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Sacred Flowers
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released March 5, 2013
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"Lotus Flower" redirects here. For the Woody Shaw album, see . For the Radiohead song, see . For the religious symbol, see .
N. nucifera
Nelumbo nucifera, also known as Indian lotus, sacred lotus, bean of India, or simply lotus, is one of two species of aquatic plant in the
Nelumbonaceae. The Linnaean binomial Nelumbo nucifera () is the currently recognized name for this species, which has been classified under the , Nelumbium speciosum () and
nelumbo, among others. (These names are obsolete synonyms and should be avoided in current works.) This plant is an aquatic perennial. Under favorable circumstances its seeds may remain viable for many years, with the oldest recorded lotus germination being from that of seeds 1,300 years old recovered from a dry lakebed in northeastern .
Native to Tropical Asia and , , it is commonly cultivated in . It is also the
While all modern
systems agree that this species belongs in the genus , the systems disagree as to which family Nelumbo should be placed in, or whether the genus should belong in its own unique family and order.
The lotus is often confused with the water lilies (, in particular , sometimes called the "blue lotus"). In fact, several older systems, such as
(which is widely used in the Indian subcontinent) call the lotus Nymphaea nelumbo or Nymphaea stellata. This is, however, evolutionarily incorrect, as the lotus and water-lilies are practically unrelated. Far from being in the same family, Nymphaea and Nelumbo are members of different orders ( and
respectively).
Bud of Nelumbo nucifera
Blooming Nelumbo nucifera
The roots of lotus are planted in the soil of the pond or river bottom, while the leaves float on top of the water surface or are held well above it. The flowers are usually found on thick stems rising several centimeters above the leaves. The plant normally grows up to a height of about 150 cm and a horizontal spread of up to 3 meters, but some unverified reports place the height as high as over 5 meters. The leaves may be as large as 60 cm in diameter, while the showy flowers can be up to 20 cm in diameter.
Researchers report that the lotus has the remarkable ability to
to within a narrow range just as humans and other
animals do. Dr. Roger S. Seymour and Dr. Paul Schultze-Motel, physiologists at the
in , found that lotus flowers blooming in the
maintained a temperature of 30–35 °C (86–95 °F), even when the air temperature dropped to 10 °C (50 °F). They suspect the flowers may be doing this to attract
. The study, published in the journal , is the latest discovery in the field of , heat-producing, plants. Two other species known to be able to regulate their temperature include
An individual lotus can live for over a thousand years and has the rare ability to
into activity after . In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus, dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully .
As mentioned earlier, the traditional Sacred Lotus is only distantly related to Nymphaea caerulea, but possesses similar chemistry. Both
and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids
of the sacred lotus was sequenced in May 2013.
The distinctive dried seed heads, which resemble the spouts of , are widely sold throughout the world for decorative purposes and for dried .
The flowers, , young leaves, and "roots" () are all edible. In Asia, the petals are sometimes used for garnish, while the large leaves are used as a wrap for food, not frequently eaten (for example, as a wrapper for ). In Korea, the leaves and petals are used as a . Yeonkkotcha (???) is made with dried petals of white lotus and yeonipcha (???) is made with the leaves. Young lotus
are used as a salad ingredient in . The
(called ǒu () in pinyin , ngau in Cantonese, thambou in , kamal kakri in , renkon (, ) in , and yeongeun (??) in ) is used as a vegetable in soups, deep-fried, stir-fried, and braised dishes and the roots are also used in traditional Asian . Petals, leaves, and
can also all be eaten raw, but there is a risk of parasite transmission (e.g., ): it is therefore recommended that they be cooked before eating.
Lotus rootlets are often
with , sugar, chili and/or garlic. It has a crunchy texture with sweet-tangy flavours. In , it is popular with salad, ,
leaves. Lotus roots have been found to be rich in , , , , , , , , and , while very low in .[]
can be dried and made into a fragrant
called liánhuā cha () in Chinese, or (particularly in ) used to impart a scent to
leaves. This
is called trà sen, chè sen, or chè ??p sen. The
or nuts (called liánz?, 蓮子; or xiān liánz?, 鲜莲子, in Chinese) are quite versatile, and can be eaten raw or dried and popped like , phool makhana. They can also be boiled until soft and made into a paste, or boiled with dried
and rock sugar to make a
(sweet soup). Combined with sugar,
becomes one of the most common ingredients used in pastries such as , , and
In South Indian states, the lotus stem is sliced, marinated with salt to dry, and the dried slices are fried and used as a side dish. In Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this end product is called " Thamara Vathal". In Sri Lanka, finely sliced lotus rhizome cooked with coconut milk and spices is a popular curry known as Nelum Ala (?????? ??). In Vietnam, the bitter tasting germs of the lotus seeds are also made into a tisane (trà tim sen).
