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老师您好，我想咨询下英语作文中议论文的写作是否有些可以普遍遵循的原则？
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同学你好，我是新东方大学英语听说读写拔高老师杨忠远，很高兴能在这里问你解答有关英语学习方面的问题，希望我的解答能够对你有所帮助，也希望你能够来新东方进行更深层次的交流和学习。我们从以下几个方面探讨议论文写作的问题：（一）基本结构议论文的格式： 议论文的格式应由三个部分组成：立论部分;论证部分;结论部分。　　一般说来，在应试型议论文写作中，通常遵循introduction-body-conclusion(引言段-主体段-结论段)的“三步曲”：第一段引出话题;第二段立论且加以论证;第三段给出明确的结论。（二）写作原则原则一：中心段落的写作第二段是中心段落，应试者应将主要的内容放在第二段中，同时也要注意开篇及结尾段落的完整性，且应尽量做到首尾呼应，切忌前后矛盾。Body(主体)段落提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supportingsentences”。他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。这几个简单原则包括：1、每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句2、支持句必须围绕主题句展开原则二：段落的统一性及语篇的连贯性　　1) 段落的统一性：英语段落有一大特点，即一个段落只涉及一个主题(甚至只是一个主题的某个方面)。段落中的一个句子点出主题并说明作者对该主题的看法，而其它所有句子都是为展开该主题而给出的事实、例证、推理，它们与主题紧密相关。段落中不应有一个与主题无关的句子。英文段落的这种各个句子与主题的关联性被称作段落的统一性。　　2) 语篇的连贯性：英语议论文的段落多采取直线展开式，即段落开始直接切入主题，并给出事实、例证、推理等。英语议论文段落这种展开方式是形成其语篇连贯的基础。语篇的连贯是指段落中各句的意义通过某种有序的排列(如时间顺序、因果顺序、逻辑顺序等)而相互关联。在论述该段落主题的时候，每后一个句子都是建立在前面一个句子的基础之上的。如果去掉段落中的一个句子，这种连贯便会受到影响，就会造成读者在理解上的困难。　　3. 议论文中心段落的主题句及其论据一篇议论文能否获得高分与其中心段落主题句的质量不无关联，而主题句质量的高低则又取决于审题的好坏和论据的选择(即所选的论据在逻辑性、说理性、准确性及与主题内容的关联性等方面是否都经得起推敲)。需要明确的是，中心段落只应有两个组成部分：段落的主题句和支持主题句的论据。段落的主题句也应有两个部分组成，即：主题句=主题+作者对主题的看法或态度，两者缺一不可。当我们拿到议论文的题目以后，要认真审题，权衡某事的利与弊，然后确定我们的立场。如何构建段落的主题句呢?拿到议论文的题目以后，经认真审题后，用英文列出你所能想起的与主题有关的例证。希望能够帮助你
同学你好，我是北京新东方学校教师刘玉显！ 一般几乎所有的文章都需注意以下几点；1. 任务完成情况（Task Response）也就是审题。　　任务完成情况主要包括三个方面：内容(content)是否切题，立场(position)是否鲜明并得到有效阐释，结构(structure)是否有逻辑性。　　内容如何做到切题，关键在于审题时要找准题目的主题(topic)以及针对该主题所提出的问题(topic questions)。一般来说，主题就是题目中反复出现或主句中充当主语或宾语的名词以及名词短语，而问句则通常就是我们要讨论的要点，如果要点理解有误或漏掉某个要点，则都属于没有切题。　 & 写的时候一定要围绕中心词，中心词就是题目中高频出现的或者说它就是句子中的中心词，说明它就是我们要找的主题，比如说Do you agree that writing letters will disappear completely? 属于“支持或反对”类的题，必须明确表达你的立场，不能既同意又不同意，也就是说你的立场必须要明确，同时表达你同意或不同意的理由。　　立场要做到鲜明并得到有效阐释需要有如下几个内容：topic sentence(主题句)，main ideas(论点)，supporting points(论据)。主题句通常放在文章的首段，开门见山地表明你的立场，主题句只能有一个;论点放在中间段的首句，让读者一目了然，论点应该有两个以上，否则论证就不充分;论据包括evidence(证据)、examples(例子)等，放在论点后面，每个论点都应该有论据作支撑，否则就会显得论据不足。　　合理的文章结构通常由三大部分组成，即引言(introduction)、主体(body)和结论(conclusion)，写4-5段比较合理。引言要涵盖主题、写作任务和主题句，主体则要包括足够的论点和论据，结论可以重申观点、提出建议或展望未来。在这里需要提醒大家一定要认真审题，许多考生在考试的时候没有看清题目要求，明明题目分析优缺点，有些同学却写成了同意与否的题目，整篇文章走题，只能取得5分以下的分数。　　2. 连贯与衔接（coherence and cohesion）　　文章的连贯性主要体现在段落与段落之间，句子与句子之间。　　段落之间的“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”可通过表顺序的过渡词完成，比如：　　表示开始：first of all, in the first place, at the very beginning, to begin with, currently, at present, for one thing等。　　表示承接：besides, furthermore, in addition, additionally, moreover, what’s more, meanwhile, apart from, as well as, similarly, in the same way等。　　表示转折：although, however, whereas, while, on the contrary, in contrast等。　　表示结论：in a nutshell, in conclusion, in brief, to sum up, ultimately, overall等。　　句子之间的逻辑关系也要通过一些逻辑连词来完成，譬如：　　表示原因：because (of ), accordingly, due to, owing to, for this reason, since, as a result, as a consequence等。　　表达观点：in my opinion, personally, from my viewpoint, it is clear to me that, as far as I am concerned　　举例说明：for example, for instance, as follows, such as, namely, just as, in particular等。　　表示让步：although, in spite of, despite of, despite the fact that, regardless of等。　　建议大家可以在平日的练习中多多使用这些连词造句，不能只认识而不会使用，例如in spite of 和 despite这两个词后面只能跟短语而不能跟句子，这都是同学们在作文中常常犯的错误。　　3. 词汇资源(Lexical Resources)　　词汇的多少并不能决定文章的好坏，但用词的精准性是可以加分的。