我们在阅读英语报刊时，不仅要学会看借新闻标题，而且最好还能善于欣赏并翻译新闻标题，惟有如此，我们才能较正确地理解英语新闻标题的词汇、语法及修辞等特点，判断出标题的寓意。　　欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题时应该兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题，领悟其妙处；适当照顾译文特点，增强可读性；重视读者的接受能力。欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题，对于不太熟悉英语国家历史、文化背景的读者来说，有时并不是很容易的。许多妙不可言的精彩之处，一疏忽就可能从眼皮底下滑过去。因此，这就要求我们平时注意积累，不断熟悉英语国家的历史掌故、文艺作品以及英语的修辞手段等等。一旦真的领会并译出了英语标题中作者苦心营造的深奥内涵，那份喜悦不亚于数学家攻克一道难题。　　一、直译或基本直译　　如果英语标题的含义明白、直接，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则可直译或基本直译。如：　　Looking Back To Look Ahead.　　回首往昔展望未来。　　America's Careening Foreign Policy.　　摇摆不定的美国对外政策。　　Bill Clinton Assumes Office In White House As Us President.　　比尔，克林顿入主白宫，就任美国总统。（或译：克林顿入主白宫，新总统始掌大权。）　　Olympics Begin In Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold.　　奥运会隆重开幕 泳将夺首枚金牌。　　二、添加注释性词语　　即使是明白易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语，或新闻人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之，应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同，适当增补有关介绍性、注释性词语以利读者理解，避免产生误会。例如：　　Li Elected Cppcc Head.　　李（瑞环）当选为全国政协主席。　　Lewis, Xie Voted World's Top Two.　　路（易斯）谢（军）当选世界最佳男女（运动员）。　　Emperor's Visit A Milestone In Bilateral Ties.　　天皇访华：（中日）双边关系的里程碑。　　Quake Death Toll Tops 5000.　　（日本限神地区）地震死亡人数己逾五千。　　Young Wheelers, Big Dealers.　　青年摩托车手成了（保险公司）大主顾。　　　三、体现原文修辞特点　　如果英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段，如双关、比喻、押韵等，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色。如：　　押韵：After The Boom Everything Is Gloom. 　　繁荣过后，尽是萧条。（或译：繁荣好景不再，萧条接因而来。）　　双关：Soccer Kicks Off With Violence.　　　足球开踢拳打脚踢。　　借用典故：Liberty Mother Of Invention.　　自由是发明之母。　　幽默：Accuser Accused.　　原告没当成 反而成被告。　　比喻：Middie East: A Cradle Of Terror.　　中东恐怖主义的摇篮。　　四、灵活处理修辞差异。　　英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段，而这种修辞手段在语言转换中如与汉语难以契合，则不妨意译，即舍弃原来的英语标题，按内容概括出合适的译文标题，切忌生搬硬套，译成晦涩难懂的句子。同时适当照顾汉语新闻标题的特点，多用动词、尾韵、对仗等修辞手段。如：　　押韵：Desperate Need, Desperate Deed.　　燃眉之急非常行动。　　典故：1990: Year Of Marco Polo Chic.　　1990年：中国热的一年。　　夸张：A Vow To Zip His Lips.　　誓将守口如瓶。　　双关：'Silent' Office Workers Demand To Be Heard.　　“不闻不问”的办公室员工 今后将不再不闻不问了。　　比喻：Russian Reform Old Wine In New Bottle. 　　俄罗斯改革新瓶装陈酒。　　可见，要译好英语新闻标题，除了需要透彻地理解原文内涵，领悟其妙处外，还要善于比较研究英汉两种语言新闻标题的特点，充分发挥汉语的优势。}

本文结合英语新闻标题的主要特点,通过具体的例子,介绍了英语新闻标题的翻译技巧.首先是英语新闻标题中词语(包括首字母缩略语、新词、小词)的译法.报纸有限的空间使得新闻标题常用词语来表达,因此词语的译法是论文的一个重要组成部分,其次是关于某些在新闻标题中常用的标点符号所代表的意思的翻译.再者,新闻标题中修辞手法的翻译是论文的重点,新闻标题经常借助各种修辞来增强其表达效果,大多数情况下可采用直译,但由于中英国家不同的文化背景,必要事需要采取灵活的翻译技巧.最后,值得注意的是,英语新闻标题的一些语法特征不同于我们平常所接受的语法特点,新闻标题经常省略冠词、连词、助动词等一些虚词,其时态、语法及非谓语动词的使用也十分灵活.传实翻译为您分享：1. Introduction
