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反天主教是一种针对的、敌意或，也可用来指针对的。
在初期，天主教會在欧洲长期的权势受到了挑战和竞争，激起针对和天主教权力的敌对态度。这种敌意称为反教权主义（anti-clericalism）。又带来对其属灵权威提出异议，面临前所未有的危机。此後為主的國家曾禁止天主教活動。
当代的反天主教表现为许多形式，包括对天主教少数派的迫害，政府攻击天主教信仰、歧视，和恶意攻击神职人员與信徒。加上的興起，反天主教的行動包括批評教廷的保守取態，如反對使用等行為、權和，也有人籍天主教神職人員兒童等醜聞批評天主教。
Lucas Cranach the Elder在其1521年的画作《敌基督》中将教皇描绘成，指教皇是敵基督。
从开始，就攻击教皇象征着的权势，而罗马天主教则象征《》中的。许多新教宗派的信条中明确地将教皇视为敌基督：
25.6. 教会除了主耶稣基督以外没有别的元首：nor can 罗马教皇 in any s but is that 敌基督, that man of sin and son of perdition, that exalts himself in the Church against Christ, and all that is called God.
的反天主教起源于的，而由否定教宗權威的領導的最後演變成一個具有強烈排外及統治性質的宗教，對天主教徒和加以迫害，並促使十七世紀初清教徒乘坐前往新大陸。
十七世紀，英王雖然信仰新教，但他下令全國採用接近天主教的儀式，最後引爆了，信仰清教的首腦最後戰勝了查理一世的，並將查理一世斬首示眾；其子於1660年復辟。後來篤信天主教的因為遭到推翻。
自光榮革命後，英国皇室成员一旦加入天主教或与天主教徒结婚，即视为自动放弃继承王位的机会。但在日，國會修改王位繼承法，取消了對皇室成員與天主教徒結婚的限制，不過王位繼承人依然必須是英國聖公會的成員。
在爱尔兰，罗马天主教徒占多数，但在的以后，遭受迫害。一直到十九世紀，信奉天主教的愛爾蘭移民也遭到當地的上流階層迫害，譬如的愛裔造船工人和美國的愛裔鐵路工人曾受到英美雇主的壓迫。
二十世紀的，由於信仰天主教的激進政黨和激進武裝組織（Irish Republican Army, IRA）為了脫離英國並與統一，遂與英國當局爭鬥許久，最後IRA于1998年簽署停火協議。
16世纪的使得苏格兰转向了（），革命导致对罗马天主教强烈的敌意。
自從美國建國以來，雖然規定保障和平等，但在就職典禮上握住宣誓就職，是以新教的儀軌進行。
在19世紀，隨著大量歐洲移民的進入，包含信仰天主教的、、、移民，他們除了備受美國本土信仰新教的主流族群排擠和外，也造成了貧困、犯罪、失業等生活問題，更在1929年時期受害最深，因為他們的社經地位比信仰新教的美國主流族群來得低。
除了标准的新教论战的比喻，天主教反基督和巴比伦等现代反天主教爭議主题的妓女列入其中，指责谋求世界霸权的教会异端，批評偶像崇拜和阴谋论的指责。
标准新教的论战是由美国作家代表牧师约翰·道林，在他最畅销的書中，他指责罗马天主教会是“基督的全真教会的恶毒的敌人 - 她拥有无人认领被称为基督教堂 - 但是，随着长期腐败，邪恶的人也看穿她的三冠王，她是的。
的《》（1858年）宣称罗马天主教发源于神秘宗教，其实行带有异教徒的色彩（偶像崇拜）。
背弃天主教的神父Charles Chiniquy著有50 Years In The Church of Rome和The Priest, the Woman and the Confessional（1885年），也将罗马天主教描绘成异教。
Avro的曼哈顿的书“梵蒂冈的大屠杀”（1986）“，”梵蒂冈十亿”（1983）和”梵蒂冈莫斯科联盟”（1982）认为，教会的工程师战争统治世界。
