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人教版高中高三英语上册下册全册教案下载,高考复习教案
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人教版高中高三英语上册下册全册教案下载,高考复习教案
单元考点提示
1.语言要点
(1) Nice to meet you.
(2) I must be off / go / be leaving now.
(3) Give my best wishes / regards / love to…
(4) Follow … instructions.
(5) What about…?
(6) Make sure that
(7) Do what he or she tells you to do
2.交际用语
(1) (2) (3) in one’ (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) to introduce … (9) (10) to give one’s best wishes / redgards / love to …sb. ; (11) Nice meeting you .; (12) I must be off / leaving now .; (13) So + be / have /情态动词/助动词+主语; (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) to allow sb to do sth .; (20) (21) (22) (23) have a way of doing sth .; (24) (25) at the back of .
μ考点精析与拓展
重点单词及用法
1. introduce &!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&. 介绍,引进introduction n .
1) introduce sb .to sb . 把某人介绍给某人
introduce oneself 自我介绍
注意 : 其后不能跟双宾语,类似的词还有explain, suggest
2) introduce a new idea 引入一种新思想
2. practice 实践;学习
&Practice makes perfect . 熟能生巧。
1) 短语:in practice 在实践中;实际上
put sth . into practice 实施
2)比较:practice 和 exercise 当“练习”解时的不同, practice 指有规律的练习,特指反复练习, exercise 一般用语,可指训练,锻炼,操练等。如:
spelling exerceise 拼写练习
do one’s exercises 做练习(功课)等
3) 动词形式为&practise ,美语亦可用practice。
注意:其后接动词时只用ing 形式,如:practice speaking English.
练习讲英语
4)形容词式为practical
比较:practical, real , true
practical 指“实践的”,“实际的”,“讲求实际的”,如:
practical activities 实践活动
practical work 实际工作
She is a practical woman.她是位讲求实际的妇女。
Real“真实的”,“实在的”,表示实际存在的意义,如:
real silk 真丝his real name 他的真名
true “真的”,指某种事实,故事,消息,信息,朋友等是真的,如:a true story 一个真实的故事
3. 1)意为“曾经”时,侧重“有一次”的意思,是副词在句中做状语,如:
Once he owned a large house . 他曾经拥有一所大房子。
注意:与ever的区别
ever常用于疑问句,有时可用于过去分词前,多在完成时态中。在句中可译为“曾经”,有时不需翻译。如:
Have you ever been there ?你去过那儿吗?
The largest tree ,ever found there ,is one about 500 years old .那儿发现的最大的树有大约500年树龄了。
2)意为“一旦”时,用作连词引起从句。如:
Once you go there ,buy a book for me .
注意:与if 的异同
1)通常unless 等于if not 如:
I won’t go unless he comes .= I won’t go if the doesn’t come .
2)在下面的句子中不可做此替换。如:
I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t have an accident .
他要是不出事故,我倒会感到奇怪了。
unless 不能用于“由于未发生B而产生A”的句子,再如:
I’ll be quite glad if she doesn’t come this evening.
要是他今晚不来,我才高兴呢。
5.mix &!--[if !vml]--&&!--[endif]--&.混合mixture n. 混合物
Water and oil will not mix .油和水不相溶合。
Mix black with white 混淆黑白。
注意:下面句子中mix 的形式。
A rain is falling ,mixed with snow .雨夹着雪在下着。
1)注意下列词的程度
a bit/ a little→slightly→rather→much→completely→quite
2)rather 修饰形容词加名词时,若有冠词a 或an , 则rather 在冠词前、后皆可。如:
It was rather a cold day . = It was a rather cold day.
3)rather和fairly
rather表示不接受性,为否定意义;fairly 表示接受性,为肯定意义。如:
It’s rather cold today .(不愉快)
It’s fairly warm today .(心中舒服)
4) rather +比较级;rather/ much/ far+too+adj./adv, 而fairly,quite ,very 则不能。如:
I did rathre better in the exam.
That’s rather too difficult.
5) rather than& 而不是& 如:
He , rather than you, is to be punished . 是他而不是你要受惩罚。
I decided to write rather than (to)telephone.
我决定写信而不是打电话。
还可用于下面两种结构。
① would do sth . rather than do sth .= would rather do sth. than do sth .宁愿做某事而不愿做某事。
② prefer to do sth . rather than do sth .(意义同上)
7.allow与permit
1)用法相同
allow / permit sb .to do sth .允许某人做某事
allow / permit doing sth . 允许做某事。此时动词只用ing 形式。
反义词forbid 具有同样用法。
2)意义有异同
许多情况下可换用,只是词意的强弱上有差异。allow语意较弱,含有“听任”,“默许”,“不加阻止”的意思;permit 语意较强,强调“正式认可”,“批准”的意思。如:
The nurse allowed him to remain there ,though it was not permitted.
护士让他留在那里,虽然这时(规定)不允许的。
8. lively 意为“活泼的”,“有生气的”如:
a lively mind 活跃的头脑
a lively discussion 热烈的讨论
1)lovely意“可爱的”,“美好的”如:
a lovely day 美好的一天
&lovely girl 可爱的女孩
2)alive 意为“活着的”,是表语形容词,在句中做表语或后置定词。如:
After the war , he remained alive .战后他还活着。
Those alive will gather here. 活着的人将在此相聚。
3)living 意为“活着的”,主要用于作前置定语及冠词the 之后表示一类人,也可用作表语。如:
all living things所有生物
the living 在世者,活着的人们
Latin is not a living language. 拉丁语不是现代使用的语言。
He is still living at the age of 95.95岁了他还活着。
4)live 意为“活的”,“有生命的”,主要用来说鸟或其它动物。如:
a live fish 一条活鱼
重点短语及用法
1. go on doing , go on to do , go on with
1) go on doing sth .指继续做同一件事。如:
After a short rest , they went on working . 短暂休息之后,他们继续工作。
go on with sth . 指继续同一件事,此时 with 后能接名词,代词,不能跟ing 形式。如:
After a short rest ,they went on with the work . 短暂休息之年,他们继续那项工作。
go on to do sth . 指接着做另外一件事。如:
After finishing the words , they went on to go over the text.
结束单词后,他们接着通课文。
2) 类似意义的说法。
continue doing/ to do =
go ahead with = go on with ,隐含有付出努力之意
keep on doing ① = go on doing& ②指不顾困难,反对或警告而坚持做某事。如:
He kept on smoking after the doctor told him to stop .
医生告诉他停止后,他还是继续抽烟。
2. as a result 作为结果
He runs every day .As a result , he has lost weight .
他每天跑步,结果他减肥了。
as a result of 作为……的结果
As a result of exercise , he has built up his health.
result in = lead to 导致,造成……结果,如:
Hard work results in success. 勤奋才会成功。
result from 由……产生的结果,如:
Success results from hard work. 成功来自勤奋。
3. in one’s opinion 在某人看来,依照某人的看法,也可以说:
in one’s personal opinion
例:have a good /high opinion of sb . = think / speak well/highly of sb.
对某人评价高,看法不好。
4. first of all 指按时间,顺序等处于第一位的,如:
例:First of all let me say how glad I’m to be here.
首先我要说我来到这儿是多么高兴。
I’m interested in coins ,but first of all I’m a stamp collector.
我对硬币感兴趣,但我首先是个集邮的。
比较:first与at first
first 译为“首先/,是从动作的先后角度来考虑的。”如:
Before we go , I must first change my clothes .
走之前我得先换衣服。
at first意为“起初/,含有后来不这样了的意思。”如:
At first I didn’t like him ,but now I do .
起初我不喜欢他,但现在喜欢了。
for the first time 意为“第一次”。如:
It was there that they met for the first time .
正是在那儿他们第一次见了面。
5. at the beginning of 在……初(开头),可指时间与空间。如:
at the beginning of term 在学期开始
at the beginning of the book 在那本书的开头
at the beginning 单独用时间at first,也可说in the beginning.
