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被 动 语 态
语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语（动作的发出者或动作的承受者）和谓语之间的关系。语态分两种形式：主动语态和被动语态。当主语为动作执行者即施动者时，动词用主动态；如果主语是动作的承受者即受动者，动词便用被动态。
一、被动语态常用的几种形式
1. 一般现在时：am/ is/ are done
e.g. I) Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 环境一旦遭到破坏，需要多年时间才能恢复过来。
II) Wheat is grown in this area.
2. 现在进行时：am/ is/ are being done
e.g. I) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are being developed and perfected now. 具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中。
II) The house being searched by the police.
3. 现在完成时：have/ has been done
e.g. I) A number of studies have been made on language.
II) The book has been translated into many languages.
4. 一般将来时：shall/will be done
e.g. I) We shan&t/ won&t be invited.
II) What tools will be needed in the work?
5. 将来完成时：shall/will have been done
e.g. I) I hope that everything I have told you will not have been forgotten by the next lessen.
II) Many jobs will have been &automated& (自动化).
6. 一般过去时：was/ were done
e.g. I) This book was first published in 1975.
II) When was the building completed?
7. 过去进行时：was/ were being done
e.g. I) While I was in London that year, the London Bridge was being repaired.
II) The roads were being widened (拓宽).
8. 过去完成时：had been done
e.g. I) I was shocked to hear that your house had been broken into. 听到有人非法闯入你的房子的消息，我很吃惊。
II) Production costs (生产成本) had been greatly reduced.
9. 过去将来时：would be done
e.g. I) The government promised that a new solution would be worked out within a week.政府承诺说一周之内就会提出新的解决方案。
II) This kind of job would be liked by many people, he believed.
10. 过去将来完成时：would have been done
e.g. I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong. 我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。
11. 含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + be + 动词过去分词
e.g. I) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ought to be said. 作为老师，我们关心的应该是学生说了什么，而不是我们自认为学生应该说什么。
II) You may be rejected by the college of your choice. 你可能被你挑选的大学拒之门外．
12. 不定式的被动语态：to be done
e.g. I) The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking. 确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。
II) The project is to be completed in June.
二、被动语态的使用要点
1. 在施动者不明确或没有必要明确说明时，要用被动语态。
e.g. I) In this sense, bad things can be turned into good things.
II) We haven&t been told about it.
2. 不及物动词不能跟宾语，当然不能用于被动语态。
e.g. For three months the same thing was happened each night at dinner. (&)
For three months the same thing happened each night at dinner. (&)
3. 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态。这类动词或短语动词有：lack，fit，mean，become，hold，resemble (相象)，have，cost，equal，contain (包含)，suit，last，possess，benefit，befall (降临)，fail，consist of (由&&组成)，look like等。
e.g. I) Only 25 cents is cost by the show. (&)
The show cost only 25 cents. (&)
II) Three is equaled by one plus two. (&)
One plus two equals three. (&)
4. 如果短语动词（如see off, make up, pick up等）在意义上相当一个及物动词，其中一些也可以有被动语态。这些短语动词用于被动语态时，必须看成是一个整体，其后的副词或介词不能丢掉。
e.g. I) The children are well taken care of in the nurseries (托儿所).
II) For this he was often made fun of.
5. 在口语中get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress等动词的过去分词连用，构成被动语态。&get + 过去分词&更强调动作的结果而非动作本身，并常用来表示突发性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。
e.g. I) My new cup got broken last night.
II) The furniture (家具) got damaged when we were moving.
6. 主动句的宾语为从句时，可以转变为两种被动结构。谓语动词是admit, believe, assume (假定), expect, know, find, prove, recognize, report, say, see, suggest, suppose, understand等。
e.g. I) Jack thought that she was attractive (迷人的).
& It was thought that she was attractive.或She was thought to be attractive.
II) People say that Peter has quit his job.
& It is said that Peter has quit his job.或Peter is said to have quit his job.
7. 不定式符号to 在被动语态中不可省略。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词往往不带to，但在被动语态中to应保留。
&e.g. I) He is made to do some cleaning every week.
II) He was seen to break into the apartment (公寓).
三、主动形式表示被动意义
1. 表示事物属性的不及物动词，通常可以用其主动语态表示被动意义。这类词有：wash，write, sell, read, open, cut, lock, work, shut, record, act, clean, iron (熨)等。
e.g. I) This pen writes smoothly.
II) This book sells rapidly.