At a time when the pace of life is getting faster and faster, everything seems to be bidding for people’s attention, and newspaper is no exception. As the eye of the news, headline sits in a position to capture the essence of the event, demonstrate the readability of the news and attract readers’ attention. A good headline, generally speaking, should include such features as accuracy, brevity and clarity which are generally developed by lexical items, punctuation, rhetorical devices, and grammar. Put it in detail, first, as for words selection, such items as acronym, new words and midget words are commonly chosen for the headline. Second, not all punctuations could appear in headline, and the frequently used ones like comma, colon, and dash also indicate specific meaning of the headline. Third, in order to lead force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create atmosphere, headline is usually written figuratively. Finally, the limited space of newspaper demands that headline be concise and brief, and therefore it has developed its own grammatical style. The major difference of the grammar rules used for daily English and news headlines lies in the frequent omission of function words(article, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions and so on), and unique practice of tense, voice and non-predicate verbs. Such features of English news headline as mentioned above are essential and critical for readers to understand the connotation of news headline, and also are the difficulties and problems needed settling in translating English news headline. This essay focuses on introducing some correspondent translating techniques with these features of English news headline.2. Translation of lexical items in English news headline2.1. Translation of acronymAcronym (word formed from the initial letters of a group of words) is one main form of English news title’s glossary variation. Since newspapers are limited in time and space, acronym meets the need, saving the space of newspaper. This chapter attempts to discuss some skills in translating acronym.2.1.1. Translate according to its pronunciationFor example:(1) OPEC 22nd Session Ends
(OPEC =Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries石油输出国组织，即欧佩克)---欧佩克第二届会议结束 (2) AIDS---The Risk to Heterosexual(AIDS=Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome艾滋病,即后天免疫缺损综合症)---艾滋病危及异性恋爱者 2.1.2. Translating and shortening the full nameFor example:(1) NATO to Seek New Secretary General(NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织,简称北约) ---北约寻求新任秘书长(2) USSR Dissolves, Mikhail CorbachevResigns: Boris Yeltsin Takes over(USSR=Union of Soviet Socialist Republics苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟,简称苏联)---苏联解体,戈尔巴乔夫辞职,叶利钦上台2.1.3. Explaining all letters
In view of the fact that not all acronyms can be translated according to the pronunciation; otherwise readers would be confused. The translator had better point out the meaning of all letters.It can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) BBC Considering Starting Global Television Service (BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation)
---英国广播公司拟开通全球电视服务(2) PLO Says Israeli Drive ahead (PLO=Palestine Liberation Organization)
---巴勒斯坦解放组织说以色列即将大举进攻(3) START Announced to Begin June29 (START=Strategic Arms Reductions Talks)
---裁减战略武器会谈于六月而十九日开始(4) 36th WTTC triumphantly closes in Yugoslavia.