一般来说词汇的准确表达可以通过两个方面达到，一是在用词的难度上拔高，二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。譬如要描述一个好人，很多同学首先想到的形容词就是good, kind, wise, nice, clever, great, bright等词，而这些词往往很难出彩，因为描述太过于抽象，如果能用到诸如ambitious, tactful, eloquent, committed之类的词就很具体了。当然，这些词需要我们平时的日积月累，不是靠一两天的功夫就可以运用自如的。还有，值得提醒的是不要认为这些词好就过分堆积，会给考官留下华而不实的感觉，正如优秀的厨师往往都不会用太多的佐料，而只需油盐就可以了。　　雅思写作取得高分的关键在于灵活地运用词汇，多使用非常用词汇，分数一般来说不会低于5.5分。因此，在日常学习中，如何区别低分词汇和高分词汇是关键所在。中国考生一般来说可以比较正确的表达出自己的观点，但是对于词汇和句式的使用就有些茫然了，经常会重复使用词汇，句式也只会用简单句。比如说，英语中的‘我认为’有无数种说法，大多数中国考生只会用‘I think’ , 这个用在写作里面是绝对不适合的，因为这是比较口语化的表达，学术写作中的 ‘我认为’不能使用这个词组，I contend, from my point of view, as far as I am concerned, I argue, I assert…这些词汇都是学术英语中表示个人观点的高分词汇。　　4. 语法的多样性和准确性(Grammatical range and accurancy)　　句子的好坏主要取决于句子结构的准确性和丰富性，句子的长度和复杂性以及用语的逻辑性和正式性。　　句子结构的准确性涉及主谓一致、句子平衡性等问题，比如：The main reason for this use of informal languages are various and complicated. 这个句子不细心的同学很难发现它有问题，因为主语太长有时会忽视真正的主语其实是the main reason，是个单数形式，所以are 应该改为is. 再比如：In my opinion, use mobile phones to send messages is more convenient than write letters. 这是个很典型的错误，很多同学在写作的过程当中会误把动词或动词短语当主语用而造成句子结构的错误，而只有动词的非谓语形式才能在句中充当主语或宾语，因此，此句正确的表达应该是：In my opinion, using mobile phones to send messages is more convenient than writing letters.　　句子结构的丰富性也是考官给分的一个亮点，好的段落应该由不同的句式组成，而不应该是千篇一律的句子结构。例如：I have many hobbies. For example, I like movies, I like playing basketball and football, and I like singing and dancing. 很明显，该句完全由“I + do”结构组成且like使用的频率过高，我们不妨做如下修改：I have many hobbies. Movies, for example, are my favorite and I am also fond of playing basketball and football. Sometimes when staying with my friends, I’d prefer singing and dancing rather than any other way of amusement.　　句子的长度和难度是很多考生追求的目标，其实并不需要每个句子都写得很长很复杂，相反，如果整篇文章都是长难句，考官也会觉得很厌烦，就像一个人喜欢吃红烧肉，如果你天天给他吃红烧肉，他也会觉得很腻味一样，因此最好的方法就是长短句结合。希望对你有所帮助，欢迎继续提问！！
木木奇说的很详细了，议论文是要有论点和论据的，论点是观点，论据是支持。你可以看看雅思或托福考试的范文，其实就是这个套路。
同学，你好。和中文议论文要求基本一致，就是要有论点、论据。你提出论点之后一定要有分论点支持论点，同时论据支持分论点。也就是说，无论是从文章的整体结构还是单个段落的结构，一定要遵循总分总的结构。但是有的文章或者段落并不是完整的总分总，而有时变成了总分或者分总的结构。
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说出您感谢的话：和谐高效英语课堂----信丰七中郭秋瑜工作室
当前位置：&&
I’ll help clean up the city parks
上传: 刘成华 &&&&更新时间： 19:47:35
Unit 8&& I&ll help clean up the city parks.
1、语言目标 Offer help(提供帮助)
2、知识目标：
1）学会使用& I& will&& , & I would like && 等句型，向别人提供帮助。
2）学会用& I& will&& 做规划。
3）掌握向别人提供帮助的一些动词短语。
3、能力目标： 根据本单元所学知识，培养学生学会关注社会，关心他人
二、重点知识
1、重点单词& cheer, advertisement, set, coach, fix, repair, similar, fill, pleasure, blind, deaf, imagine ,shut, carry, specially, fetch
基本要求：会读、会写、会用。
2、重点短语 clean up, give out, put off, set up, think up, take after, fix up,give away, put up, ask for ,hand out, work out, at once
基本要求：会读、会写、会用。
3、重点语法
基本要求：理解其含义，学以致用。
三、导学案
●例析导学
1. You could help clean up the city parks.
help& v.帮助
【拓展】（1）help 作动词help sb. (to) do= help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事
例如：He often helps me (to) study English. = He often helps me with English.
(2) help 作名词
例如：Thank you for your help.
2．I&d like to help homeless people.
homeless adj. 无家可归的
【拓展】（1）homeless adj. 无家可归的 例如：
a homeless boy 一个无家可归的男孩
&(2) home& n. 家 例如：
Number 77 High School is home to three very special young people: Li Huiping, Lan Pei, and Zhu Ming. 对三个特别的年轻人李惠萍、林蓓和著名来说第77中学就是家。
3.I&d like to cheer up sick kids.
cheer& v. (向某人)欢呼或喝彩
【拓展】cheer up 意思为&使&&高兴起来,使&&振奋&,动副短语.若宾语由代词充当,代词应放在动、副词之间。 例如：
We&re trying our best to cheer him up.
