environment, between
man and other living creatures will require a
long, sustained, political,
moral, ethical, and financial commitment- -far beyond any effort made
Across the nation, ten thousand grade schools and high schools, two
thousand colleages, and one thousand communities were involved in Earth
Day activities. It was a massive grass roots event where schools and
communities organized themselves once they heard the idea.
Earth Day was
a success. American Heritage Magazine described Earth Day as "one of the
most remarkable happenings in the history of democracy" and said "American
politics and public policy would never be the same again."
In addition to initiating Earth Day, Senator Nelson has promoted
public interest in the environment by publishing two books devoted to
expressing concerns about environmental damage. In American's Last Chance,
he reviews the harm to land, water, and air that humans are causing.
Senator Nelson proposed an agenda for environmental legislation which
resulted in new laws to protect the environment. The second book, What are
Me and You Gonna Do? is a collection of children's letters to Senator
Nelson about the environment." Nelson summarizes the book: "These young
people are asking why their elders have taken such a beautiful world and
are spoiling if for their children and grandchildren. They are asking why
we don't stop the destruction." The Senator asks: "Well, why don't we?"
Congressional Achievements
Senator Nelson sponsored legislation to preserve the 2,000 mile
Appalachian Trial in the eastern United States and the National Trial
Systems Act which became law in 1968.
He introduced bills that became
part of the Clean Air Act, the Surface Mining and Reclamation Act, the
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act, the Water Quality Act, and
the National Lakes Preservation Act. Nelson is slow to claim credit for
passing a particular piece of legislation.
"Most often," Nelson says,
"legislating involves lots of people. Usually I would ask the committee
chairman and Senators for states most affected to co-sponsor my bills.
Plus you need to find a sponsor in the House and often the Executive
Branch will want to sponsor the same bill. So lots of people are
responsible for a bill being passed."
While serving on the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee
throughout most of his Senate career, Nelson was very active on other
domestic policy issues. During his Senate service, he served on the
Finance Committee,
he chaired the Monopoly Subcommittee on Small
Business, the Small Business Committee, the Subcommittee on Employment,
Manpower and Poverty of the Labor and Public Welfare Committee, and the
special committee assigned to formulate a code of the ethics for the
Life After the Senate
Nelson was unexpectedly defeated in 1980 by Robert W. Kasten, the
election in which Ronald Reagan defeated President Jimmy Carter. Nelson
lost the election by 59,000 votes out of the more than 2.1 million that
were cast. Three weeks before the election, polls conducted by the
Milwaukee Journal and Milwaukee Sentinel showed Nelson 20 points ahead.
Nelson said he knew it was over when he was carrying Milwaukee by only a
56-44 margin at 10:30 on election night. Nelson avoided the disappointment
of defeat and moved on to a job at the Wilderness Society working toward
the same environmental goals he had pursued in the Senate. "I've had a
marvelous career, I've enjoyed what I've done, and there is no reason to
fussing and worrying about the past. When I lost, I did not permit myself
to mope around about it."
Nelson acknowledges that he misses the Senate
but says "Since I was a boy I had dreamed about being in the Senate, but I
never thought it would happen. And then it did."
In 1981, Nelson became counselor to The Wilderness Society, an
organization in Washington, D.C. devoted to protecting the environment. He
is still active in promoting Earth Day. In 1995, at the age of 79, he gave
34 speeches in 3 months promoting the 25th Anniversary of Earth Day. The
theme of each speech was the same: Forging and maintaining a sustainable
society is THE CHALLENGE for this and all generations to come.
Nelson has twice received awards from the United Nations--in 1982, he
received their Environmental Leadership Award and in 1992, he received the
"Only One Earth" award. Additionally, he was honored by his native state
in their establishing a Gaylord Nelson State Park in Madison, Wisconsin
and by his home town with the the Gaylord Nelson room in the town museum
in Clear Lake, a small town a long way from Washington, DC.
In September 1995, Senator Nelson was award the Medal of Freedom--our
nation's highest civilian honor. In making the award, President Bill
Clinton said:
As the father of Earth Day, he is the grandfather of all that grew out of
that event--the Environmental Protection Act, the Clean Air Act, the Safe
Drinking Water Act. He also set a standard for people in public service to
care about the environment and to try to do something about it. And I
think that the Vice President would want me to say that young people like
Al Gore, back in 1970, realized, because of Gaylord Nelson, that if they
got into public service, they could do something to preserve our
environment for future generations.
In the 1970s, when a river was so polluted it actually caught on fire,
Gaylord Nelson spoke up. He insisted that Americans deserved the safety
that comes from knowing the world we live in does not make us sick. He
warned that our leaders should not let partisan politics divert us from
responsibility to our shared environment. He inspired us to remember that
the stewardship of our natural resources is the stewardship of the
American Dream. He is the worthy heir of the tradition of Theodore
Roosevelt and the Vice President's work and that of all other
environmentalist today is the worthy heir of Gaylord Nelson.
Chronology
June 4, 1916 Gaylord Nelson born in Clear Lake, Wisconsin.
1942 graduates from University of Wisconsin Law School and enlists
the U.S. Army
1946 Defeated in first try for elected office
1947 marries Carrie Lee Dotson and begins law practice in Madison,
1948 elected to Wisconsin Senate
1958 elected governor of Wisconsin
1962 elected to U.S. Senate
March 25, 1963 delivers his first Senate speech--it was on the
environment
October, 1963 Conservation Tour with President Kennedy
April 22, 1970 the first Earth Day is held
1980 defeated for re-election, becomes director of the Wilderness Society
April 22, 1995 serves as honorary chair, Earth Day 1995
September,1995 Received Presidential Medal of Freedom Award
Books by Gaylord Nelson
America's Last Chance. 1970
What are me and you gonna do? Children's letters to Senator Gaylord
Nelson about the Environment.
Further Reading About Gaylord Nelson
Gaylord Nelson: A Day for the Earth, by Jeffrey Shulman and Teresa
Rogers, Twenty-First Century Books. 1992当前位置：
＞＞＞阅读理解 In 1963,former Senator Gaylord Nelson began to worr..
&&&& In 1963,former Senator Gaylord Nelson began to worry about our planet. Nelson knew that our worldwas getting dirty and that many of our plants and animals were dying. He wondered why most people weren't trying to solve these problems. He talked to other lawmakers and to the President. They decided that the President would go around the country and tell people about these problems. He did, but still not enough people were working on it.&& &&&& Then in 1969, Senator Nelson had another idea. He decided to have a special day to teach everyone about the things that needed changing in our environment. He wrote letters to all of the colleges and put a special article in Scholastic Magazine to tell them about the special day he had planned.&&&& On April 22,1970, the first Earth Day meeting was held. People all over the country made promises tohelp improve the environment. Since then, Earth Day has spread all over the planet. People all over the world know that there are problems we need to work on and this is our special day to look at the planet&and see what needs changing. Isn't it great? One person had an idea and kept working until everyone began working together to solve it.
1. The passage mainly talks about _____.
A. the importance of Earth DayB. the person who planned the Earth Day C. the history of Earth DayD. the first Earth Day
2. Why did&&Senator Gaylord Nelson&&worry about our planet?
A. The world was getting dirtyB. Many plants and animals were dying.C. Few people cared about the earthD. All of the above.
3. Nelson did all this to_____&&
A. become famous&&B. make more laws&& C. change the environmentD. make people care about the environment
4. It took Nelson _____ years to get people pay much attention to the earth.
A. 10&&&&&&B.&7&&&& C.&6&&&&&&D. 15&&&&
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