(WTTC=World Table Tennis Championships)
---第三十六届世界乒乓球锦标赛在南斯拉夫胜利闭幕(5) Government Is Covering up UFO Evidence? (UFO=Unidentified Flying Object)
行物真相？(6) Hollywood Helps CIA Come in From the Cold (CIA=Central Intelligence Agency)
---好莱坞为中央情报局重塑形象
2.2. Translation of new words in English news headlineAs science and technology of the world swiftly develop, the contact among countries increasingly expands, more and more new English words are born to the world. In order to draw close to the social life, grasp the times pulse, news report need to create massive new words to reflect the world’s new things, new thoughts, new phenomenon and new prevailing customs to attract readers’ attention. “This kind of words may be divided into two types: one is to give old words new meaning. For example, ‘clone’ means ‘无性系繁殖’and then it is exuded to be ‘复制’； ‘Bug ’means ‘机器的毛病’now refers in particular to ‘计算机千年虫问题’；Sept.11 or 9/11 has the special meaning because the terrorists attacked the US world trade building. The other is completely new words ,namely, coin age, mainly in the fields of science technology, such as Internetese(因特网语言），com, e-mail, e-commerce（电子商务），cyberspace（电脑空间）, bio-chips(生物芯片）， techno-millionaire（高科技百万富翁）and so on. ”[1]P108For example：(1) Year 2000 Bug Unstoppable for Some Corporations ---计算机千年虫问题迫在眉睫(2) American Online: Often Down, Never Out ---美国在线公司:屡挫不倒(3) What Is Dateline? ---何为征婚热线？(4) The Sandbaggers ---用沙袋治沙的人们(5) Cold-Fighting Drug May Be Used Against SARS
---千呼万唤始出来抗非典药物有望面世(6) Asia Pledge Action on Bird flu
---亚洲国家表示采取一致措施控制禽流感(7) Yahoo Awards World’s Best Cyber cafés ---雅虎评选全球最佳网吧2.3. Translation of midget words
“Midget words are verbs or nouns that are shorter or fewer syllable but more vivid employed in news headline to make it easier for readers to understand.”[2]P98 At this point, the translator should seek to produce something relatively equivalent to this kind of words in Chinese. For example:(1) War Strains and the Production of Killers. ---战争压力与杀戮者的产生(2) The U.S. Proposal and Its Chances.
---美国的建议及其机会(3) The Pressure on Cherbourg and the Enemy’s Distress
---瑟堡吃紧敌军凄苦(4) A Fertile Valley and Its Scourge
---肥沃河谷的灾难Further examples:(1) Report Backs Methadone for Addicts
---报道支持吸毒者使用镁沙酮镇定剂(2) Nuclear Blast Seepage Is Found
---核爆炸渗漏物被发现“The words ‘back’ and ‘blast’ are shorter than the words ‘support’ and ‘explosion’, but there are no Chinese words Correspondent with them to express the difference in visually between ‘back’ and ‘support’, ‘blast’ and ‘explosion’, so it is only translated literally to be ‘支持’and ‘爆炸’，stressing in the significance transmission in spite of losing English midget words’ language characteristic.”[3]P98 (3) British Student Knifed in France ---英国学生在法被刺Here if “knife” is translated to be “刀刺”，it would gild the lily.(4) Chun Axes 37 Judges in Shape-up ---全斗焕在改组中撤掉37名法官“If the word ‘axe’ is translated literally to be ‘斧砍’ in Chinese, it is possible to cause two penalties: one is to make the divergence ---全斗焕在改组中用斧头砍伤了37名法官；the other is that the scale of formality of Chinese word ‘斧砍’ makes it quite alien to the phrases ‘改组’, ‘法官’ and ‘全斗焕’.”[4]P98 Under such circumstances, we are concerned with the essential meaning implied in the words. When words or phases in the English news headline are meaningless or misleading if translated literally into Chinese, one is obliged to make some adjustments in translation to guarantee the headline pass into Chinese without losing its essence.3. Translation of proper punctuations News title is always simplified in structure; accordingly, punctuation plays a very important role in news headline. More often than not, certain punctuation can produce some kind of special result. The translator should pay attention to the concrete meaning of these punctuations while translating them.3.1. Comma (,)“Comma expresses the stop between the compound ingredients in title, and it is also used to replace ‘and’ in order to save space, generally being translated to be ‘和’ in Chinese.”[5]P29For example:(1) Australia，U.S. Seek More Ways to Promote Trade (=Australia and U.S .Seek More Ways to Pro-mote Trade)---澳大利亚和美国寻求更多途径以促进两国贸易(2) UN, Iraq Talk on Refugee Aid