比较:at the end of 在……末(尽头)
&&&&& at the end 在末尾处
&&&&& in the end 最终,同at last
&&&&& in the middle of 在……中期
&&&&& from beginning to end 从头至尾
6.right now = at the moment ,at present 眼下,现在
比较:right away = right off ,immediately, at once , in no time 马上,立刻
7. be filled with = be full of 充满,装满& 如:
The bottle is filled with water .瓶子里装满了水。
注意:Filled with courage , he went into the cave .此处filled 表示“充满了的”指处于一种状态。
比较:be crowded with 挤满的,与be filled with 有所不同。如:
The room is crowded with guests.房间里挤满了客人。
此外,fill作为动词可用其主动形式,亦可构成另外短语。如:
Fill the bottle with sand .把瓶子装满沙子。
Fill in the blanks .填空。
8. on holiday 在度假,此时holiday 前不加冠词。类似说法如:on a visit/a trip/a journey 要带冠词。take a holiday 休假
用介词on 表示处于一种状态,若用for 则表示目的。如:
He is on holiday .他在度假。
He is on a visit to America.他正在美国访问。
He wnet to the countryside for his holidays.他去乡村度假。
He went to America for a visit .他去美国进行一次访问。
比较:holiday, vacation, leave
holiday 与vacation一般可通用,但vacation侧重于长时间的假期,如: summer vacation, holiday 可长可短。leave 指政府工作人员或士兵的假期,也可用于指因事(病)而请的假。如: ask for leave 请假,a sick leave of three days 三天的病假
9. instead of, instead, in place of, take the place of
&He went to attend the meeting instead of me .
I was ill so he went to attend the meeting instead .
注意:instead 可用于句首,表示“相反的”。如:
She never studies .Instead, she plays tennis all day .
她从不学习。相反地,她整天打网球。
in place of很多时候可与instead of换用,但更强调“取代”之意。如:
He isn’t fit for the job, so I’ll do it in place of him.
他胜任不了这项工作,我要代他做。
take the place of 是动词短词,在句中做谓语,如:
Tractors have taken the place of horses .
拖拉机已经取代了马。
注意:instead of 后可接ing 形式,介词短语等。如:
&He came by bus instead of by train.
他是乘汽车来的而不是乘火车。
He wanted to go to a film instead of staying at home.
他想去看电影而不是呆在家里。
10. make sure 弄肯定,设法做到,后接宾语从句。如:
He made sure that he had enough food for the journey.
他设法为旅行备足了食物。
Please make sure the house is locked.
务必确保房门已锁上。
make sure 后还可接of或about ,指“弄清,搞明”如:
Have you made sure of the time of the train?
你搞清楚火车的时间了吗?
比较:be sure of sth. /be sure that……确信……
&&&&& be sure to do sth .一定……,必然……
&&&&& be sure of doing sth.对做某事有把握& 如:
I’m sure of his success. = I’m sure that he’ll succeed.
我确信他会成功。
He is sure to succeed .他一定会成功的。(说话人的判断)
He is sure of succeeding in the exam.他对考试成功是有把握的。
注意:It’s certain that he’ll win.此时不能用It’s sure that ……
特别句式及用法
1.So was my friend Bob White.
例题——Jim works hard.
A. So he does and so you do
B. He dose so and you do so
C. So he does and so do you
D. He does so and so you do
答案:C.若表示另外一人也如何如何,则采用倒装形式,把系列动词,情态动词,助动词等提到主语之前;若主语为同一人,表示其就是如何,是系动词等不用提前。
若句子为否定句,则用neither, nor ,如:
I don’t know, nor do I care .我不知道,也不关心。&&& 若前句既有肯定又有否定,或并列谓语形式不一致,则采用so it is with……,或It is the same with……的结构,如:
—— He is writer and has written a lot of works .
—— So it is with me. ( 或It is the same with me)
&此时说明我也是作家,也写了很多作品。若用so am I 只能说明我是作家。若用so have I 只能说明我也写了很多作品。再如:
—— He is good at English, but doesn’t do well in maths.
—— It is the same with me .( 或So it is with me )
若用So am I 或&Nor do I 则只能分别说明其中一个方面。
2.It’s time for sth . 该是做……的时候& 如:
It’s time for lunch .该吃午饭了。
It’s time (for sb) to do sth . 如:
It’s time (for us )to go to school.(我们)该上学了。
也可用如下说法:
The time has come for lunch.
The time has come for us to go to school.
注意:在It’s time ……句式中time 前可加 high, about 等修饰词,用法不变。其后跟that 从句时要用虚拟语气。如:
It’s (high)time we got up.
It’s about time (that) he knew the truth.
大约是他知道真相的时候了。(that可省略)
3. He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.
本句有三个并列谓语,looking 部分为伴随状语。
例题& 1)He held up his finger ,_______ a face and nodded his head.
A.making&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. made
答案:B.此题有and ,需连接并列结构,所填词的形式应与前后保持一致。
2) He sat there in silence, _______sad and doing nothing.
A. looking&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. looked
答案:A.此题and 之后ing形式,其前面也应该用ing形式,而不能与前面的sat并列。
3)He sat there in silence ,______ nothing.
A. doing&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&&&&&&B. did
答案:A.此题才是在逗号之后,需要伴随状误。
4)He set out early, ________ there on time .
A. arriving&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. and arrived
答案:B.此题两种选项从形式看都有可能,但根据意思看,“到达”并不伴随“出发”的动作,而是明显地有先有后。
5)He made a smile, _____ with the result.
A. satisfying&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& B. satisfied
答案:B.伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词,此处表示“感到满意”的一种状态,而satisfying表示令人满意的,此时的satisfied是过去分词,而不是过去式。
日常交际用语
1.初次见面打招呼& How do you do ? 答语为How do you do ?
也可用Nice /Glad/Pleased to meet you.
熟人见面打招呼& How are you?
随便一些可用Hello, Hi.
2.表示自己要走时&I must be off now.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& I must go now .
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& I must be leaving now.
3.向人问好时 Give my regards/ best wishes/love to sb.
带人问好时He sends his regards/best wishes/love to you.
也可用:Please remember me to your parents.
4.征求意见、看法时
What about when we leave ?
What /How about a drink?
What /How about the two of us having a drink?
How do you like/find the film?
What do you think of it?
5.让对方做或不做某事时
Do what I told you to .
Don’t be late again.
Make sure the door is shut.
经典名题导解
&1. Go on _____ the other exercise after you have finished this one.(89年高考题)
A. to do&&&& B. doing&&& C. do&&&&&& D. to be doing
命题目的:考查go on to do 与go on doing 的用法。
解题思路:1) go on doing sth 意为“继续做某事”指的是一件事; go on to do 意为“接着做某事”表示一件事做完了,再接着做另一件事,指的是两件事。
2) 根据题意是做完了一个练习,接着做另外一个练习,故答案为A。
误点突破:答案B是继续做某事,不合题意;C、D答案无这种搭配,故不能选。
2.— Good morning . Can I help you?
— I’d like to have this package____, madam.(89年高考题)
A. be weighed&&&&&&&& B. to be weighed&&&& C. to weigh&&&&&&&&&& D. weighed
命题目的:考查句型have sth done 的用法。
& 解题思路:① have sth done意思是“叫某人做某事”,done与sth 是被动关系,done做宾补;have sth to do 意思是“有什么要做的事” to do 与sth的关系是动宾关系,to do 做定语。②2.根据题意是“……夫人,我想要称一下这个包裹”是have sth done 的句型,故选D。
误点突破:根据题意与选项,只能选D,A答案无这种搭配;B、C不合题意。
3.—Please don’t make a noise.