希斯洛普的和Chiniquy的十九世纪论战和一系列的基础上由著名现代反天主教和漫画书的Avro曼哈顿工作的组成部分杰克小鸡谁也指责教皇配套使用的，煽动革命和策划的的。据小鸡，天主教会是“巴比伦妓女”中的启示录的图书提及，并会带来撒旦之前，它是由耶稣基督破坏。小鸡声称天主教浸润和企图摧毁或损坏的一切其他宗教和教会，以及它使用各种手段，包括诱惑，取景和谋杀压制批评。画上的的想法，小鸡还声称，天主教会有助于塑造伊斯兰教作为一种工具来引诱人们远离基督教在他所谓的伊斯兰教的阴谋。
在他的畅销书（2006年）断言，一个天主教教养促进内疚人（167页）的“半永久状态病态内疚由罗马天主教遭受具备正常的人性弱点和不智力正常的。讨论文书的性虐待在爱尔兰的后果，他还建议，“可怕的性虐待毫无疑问是，损害是可以说是比把孩子送進天主教会，在第一时间造成长期的心理伤害少”（317頁） 。
从宗教改革的时候到今天，天主教会一直是被讽刺和幽默的目标。这样的讽刺和幽默的范围从轻微艳舞恶性攻击。天主教神职人员组织，如监视器，特别是圍攻和贬义的指責，表达對他们的反对和抗议。
史学家，在書中反天主教：最后的可接受偏见（牛津大学出版社2005年国际标准书号0-19-）认为，一些人谁否则避免种族，宗教，种族或性别群体得罪成员都毫无保留的宣泄教徒的仇恨。在20世纪早期，美国哈佛大学教授老阿瑟·施莱辛格米反对对天主教徒的偏见，“最深的偏见在美国人民的历史”的耶鲁大学教授彼得Viereck曾评论说：“反天主教是自由派的反犹太主义。”
日的表明有30%的美国人对罗马天主教信仰持不赞成态度，57%的美国人对罗马天主教信仰持赞成态度。不赞成的比率高于2000年，但低于2002年。當中白人新教徒及天主教徒對天主教持肯定態度，而无宗教信仰者及非基督徒則多數持否定態度，他們對罗马天主教的教义持負面看法，而神職人員的性醜聞及贪婪，罗马天主教对同性恋的观点，和独身神职人员使那些對罗马天主教持負面看法的名单上。2012年一个较新的盖洛普民意调查显示只有4％的美国人對罗马天主教徒持“非常负面”的看法
2000年，莱斯Balsiger在多个城市进行反天主教运动 。
许多和（、、与）激进分子批评天主教对于性、避孕和堕胎的观点。与传统的反天主教形式不同，反天主教者并不仅仅是因为它是天主教而反对，而是针对其特别的立場，即使天主教相對於其他更保守的新教教派來說相對開明，但仍持反對看法。
反天主教活动人士，如引用这是反天主教偏执，反对者争辩说，一个组织的实际位置上的问题，批评不构成偏执。
在日，美國民主黨候選人初選期間聘请了阿曼达作为广告活动的顧問反對團體對她采取了进攻，以她的一些早期作品，她声称教会试图“证明公司厌女症与[...]上古神话”，并公开要求爱德华兹竞选團體结束马科特的任命。马科特随后辞职，理由是受到“性暴力，威胁邮件”。
一些同性恋激進活动家与罗马天主教关系十分惡劣。在1989年艾滋病联盟成员和妇女組織动员人士打乱周日，在抗议教会对，和使用的保守態度。抗议者其後被捕，至少一名抗议者扔已使用的安全套在教堂祭坛，。
按照耶稣会神父詹姆士·马丁的说法，美国娱乐业对于天主教有“两个头脑”，他说道：
在一方面，电影和电视制作者似乎发现天主教是不可抵御的。这有许多原因：第一，天主教超过其它任何基督教宗派，天主教堂在视觉图像上是最棒的，因此吸引了制片人和导演。圣衣、圣体匣、雕像、苦像 - 更不用说圣餐的象征，是一切事物的更“字为本”的基督教教派。因此天主教借自己完美的电影和电视的视觉媒体為自己提供好處。电影即将或撒旦或恶魔附身，或者就此而言，任何类型的超然化日常生活的，会选择天主教作为场地和題才。
第二，天主教在现代文化中仍然被视为“他者”， 因此继续是一个有魅力的对象。正如已经指出的，这是古代的一种文化庆祝，自称在后现代文化，看起来持怀疑态度上的任何索赔真理的真理，并以理性，启蒙的世界中的神秘面纱。因此，它是编剧寻找任何故事所需要的“冲突”的完美背景。
马丁又说，虽然天主教有不可抵御的魅力，但是娱乐业也最为显著地轻视天主教。"好像制片、导演、编剧和电影制片人的感觉迫使被鼓吹他们与他们保持在这样的奴隶制度的差异建立自己的知识产权的诚意。不过，马丁认为，“正是电视已经证明了反天主教的題材是写作中最肥沃的土壤。当牧师他们出现在电视节目，通常显示为恋童癖者或白痴，也很少看到在做自己的工作。”