2. 某些与感官有关的连系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义，如taste，look，smell，feel，seem，sound等。
e.g. I) Good medicine tastes bitter (苦的) to the mouth.
II) My problem must sound silly to some people.
3. 在名词 + 不定式的结构中，作名词定语的不定式通常以主动形式表示被动关系。
e.g. I&ve got letters to be written. (&)
I&ve got letters to write. (&)
4. 在句型&be + 形容词 + 不定式&中，表示结果的不定式也具有主动形式被动意义的语法特征，这些形容词仅限于heavy，fit (适合的)，narrow，beautiful，attractive，expensive，nice，interesting，useful，pleasant，dangerous，thick，hard，clear，smooth，comfortable (舒服的)，easy，impossible，fascinating (美妙的)，convenient (方便的)，cheap，important，simple，strange，boring (无聊的)，proper (适合的)等。
e.g. I) Relative Theory (相对论) isn&t easy to understand.
II) She is very nice to talk with.
5. 动词不定式to blame (受到指责)，to compare, to let (出租)等在句子中作主语补足语时，其主动形式表示被动意义。
&e.g. I) The house is to let. 此房出租。
II) You&re to blame for what happened. (to blame 常用于表示被动意义) 你该为发生的事受到责备。
6. want，deserve，need，require和be worth等词的后面可以用V-ing分词的主动形式表示被动意义。
e.g. I) The old windows need repairing. (=The old windows need to be repaired.)
II) He is so pessimistic (悲观的) to think that life is now worth living. (worth后面的动词形式只能是V-ing分词。)您的位置： &
& &&&自考《英语（二）》辅导：有关被动语态的几个问题
自考《英语（二）》辅导：有关被动语态的几个问题
09:47&&网络 【
　　有关被动语态的几个问题：
　　1）&be + 过去分词& 并非都是被动语态，系动词 be， feel， seem，look，等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，表示某种状态。
　　i&m interested in mathematics.
　　我对数学感兴趣。
　　he seems unsatisfied with his work.
　　他看起来对他的工作不满意。
　　we are determined to catch up with the developed countries.
　　我们决心要赶上发达国家。
　　the song is called &don&t forget me&。
　　歌曲的名字叫&勿忘我&。
　　2）某些动词用主动语态来表示被动含义。
　　the food tastes good.
　　食物很香。
　　it smells strange.
　　这有怪味。
　　the stone feels very cold.
　　石头摸起来很冷。
　　the woman&s clothes sell well.
　　女装卖的快。
　　3）一般情况下，及物动词才能构成被动语态，但有些不及物动词组成短语后，也可构成被动语态。
　　he was looked down upon because of his egoism.
　　他因自私而受人冷落。
　　the children were taken good care of in the the orphanage.
　　孩子们在孤儿院受到了良好的照顾。
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14:47&&作者：&&来源：新东方网整理&&字号：|
　　由于在英汉两种语言当中都有主动和被动两种语态，在英译汉时，人们常常会简单地认为只要按照原句的语态处理就行了。事实上并非如此。在英语中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。如果一味按照英语的语态来翻译，往往会使译文显得十分别扭，带有明显的翻译腔，甚至出现文理不通的情况。
　　一、主动句转换成被动句
　　There are more than60,000 prosecutions a year for shoplifting.
　　参考译文:每年有六万多人因在超市偷窃而被起诉。
　　二、被动句转换成主动句
　　1.转换成含被动义的主动句
　　汉语译文的句型从形式上看是主动语态，但其中被动的含义不言而喻。在翻译英语被动句时，一般不用改变原句的结构，直接译出即可。
　　If understanding prevails, UNCTAD is in a position to replace confront it cannot be put off.
　　参考译文:若能普遍形成谅解，联合国贸发会议就能用协议取代对抗;这项工作不能再拖延下去了。
　　2.转换成带表语的主动句
　　英语中许多表示某种结果或状态的被动结构一般应转换成汉语的系表结构，把原句中的有关状语或施事方移到汉语的表语之中。
　　A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.
　　参考译文:有一种方言是在座的每一位语言学家都懂得的。
　　3.转换成无主句无主句是汉语特有的句子形式，其作用和效果相当于英语中无施事方的被动句，因而可以用来翻译某些英语被动形式。
　　It must be admitted that only when we get a taste of its abuse will we feel the full meaning of cloning.
　　参考译文:必须承认，只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果之后，我们才会彻底明白其价值所在。
(责任编辑：张婵)&
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纠正一下上面的错误：I bought a computer that had once been used by others. 打错了。
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