—_______ . I’ll be as quiet as a mouse .(97年高考样题)
A. Yes, I won’t&&&& B. No, I won’t &&&&C. No, I will&&&&&& D. Yes, I will
命题目的:考查祈使句的时态及简短的回答。
解题思路:1)祈使句表命令,请求,指的是将来时态;2)英语中简短的回答,Yes+肯定;No+否定。3)根据题意“……我非常安静……”故选B。
误点突破:D不符合题意;A、C不符合表达法。
4. You will be late _______ you leave immediately.(97年高考题)
A. unless&&&&& B. until&&&&& C. if&&&&& D. or
命题目的:考查unless引导的条件状语从句
解题思路:unless与if都是引导条件状语从句,根据题意“如果你不快点走,你就会迟到。”应选择一个否定的连词,故选A
误点突破:until 引导时间状语从句,意为“直到……为止”,不合题意;or 是表选择的并列连词“否则”的意思,不合题意。
5.&They were all very tired, but _______ of them would stop to take a rest . (95年高考题)
A. any&&&&&&&& B. some&&& &&&&C. none&&&&&&& D. neither
命题目的:考查不定代词的用法
解题思路:根据题意“他们都很疲劳,但没有一个人停下来休息。”应选择一个否定的代词,题中all与but是关键信息,but是转折,all是指三者以上,故相应的否定代词只能选none, 所以答案是C
误点突破:any, some 不合题意,而neither是指两者都不,故不能选。
练习英语口语的6种技巧
有没有机会在美国生存、发展下去,关键是要看有没有机会去表达自己,和别人交流。如果你学的是哑巴英语,到了美国你将十分困难。而目前我们的大学英语教育是有缺陷的。学一种语言,交流是目的,而不是语言本身。我们往往把英语仅仅当做一门知识在学,从小学到大,到最后,还是不会说英语。
语言的交流与掌握大量的词汇、句型、语法是两回事。就语言本身的知识来说,我们已经过关了。我们缺少的就是在交流中来运用英语,只有在交流中我们才能与对方进行思维密码的相互破译。同样的话在不同的语言交流环境中所表达的意思是不一样的。
我建议要把我们学习的目标收缩,把追求大而广的英语知识转化为追求一种定量性的技巧,我认为有6种技巧,是美国人和美国人之间交流的关键性东西,如果我们能掌握这6种技巧,就可以更好地理解美国人的思维,从而学好口语。
第一,如何用英文简单界定一个东西的技巧。美国人和美国人交谈80%是想告诉对方这个事物是什么。我们的课本尽管词汇难度不断加深,但思维逻辑结构却只停留在一个水平上。中国人常说Where is the book(这本书在哪儿)?很少有人说What is a book(书是什么)?而美国的小学生就开始问:What is the book?这种Where is the book只是思维的描述阶段。但是我想连大学生也很难回答What is a book?因为中国传统英语教学模式没有教会学生表达思想的技巧。
第二,如果已经学会界定,但理解还有偏差,那就要训练How to explain things in different ways(用不同的方式解释同一事物)。一种表达式对方不懂,美国人会寻找另一种表达式最终让对方明白。因为事物就一个,但表达它的语言符号可能会很多。这就要多做替换练习。传统的教学方法也做替换练习,但这种替换不是真替换,只是语言层面的替换,而不是思维层面的替换。比如,I love you(我爱你)。按我们教学的替换方法就把you换成her,my mother等,这种替换和小学生练描红没有什么区别。这种替换没有对智力构成挑战,没有启动思维。这种替换句子的基本结构没变,我听不懂I love you,肯定也听不懂I love her。如果替换为I want to kiss you,I want to hug you,I will show my heart to you等,或者给对方讲电影《泰坦尼克》,告诉对方那就是爱,这样一来对方可能就明白了。这才叫真正的替换。也就是说用一种不同的方式表达同一个意思,或者一个表达式对方听不清楚,举一个简单易懂的例子来表达,直到对方明白。
第三,我们必须学会美国人怎样描述东西。从描述上来讲,由于中美的文化不同会产生很大的差异。我们描述东西无外乎把它放在时间和空间两个坐标上去描述。美国人对空间的描述总是由内及外,由里及表。而中国人正好相反。从时间上来说,中国人是按自然的时间顺序来描述。我们描述一个东西突然停住时,往往最后说的那个地方是最重要的。美国人在时间的描述上先把最重要的东西说出来,然后再说陪衬的东西。只有发生悲剧性的事件,美国人才在前面加上铺垫。这就是中国人和美国人在时间描述上的巨大差别。
第四,要学会使用重要的美国习语。不容易学、易造成理解困惑的东西就是“习语”。比如北京人说盖了帽儿了,外国人很难理解,这就是习语。所以和美国人交流时,能适当地运用美国习语,他马上就会觉得很亲切,也很爱和你交流。那么什么是习语?就是每个单词你都认识,但把它们组合在一起,你就不知道是什么意思了。
第五,学会两种语言的传译能力。这是衡量口语水平的一个最重要标准。因为英语不是我们的母语,我们天生就有自己的母语。很多人都认为学好外语必须丢掉自己的母语,这是不对的。
第六,要有猜测能力。为什么美国人和美国人、中国人和中国人之间交流很少产生歧义?就是因为他们之间能“猜测”。我们的教学不提倡“猜测”。但我觉得猜测对学好美国口语很重要。在交流中,有一个词你没有听懂,你不可能马上去查字典,这时候就需要猜测来架起一座桥梁来弥补这个缺口,否则交流就会中断。
中国人学习口语讲究背诵,背句型、背语调,结果就是很多人讲口语的时候讲着讲着眼就开始向上翻,实际上是在记忆中寻找曾经背过的东西。如果他要是能猜测的话,我想也就不会出现这种现象。
以上就是我所说的学会用美国人思维方式的6个技巧。中国学生如果能做到这6点,用较短的时间肯定能学好口语。 再说说英语语音的问题。我们中国人不需要钻牛角尖,一定追求发音像一个本地人,只要我们的发音不至于让对方产生误解就可以了。我们在平时,
不需要迷信什么科学方法,只需要记住一点:模仿。但一定要模仿标准的英语或美语。在模仿的基础上,每天保持1个小时的自我口语练习,这个练习必须假想一个双向交流的场合,即仿佛有人与你交流一样。
高三英语第二轮复习教案——基础写作
教学目标:学生进一步熟悉基础写作的特征和基本要求,培养正确的写作思路及方法,掌握常用的写作模式和句型。消除对写作的恐惧心理,培养写作兴趣。
教学重点:如何审题;如何进行信息整合;上下文的承接。
教学难点:写作思路及方法的培养
教学方法:讲练结合,精讲多练,引导学生体会与模仿。
一、&&&&&&&&&& 基础写作题的特点
2008年高考设置基础写作题的目的是要检测考生最基础的书面语言表达能力,如用词的合理性、句子结构的复杂度、语法运用的正确性、信息内容的完整性、句子之间的连贯性等。因此,基础写作题与往年的书面表达依然会有很多相似点,但也会出现一些新的特点。
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&& 1.写作题材贴近考生的学习和生活。历年来高考作文题的题材都非常贴近考生的学习和生活,如校园活动、校外见闻、交友、旅游、以及与考生有关的话题讨论等。可以预料明年高考写作题的题材还会在这些范围内,并为所有考生所熟悉。
2.写作的题材主要是故事性描述和应用文。2007年的基础写作题的题材也会与往年书面表达相似,主要有故事性描写和应用文写作两大类。命题形式可能是看图写故事、看图表说明、根据表格信息完成一封短信或一份通知这类的应用文等。
3.内容呈现的方式具有半封闭性。作文试题逐步走向开放将是大势所趋。但是,基础写作题还只能是半封闭的,其特点是写作的内容是被规定了的,考生必须将文章所规定的信息点完整、全面地表达出来,但对于语言表达的方式、信息组织的先后秩序、需要补充哪些必要的信息等,考试又有一定的自主构思空间。
4.用5句话表达。这是基础写作题与往年书面表达题最显著的不同点。往年是规定字数(100词左右),句子的数量不作规定,所以很多考生为了不犯句法错误总是使用一些简单句。而2007年的基础写作只能用5句话来表达题目所给的全部信息点,但所给的信息点与往年的书面表达相比并不会减少,所以,用5个简单句很难完成任务,必须使用复合句或并列句来综合多个信息点,而且还要照顾句子之间的衔接和语意上的连贯。从只一点来说,基础写作题对考试运用语言能力的要求大大提高了。
二、基础写作题提出的新要求
1.信息组织能力。信息组织能力包括信息归类、信息排列和信息表达三个环节。对于题目所提供的各种信息点,考生首先需要依照一定的标准将信息进行归类,并初步计划将哪些信息放到同一个句子中;其次是将信息进行合理的排列,排列必须依照一定的标准,如时间顺序、空间顺序、因果关系、递进关系等;第三是选择表达的秩序,确定句子之间的先后顺序,这既要考虑语句上能否衔接,还要考虑语意上的连贯。在组织信息的过程中,还要对某些信息进行必要的增删,使文章意思连贯、语言畅谈、逻辑严密。
2.运用复杂句子的能力。在整理和归类信息点之后,就需要正确地使用比较复杂的句子,综合的表达信息。复杂句子主要有三类:
第一类是复合句或含有非谓语动词、介词短语的复杂句。复合句主要有三类:含有名词性从句的复合句,含有状语从句的复合句,含有定语从句的复合句。
第二类是并列句或带有并列成分的复杂句。连接并列句或并列成分的并列连词主要有四类:表示意义引申的并列连词,如and,both… and,not only…but also,and… as well,not… nor,neither… nor等;表示选择的并列连词,如or,whether… or,either… or等;表示转折或对比的并列连词,如but,while,whereas,only等;表示因果关系的for。此外,therefore,besides,however,nevertheless,moreover,furthermore,what’s more,in addition,on the contrary,after all等连接性状语也可以在句子之间起连接作用,表示分句之间的并列关系。
第三类是一些特殊句型,如使用强调句、倒装句、含有with复合结构的句子、there be开头的句子、以形式主语it 开头的句子等。
正确使用各种句型,不仅能够完成题目所要求的任务,还能使文章的句式变得丰富、行文更加流畅、中心和主旨更加突出。
三、基础写作题的备考策略
在基础写作的备考过程中,一方面要重视养成一些良好的写作习惯,如认真审题、巧妙构思、常写草稿、工整书写、仔细核对等好习惯,另一方面在组织信息和训练复杂句子结构方面要多下工夫。下面以“广东省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试广东省英语科考试说明”中的样题为例,探讨如何备考基础写作题。
第一节:基础写作(共1小题,满分15分)
假设你最近参加了由某电视台举办的中考生英语演讲比赛并获奖,该台准备组织获奖者去北京参加一次英语夏令营活动,下表是这次活动的时间安排和活动内容。
7月15日 — 22日或8月15日— 22日
参加英语角& 学唱英语歌曲& 听英语讲座& 表演英语短剧
看英语电影& 教外宾学中文
【写作内容】
&&& 电视台就活动时间和活动内容征求你的意见。请按照以下要求用英语以书信形式给予答复。
1.选择适合你的时间并说明理由;
2.解释你只能参加其中的两项活动(听英语讲座和教外宾学中文),虽然你认为所以的活动都很有意义;
3.说明你选择的理由:听英语讲座了解英美文化的信息;教外宾学中文因为2008北京奥运会让越来越多的外宾想了解中国。
【写作要求】
1.必须使用5个句子表达全部内容
2.信的开头和结尾已给出。
Dear Sir or Madame,
I’m glad to be invited to the English summer camp.
Thank you very much.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Yours truly,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Li Ping
&由此我们可以看出,信息点的数量与往年的书面表达题相比并没有减少,要想用5个句子把所有的信息都表达出来,考生必须从以下三个方面进行备考:
1.养成重视审题的习惯。虽然基础写作题是半封闭性的,但审题仍然十分重要。现以样题为例,谈谈如何审题:
思考的问题
要写的文章主题是什么? Topic
参加夏令营
为什么要写这篇文章? Purpose
电视台邀请参加夏令营,写信回复。
要写文章的信息点有哪些?information items
选择的时间,参加活动的内容,解释什么
怎样安排信息点的逻辑顺序? order
说明要参加的活动并解释原因→说明要参加的时间并解释原因。
动作是什么时候发生的(时态)?when
夏令营还没有开始,文章主要用一般将来时
&&& 2.提高组织信息的能力。组织信息的过程包括信息分类、信息排列、和信息表达三个环节。这些步骤看起来好像很繁琐,但对于中下成绩的考生来说,一步一步地思考这些问题是很有必要的。现以样题为例,说明该怎样组织信息。
时间信息:两个时间段
内容信息:6项活动
选择信息:其中的两个活动及其理由
夏令营的内容信息点安排:可以将自己要参加的两项活动放在前面,其它信息点可以略写。
作者的选择信息排列:依照自己所参加的活动顺序逐项表述,紧接着给出选择的理由。
结合已经给出的头和尾,写作的顺序安排如下:很高兴被邀请(已给出)— 感谢安排这么多的活动 — 说明活动的意义 — 表达自己只能参加两项活动的遗憾和原因 — 说明参加的活动内容及原因(两项活动用一句话)— 说明自己选择的时间及原因
&&& 3.夯实基础,掌握基本的句子结构及其用法。对于大多数考生来说,用词不准和句子结构错误是写作失分的“罪魁祸首”。夯实基础、掌握基本的句子结构及其用法是基础写作备考的主要任务,完成这项任务可以分步骤进行:
教学内容与过程:
Step one: Greetings and dictation
Step two: 讲练结合,并就学生作文较常出现的错误进行点评,讲评过程注意把握好学生作文中的常见的非智力因素方面的失分。
Step three: 就学生作文中出现的常见错误进行适当的点评。
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m glad to be invited to the English summer camp. ① Thank you very much for arranging so many activities, such as English corner, English lectures, English films, English songs, English plays and helping foreigners learn Chinese. ② I am sure all the activities will do a lot of good to us students. ③ But it is a pity that I can only take part in two of them, because I will have to spend some time in doing my research project. ④ I would like to listen to the lectures, by which I will learn some about western culture, and help foreigners learn Chinese, as more and more foreigners want to know about China and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
⑤ I want to see my grandparents in the country right after our school finishes in mid-July, so I am going to attend the camp from August 15th to 22nd.
Thank you very much.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& Yours truly,
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& &&Li Ping
第一步:练习写简单句,练就写简单句基本不犯语言错误的“真功”。考生必须熟练掌握英语的五种基本句型,尤其是:“主语+谓语+(其它成分)”;“主语+系动词+表语”。
附五种基本句型:
1.主语 + 连系动词 + 表语,可用于这种句型的连系动词分成两类:表示变化的:turn,become,get,go,stay,remain等;表示状态的:be,seem,look,feel,taste,smell等。
2.主语 + 不及物动词,注意:不及物的短语动词也可用于这个句型,如 Great changes have taken place in my hometown. 另这种句型中常有状语,且不用于被动语态。
3.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语,及物的短语动词也可用于这种句型。但如果短语由“动词 + 副词”构成,作宾语的代词只能置于其中,作宾语的名词则既可置于其中也可置于其后;如果短语动词由“动词 + 介词”构成,无论是代词还是名词作宾语,一律置于其后,如:他考虑了(它)这个计划一夜。
He thought it / the plan over all the night.
He thought over the plan all the night.
He thought about it / the plan all the night.
4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,一些间接宾语可改成一个由to引起的短语,表示动作是“向谁”做的;一些间接宾语可改成一个由for引起的短语表动作是“为谁”做的。
如:我给他一些钱。/ 他给我买了一本书。
I gave him some money. / I gave some money to him.