4．We need to come up with a plan.
come up with 意为 &想出&，相当于think up。例如：
He came up with a way to work out the math problem. 他想出了解答这道数学题的方法。
plan& n. 计划
【拓展】（1）plan 作动词， 后接动词不定式。例如：
We planned to have a trip to Europe. 我们原计划去欧洲旅游。
（2）plan 作名词， 例如：
We should make a plan on how to improve our English. 我们应该制定一个关于如何提高英语的计划。
5．We can&t put off making a plan.
put& v. 放
【拓展】（1）put off &推迟、取消（会议，约会等），动副词组，后跟动词时应用其-ing形式，代词作宾语需放在put和off中间。例如：
Don&t put off until tomorrow what can be done today. 今天可以做的事情不要推到明天。
Please don&t put off doing your homework. 请你们不要拖延做作业。
（2）put away &把&&放好，收好& 例如：
Please put your toys away. 请把你的玩具收好。
（3）put down & 放下，记下&, 例如：
Put down your hand. 把手放下。
（4）put on &穿戴，上演&, 例如：
Put on your coat. It&s cold outside. 穿上你的大衣， 外面冷。
A history play was put on last night. 昨晚上演了一部历史剧。
（5）put up &悬挂，举起&, 例如：
Mike is putting up a map on the wall. 迈克正把一张地图挂到墙上。
Who knows the answer? Put up your hand. 谁知道答案？举起手来。
6．I&ll hand out advertisements after schoo.
hand&& v. 交出，传递
【拓展】（1）hand out 同义词组：give out意为&分发&,例如：
Please hand out the books. 请把书发下去。
（2） hand in 意为&交上，呈上&, 例如：
You should hand in your homework on time. 你应该按时上交你的作业。
（3）hand 作可数名词，意为 &手&.
Pleae put up your right hand. 请举起你的右手。
7．These three students all volunteer their time to help other people.这三位学生都自愿付出时间帮助别人。
volunteer& v. 意为 &志愿效劳，主动贡献&
【拓展】（1）volunteer& 作动词用， 意为 &志愿效劳，主动贡献&，例如：
Mike volunteered to collect wood for the picnic. 迈克自愿去为野餐拾木柴。
（2）volunteer& 作名词用， 意为&志愿者&, 例如：
They both works as volunteers in the supermarket. 他们俩都是超市里的志愿者。
8．This volunteer work takes each of them several hours a week, so it is a major commitment.这份义工每周花了他们每个人好几个小时的时间，所以这是一个重大的贡献。
major& adj. 重要的，主要的
【拓展】（1）作名词 专业，专业学生
He is a history major. = He chose history as his major.他是主修历史的学生。
（2） 作动词 主修，专攻。
He majors in physics. 他主修物理学。
9．Not only do I feel god about helping other people, but I get to spend time doing what I love to do.
not only & but (also) & 不但& 而且& 用来连接两个并列的成分
引导以 not only &but (also)& 开头的句子往往引起部分倒装。因此Not only do I feel good but (also)&. 是倒装句。也是说得要把前面的句子中的助动词或者是情态动词放在主语的前面。如：
Not only can I do it but (also) I can do best. 我不仅能做到而且做得最好。
& 【拓展】(1)Not only&but (also)& 接两主语时，谓语动词随后面的主语人称和数的变化 也就是就近原则 如：
& ①Not only Lily but (also) you like cat. 不仅莉莉而且你也喜欢猫。
& ②Not only you but (also) Lily likes cat. 不仅你而且莉莉喜欢猫。
(2)常见的就近原则的结构有：
&&&& ①Neither& nor&即不&也不& (两者都不)
Neither you nor I like him. 我和你都不喜欢他。
&&& ② Either& or& 不是&就是& (两者中的一个)
&&&& Either Lily or you are a student.
&&& ③ Not only &but (also)&
&&& ④ There be
10．You could help coach a football team for little kids. 你可以帮助训练一支少年足球队。
coach&& v. 训练，教导
【拓展】（1）coach&& 作动词用，意为&训练，教导&,例如：
Can you coach Jim for the high jump? 你能训练吉姆跳高吗？
（2）coach& 作名词用，意为&教练，私人补习教师&， 例如：
I&d like to be a baseball coach in the future. 将来我想成为一名棒球教练。
单项选择：
1．Cheap coal（煤）________ a lot of smoke.
A. give up& B. gives in& C. gives away& D. gives off
2. He looks sad. Let&s cheer him ___________.
A. up& B. in& C. out& D. at
3. If you still have any other questions, please __________ your hand.
A. put off& B. put down& C. put up& D. put on
4. _____________ you please call me later?&
Which is not right?
A. Could& B. Can& C. Would& D. Will
5. It&s cold outside. You&d better ______ your warm clothes, Lucy.
A. put on& B. put away& C. put up& D. put off
6. We believe scientists will _______ a way to solve the problem of air pollution.
A. set off& B. put off C. come up with& D. catch up with
7. ---Must I hand in my exercise book now, Mr Zhao?
---No, you _____. You may give it to me tomorrow.
A. needn&t& B. mustn&t& C. can&t& D. may not
8. We have to _______ our sports meeting till next week because of the heavy rain.
A. put off& B. put on& C. put up& D. put down
&&句析导学
1.---What do you like doing?你喜欢做什么？
--- I love playing soccer. 我喜欢踢足球。
英语中常用以下动词或动词短语来谈论喜欢与不喜欢。如： like, love, dislike, hate, would like to do sth., would like not to do sth., favourite, enjoy, have fun doing sth. 等等。例如：
What color do you love?你喜欢什么颜色？
I like red.我喜欢红色。
They hate him. 他们讨厌他。
My favourite sport is swimming.我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
She enjoys reading stories. 她喜欢读故事。
They have fun playing in the water.他们在水里玩得很高兴。
2. Being a volunteer is great! 作一个志愿者真棒！
本句是动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：
Eating too much sweet food is bad for your health. 吃太多甜食对健康不利。
专项练习：
用方框中所给短语的适当形式完成对话：
clean up, set up, cheer up, put off, come up with
A: We&re going to have a party this evening. Do you know?
B: Yes. What do we have to do for the party?
A: We have to _________ some new ideas for games.
B: What do we have to do at the party?
A: First we have to help _________ the food tables.
B: Do we have to do it right away?
A: Yes, we can&t ________ the part.