---联合国和伊拉克谈判援助难民问题(3) China, CIS States May Share Cables
---中国和独联体国家合作开发光电通讯 (4) Ready, aim, flambé: Army, Marine Cooks Battle Each Other
---预备、瞄准、开火:海陆两军交“火”厨师各显神通(“The two commas in front of the colon are used to indicate display, and function as Chinese slight-pause; the last comma then is equal to ‘and’." [6]P67)3.2. Colon (:)In the English news title, the most eye-catching information is always put in front, and then some supplement information is drawn out to make up the subject after colon. The similarities in Chinese and English expression provide a series of parallelisms of content in translation.Look at the examples:(1)The＄2 billion Makeover: Australia’s Olympic City Gets Ready for the Games ---二十亿美元的大改造：澳大利亚的奥林匹克城准备迎接奥运会(2) War Plan: the West’s Military Options
---战争计划：西方的军事选择“Colon is also used to take place of relation verbs, and it is always translated to be ‘说’、 ‘宣称’、 ‘是’ in Chinese.”[7]P29For example:(1) Renminbi to Remain Reliable, Strong: Li ---李鹏说人民币保持可靠和坚挺When colon is used to show the source of a quotation, that is, equal to the Chinese word“说”, in English it can be put in head of or after the speaker, while in Chinese it can only be placed after the speaker.(2) Health Survey: New Yorkers Fitter, Slimmer
---健康调查称纽约人更加健康和苗条(3) Poll on Trial: Why Weren’t the Victim Cries Heeded?
---笼罩着审讯的疑云是为什么受害者的呼救没人理睬3.3. Quotation mark (‘’)Generally speaking, single quotation mark is used in English news headline instead of double quotation marks. To be accordant with Chinese natural expression, it is better for translator to change it into double quotation marks in Chinese. Look at the following examples:(1) Abadan Oil Refinery ‘Destroyed’
---阿巴丹炼油厂“被毁”(2) Arafat to Reagan: ‘We Are Still Here’ ---阿拉法特告诫里根：“我们仍然存在”
3.4. Dash(—)Dash is used to separate each independent clause in the title, and also frequently used to draw out the speaker before or after the subscript without the quotation mark. It is often translated to be “说” in Chinese in order to draw out the speaker, and to be “再”in order to emphasize something.For example:(1) Labor Council Face Bankruptcy — Officials
---官员们说劳动党委员会面临崩溃(2) Our Differences Can Be Overcome — Rockefeller
---我们的分歧是能够克服的— 洛克菲勒(说) (3) Yeltsin in Hospital — Again
---叶利钦再次住院
(4) World Unity against Terrorism Needed — Blair
---英国首相布莱尔说：世界各国在反恐问题上需要加强联合
4. The translation of rhetorical devicesHeadline implies its meaning and is made to produce more striking effect by means of figure of speech such as alliteration, rhyme, metaphor, pun, allusion, exaggeration and so on. It becomes more difficult for translation because of the different culture backgrounds and the gap between the writer’s range of knowledge and experience and the readers. In order not to confuse Chinese readers, the translation of English news titles can “retain the rhetoric characteristics of the original text to achieve the same dissemination effect”[8]P95. The translator also should pay attention to making the translation “conform to Chinese title’s features and cater to Chinese readers’ reading habits”[9]P95.4.1. Alliteration and rhymeAlliteration and rhyme are often used in English news headline to create the demeanor effect, exaggerate the atmosphere, and bring to readers’ attention and interest. It is hard to get accordance with the original alliteration and rhyme in translation, so certain figure patterns must often be substituted for the proper expressions of Chinese.For instance:(1) Protestants Protest (alliteration)---新教教徒示威抗议(2) Soldiers Salaries Soar
(alliteration)
---士兵薪水剧增(3) Young Wheelers, Big Dealers
(rhyme) ---驾驶摩托小青年，保险公司大主顾(4) Who’s Near to Reagan’ ear?
(rhyme)
---里根耳朵，谁愿听说？(5) Jazzy in Jeans, Sassy in Sweater (alliteration)
---穿上牛仔裤,活泼利索;套上毛线衫,潇洒俊俏(6) After the Boom, Everything Is Gloom (rhyme)
---繁荣好景不在, 萧条接踵而来
Further examples:(1) Desperate Need, Desperate Deed
.