He bought me a book. / He bought a+ book for me.
5.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补,必须注意有多种形式都可以作为宾补的成分,如:n,adj,to do,省略to的不定式,介词短语等。
如表示独一的头衔、职位或身份的名词作宾补时,不用冠词:我们选他当班长。 We made him monitor.
第二步:练习运用复杂句。要提高运用复杂句的能力,考生必须要攻克三个易错点:一是主句与从句之间主谓结构混乱,造成主句缺谓语;二是没有掌握关联词的用法,错用、多用、漏用关联词;三是该使用简单句的地方人为地复杂化,如可以用分词或介词短语来表达的,却偏要用从句。
此外,简单句用得太多,会造成文章读起来乏味。在评卷员看来,同样意思的内容,能够运用比较复杂的句式结构来表达,当然会认为其运用语言的能力要比只会用简单句来表达要强,评分自然就高。
1.巧用非谓语动词。运用非谓语动词,可以使文句看起来更简洁,使语言更加丰富多彩,重点更加突出,增加文采。如:I covered my ears, trying to keep the noises out, but failed. (2004年广东卷)
2.巧用with复合结构。“with+名词/ 代词+现在分词/ 过去分词/ 形容词/ 副词/ 介词”结构,常作伴随状语以增加被描绘内容的生动性和情感性,使文章读起来更简洁明了。试以下两个句子:
I couldn’t go on studying because there was so much noise troubling me. (普通)
I couldn’t go on studying with so much noise troubling me. (高级)2004年广东卷
3.巧用复合句。高考评分标准强调使用语法结构的数量和复杂性,鼓励考生尽量使用教复杂的结构,并且对由此产生的错误采取了宽容的态度。如果恰当运用各类从句,就会使文章出彩。如2006年广东卷:What’s more, people have easy access to the Internet, which enables them to send and receive e-mails whenever they like. (定语从句)
4.巧用倒装句、感叹句、强调句、虚拟语气句等。使用这些句式可使文章化平淡为生动,加强语气,使评卷老师感受作者的强烈情感。如以下几个句子:
(倒装句)Only in this way can Internet Bars be well used by people.
(感叹句)I thought, “How hard mum is working! She must be very tired.”
&&& 5.巧用排山倒海句式。如能运用一个个排比句、对偶句、不定式或短语,可令文章增色不少,给评卷员眼前一亮的感觉。如:The purpose of the program are to make our school more beautiful, to make the air cleaner and fresher, and to turn our school into a better place for us to study and live in.
第三步:结构要清晰而流畅,巧用过渡词。众所周知,语言的最高层次不是传统语法所说的句子,而是语篇。语篇指的是一系列连接的语段或句子构成的语言整体。一篇好的文章不但句子正确,要点齐全,更重要的是有效地使用了语句间的连接成分。因此,恰当使用好连接性的词语和句子,是使作文获得高分的一个重要因素。
附高中英语书面表达常用的过渡词语和表达方式:
1.文章及段落起始的过渡词语:
2.文章及段落结尾常用的过渡词语:therefore, in a word (注意:要避免在这些短语之前用“so”)
3.常见的表示先后次序的过渡词语: immediately
4.常见的表示因果关系的过渡词语: thus
5.常用于比较和对比的过渡词语: on one hand, on the other hand
6.常用于表示举例的过渡词语: for instance
7.有关描写图表的过渡词语:during this time/ from the above table/ chart/ below/ increase/ reduce/ decrease by
8.常用表示强调的过度词语: what’
五、2007高考写作解读
写作是四项语言技能(听、说、读、写)中不可分割的一个重要部分,更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式。考试说明一切考生能够写简单的私人信函、日记、通知和便条等,
体现写作微技能。
1. 基础写作应测试的能力
a. 写出他人容易读懂的文章
一切写作格式正确、言之有物,使自己日后或其他人读后能够理解,并且获得希望传输的信息。
b. 语法、词汇、拼写、标点比较准确
&&&& 语言的准确性是写作中不可忽视的一个重要方面,因为它直接或间接地影响到信息的准确传输。应用语法结构和词汇的准确度是写作评分标准中的一项重要内容,拼写和标点
符号运用的正确与否也会在一定程度上影响到考生的成绩。
c. 使用一定的句型、词组,清楚表达自己的思想
任何文章都有自己的主题,作者应该围绕主题,借助一些句型、词组等来清楚地表达自己的思想。
d. 基础写作主要考查在语篇中综合运用英语的准确性。
基础写作考查目的:
考查考生的语言结构的应用能力,即能够用正确、规范的语言表达【写作内容】所限定的5项内容。
2007年广东高考基础写作题:
第一节 基础写作(共1小题,満分15分)
上周,我们以“谁是你的偶像”为题,在2600名学生中进行了一次调查(survey)。以下是调查数据:
                                                                  
偶像(idol)
[写作内容]
根据以上数据,写一篇短文,包括以下内容:
1)调查时间、调查问题以及调查对象;
2)男女生在以明星为偶像方面的差异;
3)“父母”在男女生偶像中的排序差异;
4)男女生在以伟人为偶像方面的异同;
5)你的偶像及理由。
[写作要求]
1)只能使用5个句子表达全部内容;
2)文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]
句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。
[命题思想]
考生在表达以上五项内容时能够:
使用比较句型结构,比如more(less)..., the same as等
表达对比、因果关系,比如while, because等
使用过渡词语,比如however, on the other hand,in conclusion等
评分细则:
1)按照评分标准,实行分析法评分:按语言、内容和连贯三项标准分项给分;
2)语言方面,重点评判句子的语法结构是否正确、用词是否规范;考生是否使用了合适的语言结构。如果考生只是简单地罗列百分比,在语言方面应酌情扣分;
3)内容方面,重点评判考生是否表达全部规定的5项内容;如果考生表达完整的5项内容时,适当添加一些内容,不扣分;
4)连贯方面,重点评判5个句子是否构成一篇完整的短文;是否合理使用了过渡词语。
评分标准:
句子结构准确,信息内容完整,篇章结构连贯。
2. 读写任务应测试的能力
读写任务是有材料作文;要求考生在阅读的基础上写一篇相关主题的作文;主要考查
篇章概括和语言表达能力。
下面是来自2007年阅卷人的信息:
读写任务评分说明:
本试题要求考生阅读一封父亲的信之后,给父亲回信。命题思想是要求考生①能够按照要求概括信中的特定内容(父亲对你的期望);②写一封信,表达对父亲的感恩。
在评分时,应注意以下几方面:
1)按照评分标准,实行分析综合法评分;
2)概括部分只要求考生概括父亲对孩子的期望,要点如下:
to become brave and successful
to grow strong
to do well for yourself and others
3)写作的内容应该包括:
读信后的感受;
用自己经历说明这种感受;可以比较笼统地谈感受,也可以通过具体的事例表达;
对父亲的感激与祝福。
读写任务评分标准:
分为两个“概括”和“写作”两个部分分别评分,和老师们平时见到的评分标准相同。“写作”部分和前面的基础写作实际评分标准类似,实行综合分析法,只不过由于分值增多更加细化。这里主要提一下summary。
我们考纲样题,平时训练题和各地市的模拟试题都是要求对整篇阅读材料进行概括,这次只是对阅读材料的特定部分进行概括,可以说本试题中的第二个意外。
父亲对你的期望,具体说来就是阅读材料的第二段,总共49个单词,要写出约30词的summary,不可避免地有照抄原文的倾向。基于这一点,评卷组确定以下细则:
1)完全糊涂地照抄原文,连人称都不改的,得0分;
2)机械死板地照抄原文,只改人称的,得1分;
3)稍微灵活地抄原文,改主语,宾语、原文词序的,得2分;
4)创造性地抄,改主语,宾语、原文词序还有句子结构的,最多得3分。
5)结构、用词,词性变化比较好的4至5分。
从这个评分标准来看,就可以知道上文提到的paraphrase的重要性了。
如果说基础写作里paraphrase可以使文章锦上添花的话,读写任务里的paraphrase就是必不可少的了。道理很清楚,即使三个要点全部抓住了,没有平时的训练和积累,summary部分是很难得高分的。
强化paraphrase训练,不仅写作课要抓,听力课,阅读课,以至口语课上都要练,恐怕都不能说过分。举一个例子,现在阅读的细节题基本上都要求考生不仅对某一个信息点的识别,而且要理解,这实际上就是paraphrase,因为正确的答案都不是原文的某一句原话,而是对原文某一句话的paraphrase。
强调阅读的相关性。阅读与写作密不可分,研究表明,阅读输入的量为80%-90%,才会有10%-20%的输出。以往的阅读教学,有一种学一拖四的策略,即学习一篇阅读文章,要阅读四篇相关话题的文章。但这已经不能适应目前高考形势和新课程标准的需要。2007高考英语读写任务依据考纲里附录5《话题项目表》的21项“热点话题”来进行设置的。这个话题平时学生肯定读过不少,试想一下,如果对这个话题进行多篇幅,多角度,多方位,多层次的阅读,还用担心写不好吗?