在巴西度假題材的電影'我们的阿帕雷西达圣母'，在被称为一个小插曲普世教会王国神＃的“踢圣的”“踢了圣徒”的主教五旬节普世教会的神的王国多次击败说守护神的雕像。
已经带来了积极的反天主教问题中脱颖而出的一组是關於天主教联盟的宗教和民权。成立于1975年，由维吉尔百隆，的领导下，组织天主教聯盟，反擊那些电影對天主教的批評及嘲諷。天主教联盟已经对这种娱乐产品如神圣的没什么，牧师和科珀斯克里斯蒂提出訴訟。1999年10月，他们在购买了一整版的广告，声讨杂志对其涉嫌向反天主教的團體倾斜。
2004年多诺霍宣称“好莱坞被仇恨基督教、特别是仇恨天主教的犹太人长期控制。[...]好莱坞像喜歡
2006年10月，明尼苏达州的天主教上层领袖呼吁明尼苏达大学校长罗伯特·Bruininks重新考虑大学容許一部反天主教的爭議舞台劇上映，他们被视为反天主教争议发挥了难得的一步。 “教皇和女巫”，讽刺教皇的偏执，药物腐坏的白痴和梵蒂冈的腐败，引起了愤怒，秋天全国天主教团体和一些当地的教會、圣保罗和明尼阿波利斯总教区大主教哈里·弗林，以及来自克鲁克斯顿主教薇诺娜，写信给州的160万天主教徒。他们敦促Bruininks重新思考應否播出有關戏剧。丹尼斯·麦格拉思，圣保罗和明尼阿波利斯总教区的发言人，说他不记得国家的主教曾提出这样的要求。该大学表示，它没有计划停止舞台劇播放。
近年来，足球一直是很多在苏格兰的宗派偏见的一幕。通过格拉斯哥对手（罗马天主教有关）和（新教）的宗教背景对鸿沟的两边引发了更大的愤怒，变成宗派偏见和衝突。
天主教會被認为在社会中發揮了宗教的作用，但在其他时间，指被國家操纵，这是一个用以打击罗马天主教。
以色列的反天主教起源于1948年这个犹太人国家成立之时。当时有几个天主教徒占多数的村庄，例如Kafr Bir'im和Iqrit，都被以色列国防军用强制手段减少人口。1948年以后，天主教神父被驱逐出这个国家，许多教堂被占用、关闭或强迫出售。最近以色列拒绝并试图阻止任命天主教會任命巴勒斯坦人為主教。 以色列政府1998努力阻止圣座任命加利利总主教被梵蒂冈和其他国家的谴责。以色列怀疑和敌视天主教神职人员，导致事故，如2002年10月的拘留和骚扰希臘大主教埃利亚斯Chacour和大主教布特罗斯Mouallem，防止他离开耶路撒冷，以防止他参加在伦敦的宗教会议。 近年以色列政府與教廷關系改善。
1701 Act of Settlement
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Scotland On Sunday: Nov. 2006: "Football rivalry boosts religious orders"
The Times Newspaper May 2006:A new link has been made between the Old Kirk and Scotland's Catholics...Scotland the heartland of the UK's Catholics.
Foster, J. R.; Jean Marie Mayeur, Madeleine Rebérioux. . . 1 February 1988: p. 84. .
Patrick R O'Malley (2006) Catholicism, sexual deviance, and Victorian Gothic culture. Cambridge University Press
Franchot, Jenny. . . Berkeley, California (USA): The University of California Press. 1994. .
Mannard, Joseph G. . 1981. （存档于）.