B: I hate doing this kind of work.
A: Well, __________! We&ll finish it soon.
B: What&s the last thing we have to do?
A: We have to ______ after the party.
1. sick 和ill 的用法区别
sick是形容词，&生病的&， 同义词是ill。 区别在于sick 在句中可做表语和定语，而ill只能做表语。例如：
His father was ill/sick yesterday, so he didn&t go to work. 他的父亲昨天病了，因此他没有去上班。
Tom has looked after the sick girl for a week.汤姆照看那个生病的小女孩已经一星期了。
另外，当ill意为&坏的，恶劣的&时，在句中可做定语。例如：
He is an ill child. 他是一个坏孩子。
2、need to do sth.,need doing sth.的用法区别。
need todo sth.和need doing sth.都表示&需要做某事&。当主语是人时，常用need todo sth.；当主语是物时，常用need doing sth.。【例如】
I need to get some money to pay for summer camp.我需要一些钱来支付夏令营。
My bike need mending.我的自行车需要修理了。
3．set up 和build的用法区别:
set up意为&开办，建立&, 主要用于组织、机构、公司、学校等。
build 意为 &建造，建设&, 是一般用语，侧重施工建筑，常指建造大东西，如房屋、桥梁、道路等。试比较：
set up a school 建立一所学校
build a school盖一所学校
4. cost, take, spend, pay
（1）cost指花钱、劳动力、时间等，不以人做主语，常以事、物作主语。例如：
　The work cost them much labor. 这项工作花费了他们很多的劳动。
　How did the radio cost you? 这台录音机花了你多少钱？
（2）take 主要指花费时间，主语为物或形式主语it。常用于It takes sb. some time to do sth. 的句型中，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式，指事。例如：
It took them over two years to build the bridge. 修建这座桥花了他们两年多的时间。
The composition took (=cost) me two hours. 我用了两小时完成这篇作文。
（3）spend指花费时间、金钱等，主语为人，常和介词on连用。如果后面接动名词，则往往要用in。例如：
He often spends his spare time (in) helping the old man. 他总是利用空余时间去帮助那个老人。
He spent all his money yesterday. 昨天他花了他所有的钱。
I'll spend much more time on my English. 我将在英语上花多得多的时间（来学习）。
（4）pay 指花钱，主语为人，经常和介词for连用，有时带双宾语。例如：
She paid 20 dollars for that coat. 她买那件外套花了20美元。
I paid him 200 yuan yesterday. 我昨天给他花了200元钱。
5．each与every的用法区别
（1）each指一个整体中的每一个，强调个体；every着重于全体的总和，强调整体。试比较：
Each has a different book. （强调各有不同。）
Here every child at the age of six can go to school. （侧重整体，无一例外。）
（2）each可作形容词及代词，而every只能作形容词，但可与-one，-body，-thing等构成复合代词。
（3）each用在代词或复数名词前要用介词of连接，如each of them, every不能直接跟of连接，如不可以说every of them，而要说every one of them或each of them。
every还可以表示&每隔&，后接基数词加名词，如every four weeks, every three months等，此种结构中的every不能用each代替。
She had a rest every fives minutes. 她每隔5分钟就休息一会儿。
注:each可以用来指两个或两个以上的人或物，但是every却总是指三个或三个以上的人或物，不能指两者。
6．get, turn , grow和become的用法区别：
系动词get, turn , grow和become都可表示&变得，感到&，其区别是：
get用于日常用语，后面常跟比较级。
The weather gets colder, and the days get shorter. 天气变冷了，白天变短了。
turn指在颜色和性质等方面变得与原来不同。
His face turned red. 他的脸变红了。
grow着重变化过程。
It&s growing dark. 天渐渐地变黑了。
become是指身份、职位的变化，作瞬间动词时，指状态的变化。
He became an artist. 他成为了一名艺术家。
专项训练：
1．I must look after my _________ grandma. She&s been _________ for two days.
A. sick& B. ill& C. sick& D. ill
2.Now I spend time _____ what I love to do.
A. to do&&& B. doing&&&& C. do&&&&& D. did
3．____ of them like to play basketball.
A. Each&&&& B. Everyone&&&& C. Every&&&& D. Both
4．The zoo is far away from my hotel. It &&&&&me at least two hours to get there.
A. took&&&& B. has take&&&&&&&&& C. takes&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. will take
5．Did you _____ much money on the car?
&A. cost&&&& B. pay&&&&& C. spend&&&&& D. take
1） 利用卡片对已学过的单词进行快速复习。
2） 学生两人一组进行对话复习表演。
2．新课导入(1a)&
1）结合上一单元刚学过的内容，同时在学生对话的基础上，引导他们关注个别一些旅游景区存在的现象，自然引出&自愿者服务&的话题。
2）借助1a提供的图画及相关的分话题，鼓励学生尽可能多的联想出一些类似相关的&服务项目&，即，他们所能想到的并可能准备去做的具体工作。
通过这样的导入能直奔本单元的主题，并能温故知新，且衔接也显得较为自然。
3．听力训练（1b）
1）在学生急于想更多了解&自愿者服务&的情况下，让他们听1b的三段对话录音，初步感受本单元即将学习的内容。
在口头检查了学生的听力效果后，首次呈现以下三个功能句型：
&& What would you like to do?
&& What could you de?
&& Who would you like to help?
2) 在适当带读几遍后，让学生从1b 中找出以上三个问题的相应答句，并进行简单的两两对话(1c) 。
通过这样的一问，一找，一答，学生不但学会了自己发现问题，还提高了他们解决问题的能力， 同时也能起到加深对所学语言材料的认识，为后面的进一步操练做好准备。
4．口头对话 (2a)
就2a 的图片与学生展开问答对话，为下一步的听力做准备。
5．听力理解（2a-2b）
&1） 在听了第一遍录音后，与学生核对2a答案。
2）放第二遍录音，请个别学生口头汇报他们的正确答案，与此同时也给其余学生（尤其是学习较落后的）再次核对答案的机会。
&3）就以上听力材料的内容，追问以下几个问题，使学生加深对对话内容的理解。可采取抢答的形式进行回答：
& What day is it going to be?