充分重视summary的写作。在阅读教学中,如果说识别、理解、和推理需要paraphrase的功底,那么概括和产出就需要summary的结晶。
2007年广东高考英语试题书面表达题的答题错误失误分析
&书面表达绝大部分学生都会出错,其中有由于不理解不知道而造成的错误,也有由于理解知道了却由于受汉语思维的影响而造成的无谓失误。
&本部分从两个方面展开,一为错误失误类型分析与反思,二为正确理解语法错误对写作效果的影响。
1. 错误失误类型分析
类型一:单词拼写错误与失误。
如把fourth错写为forth,将thought错写为though,把believe写成belive,把surveyed写成surveied,把star写成误写成start,甚至于还有把mother 误写成mather的。
这些都是考生平时最容易出错的一些词汇,要说07高考英语试题比较好,其中一点可能就是能够把考生平时最容易出错的方面进行汇总与融合。
反思十一:
夯实基础很有必要。可能部分同学认为,规则动词的过去式、过去分词转换,名词单复数转换,一些序数词,都是初一、初二的内容,不值得复习,或者没有必要花太多的精力去复习,这样就造成复习不到位。
类型二:句子结构错误与失误。
如将50% girls regard TV stars as their idols.写成There are 50% girls regard TV stars as their idols.又如,将Sports stars写成PE stars;再如将Think so写成Think this,如此等等。
&&& 分析:
这就是典型的跨文化迁移句子结构造成的“Chinglish”现象,也就是按照汉语的思维形式学英语,整篇文章都这样,至多也只有5分。有部分同学大部分句子符合英语的思维习惯,但只要有类似于There are 50% girls regard TV stars as their idols.这样的句型的,最高得分11分,可见,思维方式的迁移有多重要。
反思十二:
平时也注意到学生这方面的错误,但没有引起足够重视,需要对汉语和英语思维的方式进行分析,解剖与比较。
类型三:词义理解错误
如将a person写成a people,将among写成between,将unlike写成dislike等等。
类型四:词组短语搭配错误。
如将look on… as写成look…as,将in my opinion写成to my opinion等等。
类型五: 逻辑混乱错误
如: My idol is my parents.(一个人变成了两个人?) My idol are my parents. (主谓一致?) My idol is my parent.(单亲家庭?) 50% of girls(受调查女生的50%?)
反思十三:
细节不可忽视,细节成就未来。
2. 正确理解语法错误对写作效果的影响。
反思十四:
句子结构至关重要(critical, vital)
写作犯错很正常,关键如何理解错误的性质。我校每年高三的第一轮复习的第一讲就是简单句的五个句型,S + Vi, S + Vt + O, S + Vt + Oi + Od, S + Vt + O + O.C, S + Link v + P.确实很英明。因为这样可以尽量避免Chinglish的产生,避免思维的生硬迁移。只要严格运用这五个基本句型,即使全部都写简单句,最差的学生也可以及格。相反,连这五个基本句型都不懂,最多5分。
反思十五:
动词时态错误对写作效果的影响
如果说句子结构正确是写作及格的前提,那么动词时态恰当就是及格的强有力保证。动词时态的运用错误,有两种表现形式,一种是知道时态如何表达,形式正确,只是用错,比如该用过去时的用了将来是或现在时,另外一种是根本不知道如何表达时态,连8种时态的具体表达方式都不知道,比如was make a survey, must made, is to done等等。第一种情况只是适当扣分,第二种情况恐怕要往5分边上靠近,离及格还相差一段不小的距离。这一点我校做得很到位,第一轮复习的第二讲就是时态复习。
高考英语作文常用写作句式句型汇总
一.开头用语:
良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时,通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求,点出文章的中心思想。
1.议论论文:
A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.
B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.
C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...
D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.&&
E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.
F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.
B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...
C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.
D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.
E. How nice to hear from you again.
3. 口头通知或介绍情况:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.
B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.
C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.
4. 演讲稿:
A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.
B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.
二.并列用语:
as well as, not only…but (also), including,
A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.
B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.
C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French& as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.
D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.
三.对比用语:
on one hand ,on the other hand,& on the contrary/contrary to ..., though,for another, nevertheless
A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.
B. I I enjoy it though.
C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.
四. 递进用语:
even, besides, what’s more, as for,& so…that…, worse still, moreover, but for, in addition, to make matters worse
A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.
五. 例证用语:
in one’s opinion,& that is to say,& for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely
A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.
B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education.
六. 时序用语:
first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time, in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,
A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.
B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.
七. 强调用语:
especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,
A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.
B What in the world/on earth are you doing?
八. 因果用语:
thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...
A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.
B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.
九. 总结用语:
briefly/ generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all
A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.
B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.
(一)段首句
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that
2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying……It's the experience of our forefathers,however,it
is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……
Second,……What makes things worse is that…….
4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ……. Many people like …… because ……
Besides,……
5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception,it has both advantages
and disadvantages.
6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,……
People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say
that ……To them,……
7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.
8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。
……has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it
has& brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it
can be seen that……while. Obviously,……but why?
(二)中间段落句
1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。
On the contrary,there are some people in favor of……t the same time,they
2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I don't think it is a very good way to solve …….For example,……Worst
of all,…….
3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
……is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First,……What's
more, ……Most important of all,……
4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……
5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….
For one thing,For another,
6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All
these measures will certainly…….
7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于……   
Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The
third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….
8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,象……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has
its own disadvantages, such as ……
9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下:
I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….
(三)结尾句
1. 至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为……
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I
think that ……
2. 总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样,我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.
3. 但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如,……,而……。然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……
But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……
Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……
4. 就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……
Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright
future is awaiting us because……
5. 随着社会的发展,……。因此,迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better
and better.
6. 至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。只有这样,我们才能……
For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……
7. 对我来说,我认为有必要……。原因如下:第一,……; 第二,……;最后……但同样重要的是……
In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First
……second …… Last but not least,……
8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏,因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而,就我个人而言,我发现……。
It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends
very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view
9. 综上所述,我们可以清楚地得出结论……
From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion
10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法,就可能控制不了这种趋势,就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果,所以,我们应该做的是……
If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable
result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is
常用句型:
When it comes to ..., some think ...
There is a public debate today that ...
A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?
Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.
提出观点:
Now there is a growing awareness that...
It is time we explore the truth of ...
Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.
进一步提出观点:
... but that is only part of the history.
Another equally important aspect is ...
A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...
Besides, other reasons are...
提出假想例子的方式:
Suppose that...
Just imagine what would be like if...
It is reasonable to expect...
It is not surprising that...
举普通例子:
For example(instance),...
... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)
A good case in point is...
A particular example for this is...
One of the greatest early writers said ...
"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...
"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).