---燃眉之机,十万火急
This translation shows the good understanding of original text, and Chinese words “机”and “急” get up to the rhyme effect.(2) The Sister Vs. World Taunts! Tautrums! Talents!
---姐妹对垒全世界
辱骂! 奚落! 天才!“This title with three harmonics is uneasy to understand. On the one hand, it expresses the intensively competitive rhythm of sports; on the other, it indicates the highlight of the subject. It is well known that U.S. is a society with strong compatibility, but as for the black sisters who may draw little attention in the tennis world almost ruled by the white, this rhyme title in Times actually shows the strong effect caused by the black sisters.”[10]P674.2. Metaphor“A metaphor always makes a comparison betweens two unlike elements, and this comparison is implied rather than stated.”[11]P166 The proper use of metaphor in news headline can produce vivid, striking effect and attract more readers.For example:(1) Middle East:：A Cradle of Terror
中东---恐怖主义的摇篮(2) Russian Reform:：Old Wine in New Bottle 俄罗斯改革---新瓶装陈酒 (3) An Afghan Joan of Arc
---阿富汗的贞德(“Comparing 17 year-old Afghan female soldier to 15 century French nationality heritress Arc”[12]P29)}

—科教导刊（电子版）·2019年第27期/9月（下）—
204
英文新闻标题的汉译方法
周氢梅
（湖北三峡职业技术学院
湖北·宜昌443000）
摘要本文从词汇、语法、形式和修辞四个方面比较了中英文新闻标题的差异，并提出了相应的汉译方法。关键词
英文新闻标题特点差异汉译
中图分类号：G210文献标识码：A1中英文新闻标题的差异
词汇方面，英文新闻标题爱用名词，中文新闻标题喜用动词。语法方面，英文标题多用一般现在时和非谓语动词，时态标志明显；汉语常用现在时、进行时、将来时和过去时，汉语的现在时一般通过语义暗示，时态标志不明显，汉语中没有非谓语动词。形式方面，从标点符号的使用来看，英文新闻标题常用逗号、冒号、破折号、所用格符号等，而汉语新闻标题常用逗号、感叹号、引号、破折号、问号等，汉语中没有所有格形式。有时一样的标点符号在中英文新闻标题中的作用也不完全一样。例如，在英文新闻标题中，破折号起连接话语和补充信息的作用，可代替be等，而在中文新闻标题中，破折号还可表示意思的递进和转折；引号在中文新闻标题中还可表示所引内容别有含义或反义或夸张。修辞方面，英汉新闻标题风格各异，汉语标题更重文采，讲究对仗和押韵；英文标题则显得质朴平淡，重在铺陈事实。
2英文新闻标题的汉译方法
准确理解标题是翻译的前提。翻译时要准确理解标题原文，尽量保持标题的本来面目，同时，也应考虑两者的差异，兼顾译入语的特点，增强可读性，并重视读者的接受能力，碰到无法直接转换的情形，不妨舍弃原标题的语言外形，根据内容意译。下面分别从词汇、语法、形式和修辞方面谈谈英文新闻标题的汉译方法。
2.1词汇的翻译2.1.1小词的翻译
英文新闻标题大都喜欢用字形短小、音节不多的小词。翻译时，尽量保持原语言特色，若无法保持原语言特色时，则可根据标题的语境，侧重意思的准确传达。
2.1.2缩略词的翻译