Franchot, Jenny (1994). "Two Escaped Nuns: Rebecca Reed and Maria Monk", Roads to Rome: The Antebellum Protestant Encounter with Catholicism. Berkeley, California (USA): The University of California Press.
Mannard, Joseph G. . 1981. （存档于）.
羅馬主义歷史”“第2版，1852年，页646-47约翰·道林
[HTTP：//www.cermusa.francis埃杜/ CSD/ Pilot.htm 不，你不会，波普先生！”：简史反天主教在美国]中，在距离项目提供的圣弗朗西斯大学天主教研究由三个部分组成系列交付宗教研究系助理教授亚瑟Remillard。圣弗朗西斯大学CERMUSA网站，2007年5月
赫伯格，威尔。 “宗教的世俗化的社会：美国的三大宗教的多元化若干问题”，第一卷的宗教研究的回顾。1962年，页37
[HTTP：//www.sentinel .ORG/文章/0.html俄勒冈运行在复活节反天主教广告]
. "All that Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948.". IPS. 1992. .
. 以色列反对梵蒂冈选择巴勒斯坦总主教. The Jewish News Weekly. .
梵蒂冈谴责以色列Over Comments On 巴勒斯坦主教. Catholic World News. .
. "Christian Leaders from Jerusalem Blocked From Attending Interfaith Meeting in London". Episcopal News Service. .
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stemmed是什么意思
中文翻译英英解释adj.1.有茎[梗、柄]的。2.去掉茎[梗、柄]的。adj.〔常用以构成复合词〕1.有茎[梗]的；装有小柄的。2.去掉茎(或梗)的。短语和例子
例句与用法1.This is the way to stem the flow of the blood .这才是制止流血的方法。2.The liner has been refitted from stem to stern .那艘班轮已经全面整修。3.Aluminum sleeves were placed around the stems .植株树干用铝制套筒包着。4.His error stems from selfishness .他犯错误的病根在于私心太重。5.Debris have stemmed the current .破瓦片之类的东西堵住了水流。6.Crime and punishment grow out of one stem .罪与罚本是同茎生。7.Metal sleeves fastened around their stems .金属套简包着树干。8.Correct decisions stem from correct judgments .正确的决心来自于正确的判断。9.Our ship stemmed on against the current .我们的船逆水而行。10.Stem-rusts weaken branches and stems .茎锈病会使枝干衰弱。&&更多例句：&&1&&&&&&&&
相邻词汇热门词汇帮忙翻译!这句话是什么意思啊?不太理解,请各位帮忙翻译一下,谢谢!Such a world economic landscape might hane stemmed directly from the explosive growth of U.S. financial capitalism and the structural economic difficulty facing Japan and Europe._百度作业帮
帮忙翻译!这句话是什么意思啊?不太理解,请各位帮忙翻译一下,谢谢!Such a world economic landscape might hane stemmed directly from the explosive growth of U.S. financial capitalism and the structural economic difficulty facing Japan and Europe.
这样一世界经济上的风景力量hane直接源于美国财政资本主义的暴躁成长和面对日本和 欧洲.一结构上经济上的困难.
！这样一个世界经济景观可能hane直接源自的爆炸性增长，美国金融资本主义和结构性的经济困难，面临日本和欧洲。
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Two-factor authentication: What you need to know (FAQ)
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to media after high-profile hacksTwo-factor authentication, or 2FA
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Visitors look at new Samsung devices during the first day of the
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conversations and promises about features. Between this and
Tuesday's all-day Microsoft Xbox event, the next-gen console race
couldn't be any more heated.Catch CNET's live blog from Microsoft's
Xbox event, starting Tuesday at 10 a.m. PT/1 p.m. ET
On eve of Xbox reveal,
Twitter must reveal names behind anti-Semitic tweets, rules French
(Credit:Illustration by James Martin/CNET)Twitter has been ordered
by a French appeals court to produce the names of the people behind
any anti-Semitic tweets, according to Le Monde.On Wednesday, the
Paris Court of Appeal struck down an appeal by Twitter in which the
site argued that it shouldn't be required to take action against
tweets unless they're illegal in the country where the tweet was
reported. Twitter had launched its appeal after a French court
ruled in January that it must hand over the names of those who post
anti-Semitic tweets.The case stemmed from several tweets posted
last October that contained anti-Semitic words and hashtags. Just
two of the the objectionable hashtages
were '#UnBonJuif est un juif mort,' translated as
'A good Jew is a dead J' and 'est cuit thermostat 6,' which sug
Samsung outguns Apple in marketing, report says
Kanye West performs at Samsung's Galaxy Note 2 event in New
York.(Credit:Samsung)With the success of its Galaxy S and Galaxy
Note franchise, Samsung Electronics has shown that money talks.