"......". How often we hear such words like there.
(先说故事主体),this story is not rare.
..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.
..., the story still has a realistic significance.
提出原因:
There are many reasons for ...
Why .... , for one thing,...
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...
The first reason can be obiviously seen.
Most people would agree that...
Some people may neglect that in fact ...
Others suggest that...
Part of the explanation is ...
进行对比:
The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...
Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...
Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.
A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...
承上启下:
To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...
A study of ... will make this point clear
Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...
I do not deny that A has its own merits.
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw
the conclusion that ...
In summary, it is wiser ...
In short...
高三英语教案unit2 cCrossing Limits
一、教学目标通过本章学习,使学生了解谓语的概念、用法,从而减少学生在使用中的错误。二、教学重点和难点在谓语的结构中,某些实义动词兼作连系动词的用法;时态、语态及语气。三、教学方法Teacher1.What is the predicate?First analyse the following sentences.A.Tom wrote a letter this morning.B.She is an honest girl.在B句中,我们把“she”称为主语,把“is an honest girl”称为谓语部分,只说“她”,不知她是谁,她怎样了;而只说是个诚实的姑娘,又不知谁是个诚实的姑娘,这与A句是一样的。2.The predicate must contain a finite verb. And we call it the predicate verb.3.Commonly a predicate must not have more than one finite verb, unless they areco-ordinated ones. In the sentence, Mrs Green is the subject, went, bought and visited are co-ordinated predicates.4.中国学生常见的错误之一是在一个句子中,用数个动词,但又没能按规则使它们成为并列关系。A句改成:I came here and learned English.B句改成:He will get up early and go to school with you.5.Another mistake that Chinese students often make is that they write a sentence according to Chinese habit.A.This year I eighteen years old.B.The film very interesting.6.系动词在英语中分两大类。一类是be动词,后边跟名词、副词、形容词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词及从句作表语。A.Xiao Ming is a teacher.B.John is out.C.He is tall.D.They are in the room.E.The news is exciting.F.He is tired.G.My work is teaching English.H.The fact is that you made some spelling mistakes this time.另一类系动词本身既是个行为动词同时又是个系动词。作为行为动词时,他们与其他行为动词一样,若是个及物动词后边要有宾语,若是个不及物动词,后边往往跟状语。这些既是行为动词又是系动词的词有:get, go, grow, fall, turn, prove, remain, keep, stay, sound, taste, smell, look, appear等。getA.We got there at 6:00 A. M.(到达)B.Can you get a couple of tickets for the concert? (找,得到)goA.I'm going to town.(进城)B.He has gone abroad for further education.(去,走)growA.We grow rice in South China.(种植)fallA.Be careful not to fall down. (跌倒)B.The leaves fell to the ground.(飘落)turnA.He turned to me for help.(转向)B.Turn to P.40, please.(翻到)proveA.I'll prove to you that the letter is poorly written.(证明)remainA.Because of the noise, the rich have left, but the poor will have to remain there.(留下)keepA.How long have you kept the picture? (保存)B.He kept talking.(持续,一直)stayA.I stayed at a hotel while in New York.(逗留)soundHe sounded the alarm by ringing the bell.(发出警报)tasteLet me taste the dish you cooked.(烹任)smellThe camels can smell the water a mile off. (嗅)lookLook, there comes the bus.(看)appearThe famous singer appeared on TV again.(出现)feelA.I felt my heart beating hard.B.Let me feel your forehead. You are running a high temperature.7.His dream has come true.“他的梦想成真”,是个系表结构的句子,但在使用中也常常只与true连用。因此不带有普遍规律。8.When we talk about the predicate, certainly we'll come to another topic, that is “Tense”.Students1.Each sentence is divided into two parts. The first part is called the subject. The second part is called the predicate.In sentence A, if I only say“Tom”, you are sure to ask“What about Tom?”And if I say“wrote a letter yesterday, ”of course you will ask“Who wrote a letter?”2.在一个句子中必须有主语和谓语,谓语由动词构成。3.'91 高考中有这样一道题:On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin.怎样分析理解此句的主语与谓语?4.We students often write English sentences like this:A.I came here learn English.B.He will get up early go to school with you.Are these sentences right or wrong?5.Sentence A and B are short of verb “be”.A should be written like this:This year I am eighteen years old.B should be written like this:The film is very interesting.6.在英语中我们常说到系动词,在使用中要注意些什么?A句中teacher表示主语的身份。B句中out表示主语的位置。C句中tall表示主语的样子。D句中in the room表示主语的位置。E句中exciting表示主语的特点。F句中tired表示主语的状况、样子。G句中teaching English 表示主语的内容。H句中that引导的从句表示主语的内容。
Unit2 Crossing LimitsPeriod 1 Words and expressionsTeaching Aims and Demands :1.All the students can pronounce all the words2. Grasp the usages of some words and phrasesTeaching Important Points: The usages of the important words and phrasesTeaching Procedure:Step1.Ask some of the students to read the words and correct their pronunciationStep2.课前检测根据要求写出单词1.various ______________ ( n.) 2. wealthy _____________(n.)3 existence ____________ ( v.) 4. unable ______________(反义词)5.suggest ______________( n.) 6. origin _______________( adj.)7.equip _______________( n.) 7.evaluate_____________( n.)Step3.课中点拨1.evaluate v. evaluation n.evaluate her chances of success ___________________________________________________________________ (我没有看到他的工作情况,无法评论他的能力.)evaluate/value evaluate 很少用来表示 “估价”或 “估计”某事物的市场价值, 而是用来表示 “评价” value 估计某物的价值,价格He _________ the house for me at $3,500.2. various adj. for various reasons ______________variety n.. a variety of ______________3.in the name of 以 …..... 的名义, 代表I arrest you in the name of the law.I did it all in the name of friendship._______________________________________. (我代表经理前来欢迎你.)name after _____________ with the name ______________ by name____________by the name of _________________ under the name of ____________________4.key n 钥匙;键;答案 adj. 关键性的, 极重要的a key speech_____________ the key to the answer _______________keyboard _______________ keynote ____________5.puzzle n.难题; 迷 word puzzles___________find the answer to a puzzle ____________set a puzzle for sb. / set sb. a puzzle ______________.v. 使困惑 Her reply puzzled me._______________________________________. (他不给我回信使我百思不解)puzzled 困惑的,茫然的 puzzling 令人费解的She listened with a ____________ expression on the face._____________ attitude6.exchange n. 交换 an exchange of glances 互使眼色v. exchange A for B _________ exchange sth. ( with sb.) ____________He exchanged the blue sweater for a red one.Tom exchanged seats with Ben.in exchange for 交换He gave me an apple ___________________ a piece of cake.7.accurate 准确的, 精确的 an accurate answer ___________accurate / correct / exactIs this watch __________?His answer is __________?His translation is __________ to the letter.8.command n.at/ by sb’s command 受某人指挥, 奉某人之命I’m here at the manager’s command.v. command sb to doThe officer commanded his men to fire.A government minister commands the services of many officialsThe officer commanded that the soldiers should fire at once..9. set sail to/ from/ for 起航He has sailed ( from Shanghai ) for Dalian.set about sth/doing sth_______________ set aside _______________set off ____________ set up _________________set out ____________         be set in _______________10.in return ( for ) 作为回报I bought him a drink in return for his help._________________________.many happy returns 生日祝词return fare_____________ return ticket_____________v. 回到 return (home) from a holiday____________return to Paris from London _____________11.bring up 培养; 呕吐;提出He was brought up by his aunt.bring up one’s lunch. _____________bring down ____________ bring about_____________bring along_____________ bring in _____________12.accomplish v. 完成, 实现 n. accomplishment n.accomplish one’ a task 达到目的; 完成任务an accomplished fact 既成事实accomplished adj.( = skilled ) an cook 有才艺的舞蹈家, 厨师13. apart from 除......之外( 别无 ) ; 除……之外( 尚有 )Apart from his nose, he’s quite good-looking.Apart from the injures to his face and hands, he broke both legs.14.refer v. 论及 reference n.refer to 提到; 参考; 涉及; 和……有关When I said some people are stupid, I wasn’t referring to you.If you have some questions, refer to the guidebook.What I have to say refers to all of us.The book referred to in his speech is on environment.15.refer…….to……叫……去……;委托refer a patient to a specialist for treatment 把病人交给专科医生治疗He referred the student to the headmaster. 他叫那名学生去找校长.16.run out ( of ) 用完 / use upThe petrol is running out. / We are running out of petrol.He has used up all his money.17.arise 出现; 上升A strong wind arose in the night. 夜间刮起强风.Smoke arose from the chimney.Step3.课后巩固.一. 翻译下列短语1.交换______________________ 2. 建议做某事__________________3.起航______________________ 4.除…..之外 __________________5.以……的名义______________ 6.一位诚实的人_________________7.为了赞扬__________________ 8.达到目的_____________________9.作为回报__________________ 10.查询________________________二.单词拼写1.To people of the early civilizations, the world map was a great p_________.2.The contacts between China and Africa over the centuries led to the awareness of each other’s e__________, but still no a___________ maps of the countries around the India Ocean existed.3.I was w_________ in the street when I saw a tailor’s shop.4.On his return, Yangliwei was p____________ as a national hero.