翻译缩写词时，可采用音译、中文简称法或全称法。如AIDS=AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome（后天免疫缺损
综合征）就可音译为艾滋病；NATO=NorthAtlanticTreatyOr-ganization（北大西洋公约组织）可汉译为北约；但大多数缩写词需全译，否则，读者会不明白所含意义。
2.1.3时髦词的翻译
英文新闻标题用词范围广，变化多，“时髦词”层出不穷。这是因为新闻报导涉及社会各领域，面对题材范围如此广泛的新闻材料。翻译时遇到词语不熟时，应勤查词典，广查相关资料，力求准确地译出各行业的词语，切记望文生义。英文新闻中新词、奇词或含有特定语义的词屡见不鲜，汉译时，必须尽力查询，寻找词义依据，并紧扣文章内容，慎重推敲，判断出词语后，用符合译文表达习惯的对等的词语将其译出。
2.2语法的翻译2.2.1省略的翻译
省略是英文新闻标题的一大特色。翻译时，若省略的成分只起语法功能作用，不带任何信息，则可不译出；若省略的成分含有信息，则要增译出原标题所隐含的信息，使读者更加明确标题的含义。在英文新闻标题中，常省略冠词、连系动词、助动词、连词。如果省略的不定冠词表示具体的“一”时需要译出；现在分词或过去分词前省略的助动词，汉译时应正确判断其时态及语态并译出。
2.2.2时态的翻译
英文新闻标题常用现在时代替过去时，用动词不等式表示将要发生的事情，翻译时应尽量将原文时态译出。
2.3标点符号的翻译
在英文新闻标题中广泛使用逗号、冒号、破折号，翻译时应把这些标点符号的具体含义译出。逗号除了表示标题中并列成分之间的停顿，还可代替“and”，这时可译为“和”。如UN，IraqtalkonRefugeeAid（ChinaDaily）可译为：联合国和伊拉克谈判难民援助问题。冒号除了用在引语之前处，还经常用来代替联系动词be，汉译时可译为“说”，“宣称”或“是”等。破折号除了用来断开标题中个独立分句外，还常被放置在不用引号的引言前后，以引出说话者，汉译时可译为“说”，如Laborcouncilsfacebankruptcy-official就可译为官员们说劳动党会面临崩溃。
2.4修辞的翻译
英语新闻标题寓意于某种修辞手段，如双关、比喻、押韵等，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色，发挥汉语的优势，尽最大程度取得对等。如：(押韵)AFTERTHEBOOMEVERYTHINGISGLOOM繁荣过后，尽是萧条(或译：繁荣，好景不再，萧条，接
踵而来)；
(双关)SOCCERKICKSOFFWITHVIOLENCE足球开踢，拳打脚踢；
(借用典故)LIBERTYMOTHEROFINVEN-TION自由是发明之母；
(幽默)ACCUSERACCUSED原告没当成反而成被告；(比喻)MIDDLEEAST：ACRADLEOFTERROR中东——恐怖主义的摇篮。但如果修辞手段在语言转换中如与汉语难以契合时，则不妨意译，即舍弃原来的英语标题，按内容概括出合适的译文标题，切忌生搬硬套，译成晦涩难懂的句子。同时适当照顾汉语新闻标题的特点，多用动
词、尾韵、对仗等修辞手段。如：
(押韵)DESPERATENEED，DESPERATEDEED燃眉之急非常行动(典故)；
(夸张)AVOWTOZIPHISLIPS誓将守口如瓶(双关)；SILENT'OFFICEWORKERSDEMANDTOBEHEARD"不闻不问"的办公室员工今后将不再不闻不问了等。
翻译是一个综合过程，要译好英文新闻标题，就需要译者透彻地理解原文内涵，领悟其妙处，把原文的特点整合到译文中去，尽量再现原文的所有因素。但由于中英文新闻标题之间不可避免地存在一些差异，还就需要译者善于比较研究中英文新闻标题的特点，充分把握英文新闻标题的内容、色彩和意境，并考虑中文的特点及中文读者的接受程度，发挥汉语的优势，运用适当的翻译技巧和手段，或直译、意译、或增译、减译、或释译、反译，力求做到与原文最大限度的对等，甚至在某些方面优于原文。参考文献
[1]许明武.新闻英语与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社,2003.
[2]田传茂,丁青.试析英汉新闻标题的异同与翻译[J].河西学院学报,2003(06).[3]沈志和.英语新闻标题翻译研究[J].柳州师专学报,2003(03).[4]刘莉琼.《参考消息》新闻标题的翻译的问题与对策[J].太原城市职业技术
学院学报,2010(07).
外|语|教|学
}