A unique fabric from the lotus plant fibers is produced only at ,
and is used for weaving special robes for
images called kya thingahn (lotus robe).
Boiled, sliced lotus roots used in various Asian cuisines
Fruit of Nelumbo nucifera; the dried seed cup is commonly used in flower arrangements.
Main article:
Hindu goddess
holding and standing on a lotus.
Vishnu holding the lotus, also sitting on it and wearing a lotus-bud crown.
Nelumbo nucifera is the species of lotus sacred to both Hindus and Buddhists.
revere it with the divinities
often portrayed on a pink lotus in iconography. In the representation of Vishnu as
(Lotus navel), a lotus issues from his navel with
on it. Goddess
is portrayed on a white-colored lotus.
Often used as an example of divine beauty, Vishnu is often described as the 'Lotus-Eyed One'. Its unfolding petals suggest the expansion of the soul. The growth of its pure beauty from the mud of its origin holds a benign spiritual promise. In , other deities, like
are often depicted with lotus flowers as their seats.
The lotus plant is cited extensively within
literature, for example:
One who performs his duty without attachment, surrendering the results unto the Supreme Lord, is unaffected by sinful action, as the lotus is untouched by water.
I love the lotus because while growing from mud, it is unstained.
: 予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染。
are depicted as seated on a lotus flower. In , the lotus represents purity of the
as if floating above the muddy waters of attachment and desire. According to legend[],
was born with the ability to walk, and lotus flowers bloomed everywhere he stepped. In Christianity, the
features a lotus underneath a cross.
In the classical written and oral literature of many Asian cultures the lotus is present in figurative form, representing elegance, beauty, perfection, purity and grace, being often used in poems and songs as an
for ideal feminine attributes. In
the word lotus (padma ????) has many . Since the lotus thrives in water, ja (denoting birth) is added to synonyms of water to derive some synonyms for the lotus, like ambuja (ambu= water + ja=born of), neeraj (neera=water + ja= born of), pankaj, pankaja, kamal, kamala, kunala, aravind, arvind, nalin,nalini and saroja and names derived from the lotus, like padmavati (possessing lotuses) or padmini (full of lotuses). These names and derived versions are often used to name girls, and to a lesser extent boys, in India,
and , as well as in many other countries influenced by Indic culture, like , ,
Drawing in turn on these beliefs, the international
community adopted this symbolism in the design of the
in , India.
The flavonol
(Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide), as well as the alkaloids (+)-1(R)- and (-)-1(S)-, can be found in the leaves of N. nucifera. The plant also contains
Shen-Miller, J.; Schopf, J. W.; Harbottle, G.; Cao, R.-j.; Ouyang, S.; Zhou, K.-s.; Southon, J. R.; Liu, G.-h. (2002). "Long-living lotus: Germination and soil -irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany 89 (2): 236–47. :.  .
Perry, F. (1972) Flowers of the World. Bonanza Books, pp. 192–193. .
Serventy, V; Raymond, R. (1980) Lakes & Rivers of Australia. Summit Books, pp. 102–103
Yoon, Carol Kaesuk (). . New York Times.
Shen-M Mudgett, M. B.; William Schopf, J.; Clarke, S.; Berger, R.; et al. (1995). "Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China".
82 (11): . :.  .
Shen-Miller, J. (2002). "Long-living lotus: germination and soil gamma-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and cultivation, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring".
89 (2): 236–247. :. Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. An ~1300-yr-old lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry lakebed in northeastern China, is the oldest germinated and directly 14C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, China, the source of the old viable fruits.
Ray Ming, Robert VanBuren, Yanling Liu, Mei Yang, Yuepeng Han, et al. "Genome of the long-living sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)". Genome Biology, ): R41. :.
. Science Daily. 10 May .
Wolpert, Stuart (10 May 2013). . UCLA Newsroom 2013.
Dharmananda, Subhuti. . itmonline.
. Kew 2015.
Kashiwada, Y.; Aoshima, A.; Ikeshiro, Y.; Chen, Y. P.; Furukawa, H.; Itoigawa, M.; Fujioka, T.; Mihashi, K.; Cosentino, L. M.; Morris-Natschke, S. L.; Lee, K. H. (2005). "Anti-HIV benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera, and structure–activity correlations with related alkaloids". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13 (2): 443–448. :.  .
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