Period 2 Reaching out across the oceanTeaching Aims: 1.Train the students’ reading ability.2.Learn about exploring the south of the Nile.Teaching Important Points:1. Enable the students to understand the text better.2. How to improve the students’ reading ability.Teaching Procedures:Step1. Review some new words and expressions.
Step2. Pre-reading. Scan the text and answer the following questions.1.What do you know about the Silk Road?2.What could have been possible reasons to search for sea routes from China while routes over land were shorter and already existed?3.In ancient China, there were some famous explorers, such as Gan Ying and Zheng He. What do you know about them?
Step3.Reading Read the passage as carefully as you can. Fill in the following two charts.1. Find information in the text about contacts between China and Africa, and write in the chart below the periods when these contacts were made, the names of Chinese explorers, the way by which they traveled, and the goods which they brought home.Period Name Way of travel GoodsIn97A.D.
2.Which of the animals and animal products that were presented to the Ming court could only be found in Africa? Which could be found in both Africa and Asia? Write your answers in the chart below.Africa Africa and AsiaGoodsStep4.Read the text and find the following phrases and sentences from the text and then explain them in English.1.The Africans were reaching out to China.
2.The time was ripe.
3.the mouth of the Red Sea
4.For a short time, China had ruled the seas.
Step5.Read the text and find the following important phrases and sentences. 1. reach out2. search for3. find one’s way4. develop into5. take……prisoner6. lead to7. date from8. under the command of……9. in return10. It is well known that Africa had contacts with India and the Red Sea civilizations from the earliest times11. Ceylon, with its central position, was the place where Chinese merchants met with Arab merchants and heard about the westernmost lands.12. The wonderful gift and the contact with the black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to send ambassadors and open embassies in the new Ming capital, Beijing.13. The exchange of goods had a symbolic meaning far more important than the value of the goods themselves.
Step6. HomeworkRead the text and learn the important sentences by heart.
Period3. Reaching out across the oceanTeaching Aims 1.Improve the students’ reading ability2.Grasp the language pointsTeaching proceduresStep1.RevisionAsk four students to recite the four sentences.
Step2.Language points1.reach out (=stretch out)He reached out for the dictionary.2.search forThey are searching for the lost child in the forest.比较: The police are searching the area for clues.In search of sb/sth The early explorers went in search of gold.3.It is well known that Africa had contacts with……It is well known that……众所周知注意: As is well known +句子;What is well known is that……Eg. _____is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What在该句型中,除know 外,还可以用其它的动词. 如report, announce, mention, hope, think, point out, say等.. It is reported in the newspaper that talks between the two countries are making progress.4.take…prisoner (=keep …in prison)He was taken prisoner for a serious crime in 1999.5.The wonderful gift and the contact with black court so excited China’s curiosity about Africa that Zheng He sent a message to the king and to other African states, inviting them to……1)so…that..句型,意为 “如此……以致……”.在该句型中so后一般接adj和adv,但在该句型中so后接的是动词.Eg. It so happened I saw Professor Zhang at the conference.We so wanted to see the performance again that we stayed in the hall for a long time.2)inviting them to send……作定语 open前省略了不定式符号to6.The exchange of goods had a symbolic meaning far more important than the value of the goods themselves.far是用来修饰比较级的,表示 “……得多”,by far 也可以修饰比较级,但要放在比较级后,如放在前面,应在两者中间加theHe is taller by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示比较程度的状语除了far, by far 外,还有even, a lot, much, still, a great deal, a bit, a little等He knew a great deal more than I did.Step3. Homework Review the language points and learn the second para. by heart.Period4 Grammar Review the PredicateGoals: 1.Review the grammatical point……the Predicate2.Finish the exercises on P15-16Procedures:Step1.Revision. Translate the following sentences into English.1. 那小孩给那位老人5个苹果交换5只鸡蛋。 ( in exchange for)
2. 他决定第二天起航去伦敦。 (set sail for/to )
3. Tom 不关心功课,结果所有考试都失败了。   ( in return )
4. 众所周知,香港是1997年回归祖国的。 ( It is well known that……)
5. 北京是2008年奥运会举办地。    ( where )
Step2.Presentation    及物动词( 带宾语 )learn, ask 等不及物动词 ( 不带宾语 )come, go 等行为动词 持续性动词 sleep, work 等非持续性动词 start, marry 等
be动词am is are was, were
系动词 表示人或事物的特征,状态和变化feel, grow, fall等
表示某种状态的延续性stay, stand 等助动词do, does, did, have, has, shall, will, would 等情态动词: can, may, must, shall, will, could, might, need, dare, ought to等2.动词的五种基本形式: 原形动词, 第三人称单数现在式, 过去式, 现在分词, 过去分词。3.动词的时态: 一般现在时; 一般过去时; 进行时 (现在进行时和过去进行时); 完成时(现在完成时和过去完成时); 将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)4.动词的语态: 主动语态和被动语态Step3 Exercises. Finish the exercise on P15-16, paying attention to the Predicate.Step4 Consolidation.Put the Chinese into English to complete the sentences.1. ________________________ ( 生活就会变得更加美好)when we listen to each other.2.We _______________(取得了很大的进步) in the past year.3.When I ___________ ( 学习 )in the university, I ________(读书) in the morning.4.He __________________ (做作业) from seven to nine last night.5. The train _______________( 离开 ) before we got to the station.6. He ___________________ (一定去过那里) before.Period5.Integrating skills ReadingGoing High: The Pioneers of the third poleGoals:1. Learn some useful words and expressions2. Improve the reading ability.3. Read the text fluently.Procedures:Step1. Review the Predicate1.He helped to search for Dr Living-stone in Africa who___________ ( miss ) for some years.2.As Livingstone________ (be) already very famous, any news about him _________ (get) the public’s attention.3.Hardly _______ I _________ (get) into the room when it ______ (start) to rain.4.By the end of this month, they ___________________ (complete) the road construction.5.Tom, you are so lazy, this job __________________ (finish) hours before.6.Somebody knocked at the door while I _____________ (do) some reading.Step2. ReadingA. Read the text and answer the following questions1. What does “the third Pole ” refer to in the text?2. What does the writer call it the third Pole?3. Why is it difficult to climb Mount Qomolangma ?4. Who was the first to reach the top?5. Did the Chinese team ever reach the summit of the mountain? How do you know?B. Read again and master some useful expressionsapart from adjust to act as rely onrefer to…….as…. run out (of) have no chance of doingsucceed in doing……. be praised as at the age ofC. Read and recite some sentences.1. All t}

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