&& When is Clean-up Day?
&& What are the students planning to do?
&& Can they put off making a plan (for it)?
&& How many ideas have they come up with?
&& What are they?
6. 讲解phrasal verbs
& 1) 让学生自己从2b 中找出所有动词和动词词组，然后再黑板上作简单的排列组合演示，帮助学生区别动词和动词词组的异同。
2）鼓励学生参照Grammar focus ,， 尝试用英语解释一下其余动词词组的意思，或提供英语解释，让他们用动词词组找配对。最后在教师的帮助下尝试用这些词组造出自己的句子。
7．口语操练 (2c)
&& 1) 为进一步巩固所学内容，不断培养学生正确的语音语调，再放一次放录音让学生开口大声跟读。
&& 2）给学生一定的时间进行 pair work 或group work( 视学生程度而定)。
&& 3）为了汇报/展示他们操练的成果（即任务完成的情况），邀请几组同学上台扮角色表演。
让学生看三个孩子的照片，问他们认为这些孩子是谁，然后让学生注意这篇文章的题目并让学生读出来。告诉他们这是关于志愿者的文章。要求学生完成两个任务：
1） 在文章中划出志愿者的工作。
2）圈出来他们喜欢工作的原因。
然后让学生回答下列三个问题：
1） What does Li Huiping do to help people as a volunteer?
&2） What does Lan Pei do?
&3） What does Zhu Ming do?
领读课文并对新单词做一些解释。之后让学生读这篇文章两遍，鼓励他们如果有问题就问。
9．小组讨论（3b）
给学生读一遍题目，并且告诉他们：I love English． I could teach English in an after-school program．Hui loves playing football． What could Hui do if he wants to join the school volunteer project?并让学生回答问题：He could coach a fcf6tball team for little kids．
让学生两人一组讨论并填写他们讨论的结果。
然后让几组学生向全班同学汇报他们的答案。
10. 小组对话（3c）：
让一组学生先模仿书上的对话，然后让全班学生练习这组对话，并且可以用其他合适的词来代替loves 和skills.
11. 实践活动（4）：
让学生独立写出他们自己的答案，然后要求几个学生读出他们所写的内容。Then work in pairs and give each other suggestions about what volunteer work you could do with those interests． Ask a pair to model the sample conversation before they begin to practice．
12. 归纳总结
&请学生简单概括回顾一下本课时的教学内容和要求，然后教师对课后进一步学习提出一定的要求。
13．作业要求
1）用下列动词词组各造一个句子：
clean up& put up& call up& hang out& write down&& put off& set up& come up with
2) 两人一组编写一段小对话，讨论准备怎么帮助班级做好事。（具体事情自定）
1.Jimmy takes after his mother.吉米的言行举止像他妈妈。
本句中的take after sb 表示&长相或举止像（某个长辈）&，不能用于被动语态。例如：
To my surprise, Jack doesn&t take after his father at all.
令我惊奇的是，杰克和他爸爸长的一点儿也不像。
Mary really takes after her mother, she has the same eyes, nose, and hair.
玛丽长得真像她妈妈，眼睛、鼻子和头发一个样。
2.& I fix up bikes and give them away.我修理好自行车，然后捐赠出去。
(1)fix up相当于to repair，表示&修理，修补，整理&,其后跟物件名词作宾语。
My watch sometimes gains and sometimes loses. Can you fix it up for me?
我的表有时快，有时慢，你能帮我修修吗？
My mother is too old to live on her own, so we&re fixing up the spare room for her. 我母亲年龄太大了，不能自己生活，所以我们正收拾这个多出的房间让她住。
(2)give sth away 意思是&捐赠，赠送&。
The rich man gave away most of his money to charity.
那个富人把他的大部分钱都捐给了慈善事业。
【拓展】（1）give away还可以表示&分发或赠与某物，由于大意而未利用或抓住（时机，机会等）&。例如：
The headmaster gave away the prizes at the school sports day.
校长在学校运动会上颁发了奖品。
（2）give away还可以表示&有意或无意地泄露某事情或出卖某人&。
The woman gave away state secrets to the enemy.
那个妇女把国家机密泄露给了敌人。
3.& He even handed out advertisements at a local supermarket. (P64)他甚至在当地的一家超市散发广告。
hand out意为&散发&，其中hand是动词。
The teacher is handing out the maths papers. 老师在发数学试卷。
【拓展】hand in&面交&，&上交&。
The students are handing their papers in.学生们在交试卷。
4.& Then he told the teachers at school about his problem .然后他告诉老师自己的问题。
tell sb about sth是&把某事告诉某人&的意思，有时表示&嘱咐或语气较轻的命令&，常用于tell sb to do sth结构。
The teacher told us about his story. 老师给我们讲了他的故事。
My mother usually tells me to be careful on my way to school.
妈妈常常告诉我在去上学的路上一定要小心。
5.& The strategies that he came up with worked out fine.他想到的那些办法获得了成功。
&fine在这里是副词，可与well替换，意思是&好，顺利&。
The machine works fine. 这台机器运行很好。
Sam is doing fine in his new business.
萨姆在他的新业务中一切进展顺利。
专题训练：
1．She doesn&t have any more of it.
A. takes after&&&&&& B. looks out&&&&&&&& C. runs out of&&&&& D. gives away
2.Have you fixed them up?
A. repair&&&&&&&&&&& B. repairs&&&&&&&&&& C. repairing&&&&&&& D. repaired
3. They take after me.
A. be similar to&&&&&&&& B. is similar to&&&& C. be similar with D. are similar to
4.Could you put up the pictures on the wall?
A. hang&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. take&&&&&&&&& C. give&&&&&&&&& D. bring
5. Did you think up a good idea?
A. set up&&&&&&&&&&& B. cheer up&&&&&&&& C. come up with& D. ran out of
6.Mother is ill. I have to look after it.