Samsung outspent Apple in marketing in the U.S. last year, sinking
$401 million in its promotional efforts here vs. Apple's marketing
budget of $333 million, The Wall Street Journal reported yesterday,
citing research firm Kantar Media. Related storiesMVNO carrier Ting
says it will get the Galaxy S4Samsung Galaxy S4 rumor
roundupEye-tracking tech in the Samsung Galaxy
S4? Say what?Is Samsung making a
mockery of the Galaxy S4 launch?Twitter working on a music appThe
marketing muscle has been a crucial component to Samsung's success
in surpassing Apple as the premier smartphone manufacturer and top
cell phone player in
Oops! U.K. budget leaked on Twitter
(Credit:Screenshot by CNET UK)The U.K. budget was leaked on Twitter
today, granting politically minded surfers a sneak peek at George
Osborne's number crunching ahead of time. The key aspects of the
chancellor's new measures -- including plans for the U.K.'s
Internet speeds -- emerged early when London's Evening Standard
newspaper tweeted its front page, which detailed the most crucial
aspects of the annual ploy to make the U.K. more economically
healthy. The Standard posted an apology on its site, with editor
Sarah Sands saying, 'An investigation is immediately under
way into how this front page was made public.' The person who sent
the tweet has been suspended while that investigation
happens, the newspaper boss says.Read more of 'UK
budget leaked on Twitter as gov
SpaceX's Grasshopper
scores with 100-meter sideways leap
SpaceX's Grasshopper rocket successfully completed a 100-meter
lateral divert test on Tuesday.(Credit:SpaceX)SpaceX's Grasshopper
has successfully pulled off a
divert test, the company said today.
On Tuesday, the Falcon 9 test rig flew to an altitude of 250 meters
(820.2 feet) and was able to make a 100-meter (328 feet) lateral
maneuver before flying back to the center of its launch pad. The
company said that the test proved that the Grasshopper has the
ability to 'perform more aggressive steering maneuvers than have
been attempted in previous flights.'The new test was the latest in
a series conducted by SpaceX. In March, the company -- co-founded
by PayPal and Tesla co-founder Elon Musk
NSA leaked documents reveal U.S. spied on Russian president
Whistleblower Edward Snowden leaked NSA documents to the
press.(Credit:Screengrab via The Guardian)In addition to targeting
suspected terrorists, it appears the National Security Agency also
spent time spying on foreign heads of state. A leaked document from
the explosive NSA document deluge shows that the U.S. government
was spying on former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev during the
London G20 summit in 2009, according to the Guardian. Apparently,
the NSA document shows that U.S. spies got their hands on
top-secret communications between Medvedev and his delegation and
then shared the information with government officials from the
U.K., Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. The NSA document, titled
'Russian Leadership Communications in support of President Dmitry
Medvedev at the G20 summit in London -- Intercept at Menwith Hill
station,' says that agency believes it possibly discovered 'a
change in the way Russian lead
Mozilla brands Persona as password killer
Mozilla's Web site log-in alternative known as Persona unveiled a
Beta 2 version today. Now you can sign in to any Web site
supporting Persona using a Yahoo Mail account.Persona, which is
still in development, is an open authentication system that works
on desktops and mobile devices. In addition to being able to log in
using either your Persona ID or your Yahoo credentials, today's
release introduces support for Firefox OS, which means you can
expect to use Persona to log in to any Firefox OS devices that
launch later this year. It also includes back-end changes that make
the log-in system work twice as fast as before, Mozilla says. The
company boldly claims that Persona will also be a 'password
killer.''Facebook and Twitter sign-in conflate the act of signing
into a Web site with sharing access to your social network, and
often granting the site permission to publish on your behalf.
Sometimes this is what a user wants, but far too often}