A. look up&&&&& B. look over&&&&&&&& C. take care of D. look around
7.We are no longer students. We should find a job.
A. never&&&&&&& B. still&&&&&&&&&& C. not&any more&&&&&& D. not&any longer
8.They tried and in the end they won the game.
A. at first&&&&&&&&&&& B. at last&&&&&&& C. at the beginning&&& D. at once
1. --- What do you do, Jimmy? 你做什么工作，吉米？
---& I fix up bikes and give them away. 我修自行车并把他们送出去。
英语中，当提问对方的职业时，应用特殊疑问句what, 有三种不同的说法：What do you do?/What are you? / What&s your job? 都可以为&你是干什么工作的？&可回答出具体做什么，也可指说出职业的名称。即可回答为：I teach at a school. 或 I am a teacher. 如果是第三人称单数应用What does he/she do? 等来提问。
--- What does Mary do? 马丽是干什么的？
--- She is a nurse. 她是个护士。
2．The strategies that he came up with worked out fine.他想到的那些办法获得了成功。
这是一个由that引导的定语从句，先行词是前面的strategies。动词短语worked out在这里作主语the strategies的谓语，意为&产生结果，发展为，结果是&&&，后面不可接宾语，主语也不用&人&来充当。
I wonder how their ideas worked out in practice.
我很想知道他们的想法在实践中取得了什么结果。
We didn&t plan it like that but it worked out very well.
我们原不是那样计划的，但结果却很好。
【拓展】（1）work out的其它用法
It was the best solution that he was able to work out at this time.
这是他这时能想出的最好的解决办法了。（想出）
I can&t work out the meaning of this poem.& 我理解不了这首诗的意思。（理解）
（2）work on意为&从事&。
Professor Green is working on a new book. 格林教授正在写一本新书。
He is working on a maths problem. 他正在算一道数学难题。
（3）work on后面无宾语时，表示继续工作。
It&s very late, but they were still working on.
时间很晚了，但他们仍然在继续工作。
专项训练：
选择正确的选项填空：
My (spoken) English is really good
Sounds great/That&s a great idea/ Good idea/&
What do you want to be when you grow up
How could I tell people about it
Can you speak English/Is your English good/&
You speak it very well.
I&m not sure
Andy: I&d like to join in the volunteer project, but I don&t know what I should do.
Angela: __________?
Andy: I want to be a tour guide.
Angela: _________?
Andy: Of course. ___________ because I love English and practice it a lot.
Angela: You could start a class to teach kids something about travel.
Andy: _______________?
Angela: You could talk about it on BBS so that everyone knows about it.
Andy: _____________!
1.run out 与 run out of的用法区别：
&（1）run out (become used up). 其主语往往为物。如时间，食物，金钱，油等，本身就含有被动意义。
&& His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花光了。
&& My patience has completely run out. 我没有一点耐心了。
&&& Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。
&（2）run out of 主语为人，表示主动含义。
&& He is always running out of money before pay day. 他总是在发工资的日子还有到就把钱花完了。
&& 两者在一定条件下可以互换
& 如：The petrol is running out. 汽油快用完了
= We are running out of petrol. 我们快把汽油用完了。
&& Our time is running out. 我们剩下的时间不多了。
&& = We are running out of time
（3）run out of 还可以表示&从&&跑出来&。 例如：
We are afraid that the tiger runs out of its cage. 我们害怕老虎从笼子里跑出来。
2．take after 和 look like 的用法区别：
take after 指在外貌、性格等方面与父母等相像。例如：
She takes after her mother in appearance. 她的长相随她母亲。
Your daughter doesn&t take after you in any way. 你女儿跟你一点也不像。
look like 也表示&像&，只指外表上&看起来&（look）&像&（like）。例如：
Lucy looks like her sister, Lily. 露西看上去像她的姐姐，莉蕾。
3．fix ，mend和 repair 的用法区别：
repair 用于建筑、堤坝、机器、车辆等的修理；fix是美语用法，等于 mend一般用于衣服，鞋袜等小东西，偶尔也用于道路、门窗等。例如：
Can you repair my bike? 你给我修修自行车行吗？
He is mending a road. 他正在修路。
4．same 和 similar 的用法区别：
same与as 连用，并且same 永远和the 在一起，而similar和to连用。例如：
All eggs look similar, but no two eggs are quite the same, Leonardo da Vinci&s teacher once said to him. 达芬奇的老师曾经告诉他说，所有鸡蛋看上去相似，但没有两只鸡蛋是完全相同的。
专项训练：
同义句转换：
The boy takes after his mother.
The boy _________ ________ _______ his mother.
2. Can you come up with a good way to learn English well?
Can you ______ __________ a good way to learn English well?
3. We can repair your watch at once.
We can _______ _________ your watch at once.
4. We want to make the girl happy.
We want to ________ __________ the girl.
教学设计：
1） 复习Section A ，3a的内容
2） 检查学生写的对话。
2．新课导入：（1a）
1）让学生先看左面一栏的句子，用英语向他们解释：Please look at the sentences on the left column． Let&s get the meanings of them．Let&s see the first one． I&ve run out of itHere, run out of is a phrasal verb． It means reach an end of, use up or become short of． I&ve run out of it, means I&ve used it up, nothing left．
2）让学生重复这些句子。
3）让学生把意思相近的句子连起来。
先让学生看课本上的例句，然后让学生解释左面词组的意思并做例句，最后请其他的学生在书上造句，同桌互相检查。
4.听力训练：
2a 1）告诉学生根据录音把图片按照顺序排好。
播放录音。
检查答案。
2b 1) 让四个学生读课本上的四个句子，并告诉学生准备听录音判断对错。
2）播放录音。
3）检查答案。
5．对话练习：（2c）
再播放一遍录音，让学生重复两遍，注意发音。
让学生两人一组编自己的对话。
要求几组学生向全班学生分享自己的对话。
1）在读课文之前要求学生看两个问题：
Has Jimmy come up with any way of getting money?
Will he have to stop?
2)快速读一遍课文并找出答案。
7.解决问题 3b
让学生记下Jimmy 做了哪些事情来解决这些问题。
在黑板上写下：
call up, hand out, work Out, call-in, strategy
3）要求学生在文章中找出以上的词组和单词，进一步理解文章。
4）背诵课文。
8．小组活动（4）：
四人一组，写出进行志愿活动的地点和内容。给学生提供一些照片以便于他们更好地解决问题。
每一组都要向全班同学汇报结果。
1）用下列单词造句：call up, hand out, work out, run out, set up, fix up．
2）记住本节课所学新单词。
Self-check and& Reading
1．On weekends I like to hang out at the sports club with my friends.
hang out 表示&停留，消磨（时间）&。例如：
He shouldn&t hang out like this. 他不应该像这样消磨时间。
How did his friends hang out on weekends?他的朋友怎样过的周末？
2.& ...Who has filled my life with pleasure.&&使我生活充满快乐的人。
(1)本句中的fill...with...表示一个动作，意为&用&&装满&&&，其主语通常是人。
He filled the bag with books. 他在书包里装满了书。
Please fill the bottle with milk. 请将瓶子装满牛奶。
【拓展】be filled with表示一个状态，意为&装满了&&&，相当于be full of，其主语通常是人或物。
The room was filled with smoke. 房间里浓烟弥漫。
Her eyes were filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了泪水。
(2)pleasure意为&高兴，快乐&，是不可数名词；表示&乐趣，高兴的事&时是可数名词。
Reading gives me great pleasure. 读书给了我很多快乐。
It is one of my greatest pleasures. 它是我最大乐趣之一。
在口语中It&s pleasure. 是回答感谢的客套语。
&Thank you for your help. 感谢你的帮助。
&It&s a pleasure. 不用谢。
【拓展】（1）pleased是形容词，意为&自己感到高兴的，欣喜的，满意的&，指以任何方式表现出来或未表现出来的满足与快乐，在句中常用作表语，其主语为人。
The two friends were very pleased to see each other again.
这两个朋友非常高兴再次见面。
I was pleased that the manager had decided not to be angry with me.
使我高兴的是经理已经不再生我的气了。
（2）pleasant也是形容词，表示&使人感到愉快／满意&，一般用作定语，如主语是物，也可以用作表语。
It&s pleasant weather today. 今天的天气令人愉快。
It&s very pleasant to sit down after standing for hours.
站了几小时后坐下来很舒服。
（3）please是动词，表示&（使）高兴，满意，愉快&。
Does the cloth please you? 这布料合你的意吗？
2.& Because I can&t use my arms or legs well, normal things like answering the telephone, opening and shutting doors, or carrying things have always been difficult for me.因为我不能灵活地使用我的手和脚，像接电话、开关门、拿东西这样的事情对于我来说都很难。
(1)本句中的shut意为&关&，在许多情况下可以与close互换，只是后者语气较弱，如close the door关门（也可能指半开半闭），shut the door关门（指把门关紧）。
That shop shuts at eight pm. 那家商店八点钟关门。
He closed his speech with a funny joke. 他用一个有趣的笑话结束了演说。
当表示&关闭公路，铁路或交通工具&或作&结束&讲时，只用close。
They have closed the road for thick fog. 由于大雾，那条公路被关闭。
【拓展】turn off用来表示&关闭&有开关的东西，如收音机、电视、煤气、水龙头等。
Please turn off the light when you leave the lab.
在你离开实验室前关掉灯。
Make sure the gas is turned off before you go to bed.
确保上床前把煤气关掉。
(2)本句中的carry意为&搬运，携带&，不表示带到什么地方，而携带的方式可以是提、扛、背、抱、抬等。
She carried a baby in her arms. 她怀里抱了一个孩子。
He was carrying a wooden box on his shoulder.他扛着一个木箱。
3．Then one day last year, a friend of mine said that she would like to help me out.
help sb. out 意为&帮助&&做事，解决难题或摆脱困境&。 其中out 为副词，宾语为代词时需置于help out 中间。例如：
I can&t work out this math problem. Please help me out. 我做不出这道数学题。请帮我一下。
此外该短语后还可以接用介词with 引导的短语，说明进行帮助的方式。例如：
Dad helped Jim out with some mone when he lost job. 吉姆失业时，爸爸给了他一笔钱，帮他渡过难关。
4．She said she would talk to &Animal Helpers& to see if it would be possible for me to get a specially trained dog.
specially& adv. 特意地， 专门地
I made this specially for your birthday. 这是我特意为你的生日而做的。
Specially多指为一特别目的而做；especially 侧重达到异常的程度。
The weather has been especially cold. I came specially to see you. 最近天气特别冷。我特地来看你。
5．Well, he has been trained to understand different instructions.
train v. 意为&训练&。
【拓展】train sb. to do sth. 表示&训练某人去做某事&。 另外，train也可以与介词for连用，表示&为&&而进行训练&。例如：
Every morning Kate spends three hours training for the race.凯特为了赛跑每天早上训练三个小时。
The pandas are trained to catch balls. 这些熊猫被训练着接球。
6．Lucky! Fetch my book.
fetch相当于go and bring back，意为&取来，接来&，表示一往一返。
Let&s fetch some water. 咱们去打点水来。
People had to walk many kilometers in order to fetch wood.
为了取木料，人们不得不走许多公里路。
7．Your donation is greatly appreciated and the money is well used to help disabled people like me.
appreciate& v. 感激，欣赏
We greatly appreciate your help. 我们十分感激你的帮助。
You will appreciate his novels after reading his biography. 读了他的自传后，你会欣赏他的小说的。
appreciate后面跟所感激或欣赏的事物，也可跟动名词，而不能接不定式。
单元测试题&&&&&&&
一、根据句意和首字母，填写所缺单词。
&& 1. I am very a_____. Give me some food, please.
&& 2. It&s Friday today. Don&t p____ off it any more.
&& 3. He is a v_______, and he often treats some animals.
&& 4. My computer is broken. He is r_____ it for me.
&& 5. His father is able. He can s_____ this problem by himself.
&& 6. There is a s_____. It says&No Smoking!&.
&& 7. His grandfather can&t walk and has to sit in a w______.
&& 8. I love dogs because they never c______ and they&re grateful.
&& 9. Lucy and Lily are twins, so they are s_____ in many ways.
&& 10. He is my best friend. We all t_____ in him.
二、单项选择
&& 1. It&s your turn to _____ the room, Wang Fang.
&&&&& A. clean up&& B. clean to&& C. clean-up&&&&& D. clean off
&& 2. I&m thirsty. I&d like _____ a glass of water.
&&&&&& A. drink&&&&&& B. to drink&&&&&& C. drinking&&&&& D. drank
&& 3. A: Must I go out for a walk now?
&&&& B: No, you _____.
&&&& A. mustn&t&&&&& B. can&t&&&&& C. needn&t&&&&&& D. may not
&& 4. Ask him _____ come to our party tomorrow.
&&&& A. not&&&&&&&& B. not to&&&&& C. doesn&t&&&&&& D. isn&t
&& 5. It&s twelve now. Let&s have _____ lunch together.
&&&& A. a&&&&&&&&&& B. an&&&&&&&& C. the&&&&&&&&& D. x
&& 6. I am a League Member. I volunteer my time _____ others.
&&&& A. help&&&&&&& B. to help&&&&& C. helping&&&&& D. helped
&& 7. I don&t know _____ kind of work I can do.
&&&& A. how&&&&&&& B. what&&&&&&& C. who&&&&&&& D. why
&& 8. A: Could you come here next week, please?
&&&& B: _______.
&&&& A. Yes, you can.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. No, you couldn&t.&
&&&& C. No, never.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& D. Yes, that&s right
&& 9. Did you _____ much money on the car?
&&&& A. cost&&&& B. pay&&&&& C. spend&&&&& D. take
&& 10. The boss in the factory often makes the workers _____ nine hours a day.
&&&& A. work&&& B. to work&& C. working&&& D. worked
三、按要求转换下列句型。
&& 1. To work in a school is very interesting.& (同义句)
&&&& ______ _____ very interesting to work in a school.
&& 2. Don&t worry too much about your exam. (同义句)
&&&& Don&t _____ _____too much about your exam.
&& 3. We maybe make our friends and family unhappy. (对划线部分提问)
&&&& _____ _____ you maybe make your friends and family?
&& 4. The headmaster saw the children playing on the playground. (变成复合句)
&&&& The headmaster saw the children _____ _____ on the playground.
&& 5. Did he come up with a great idea?&& (同义句)
&&&& _____ you _____ a great idea?
&& 6. Jim looks like his elder brother. (同义句)
&&&& Jim _____ _____ his elder brother.
&& 7. He told the teachers at school about his problem. (对划线部分提问)
&&&& _____ _____he tell the teachers at school about?
&& 8. I need to look up the word in the dictionary. (变一般问句)
&&&& _____ you _____ to look up the word in the dictionary?
&& 9. They would like to help some homeless people. (变一般问句)
&&&& _____ you _____ to help some homeless people?
&& 10. This volunteer work takes each of them several hours a week. (对划线部分提问)
&&&&& _____ _____does this volunteer work take each of them a week?
四、根据汉语完成句子。
& 1.我将要帮助清洁城市公园。 I&ll help &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&the city parks.
2.Dana可以在food bank分发食物给无家可归的人们。
Dana could &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&food at a food bank to help homeless people.
3.你可以志愿在一个课后学习计划班里帮助孩子们写他们的学校作业。
You could volunteer in an after-school study program to&&&&&& kids their schoolwork.
4.一群学生正在计划一个城市公园清洁日。
A group &&&&&&&students are&&&&&& a City Parks Clean-Up Day.
5.关于帮助别人我不但感觉良好,而且我习惯了花时间去做我所喜欢做的。
Not&&&&&& do I feel good about helping other people,&&&&&& &I get to spend time doing what I love to do.
五、任务型阅读
Once there was a man who had two children, a boy and a girl. The boy was good-looking but the girl was not. One day they found a mirror and for the first time they saw what they looked like. The boy was very pleased and he said to his sister, &How handsome I am! I look much nicer than you!&The girl did not like what her brother said and gave him a hard push. &Go away!& she said. Their father saw what was happening. He went up to them and said to the boy, &you must always be good as well look good.&Then to the girl he said, &My dear, if you help everyone and do your best to please, everyone will love you. It will not matter that you are not as good-looking as your brother.&
1.在短文中找出下列词的同义词
A. looking-glass&&&&&& &&&& &B. handsome&&&&&&& &&&&&&& C. happy&&&&& &&&&&&&&& &&&&
&D. was going on&&&&&&& &&&&&&& E. daughter&& &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
2.根据短文内容,判断正(T)误(F)
①The story is about a man and his two children.&&&&&&&&&&&&& (& )
②One of them was a boy and the other was a girl.&&&&&&&&&&&& (& )
③One day they found a mirror and looked at themselves in it.&&& (& )
④The boy looked very nice and the girl looked pretty.&&&&&&&&&& (& )
⑤The boy was pleased at his own looks and angry with his sister.& (& )
⑥The sister was angry and she pushed her brother away.&&&&&&&& (& )
⑦The father saw what was happening but didn&t come up.&&&&&& &(& )
⑧He told the boy that it was enough to be good-looking.&&&&&&&& (& )
⑨He told the girl if she could be nice and kind to people and ready to help, everybody would love her&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& .(& )
⑩The story tells us that the most important thing for a person is to be nice and helpful to&people.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (& )
六、 书面表达
1. 假如你是志愿者俱乐部的主席，负责根据成员们的兴趣爱好，为他们安排合适的工作。填写表格，必须用 could 写出句子，工作项目自拟，但要符合客观实际。
Volunteer work
writing stories
helping homeless people
2. 你愿意帮助他人吗？如果你有机会成为志愿者，你愿意做什么工作呢？为什么？
&& 根据以上要求，写一篇短文，字数在40 左右。
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