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in sb's words怎么造句 In one's words he is torture himself to hurt others.
用in the words to造句 造句：He always in the words to someone.很高兴为您解答，祝您学习进步！【紫禁之颠】团队为您答题。有不明白的可以追问！如果您认可我的回答。请点击下面的【选为满意回答】按钮，谢谢！
用这几个短语造句.造出来要翻译.每个短语造3个句子.1.in many ways 2.make fun of3.in other words 4.adapt to 5.sit around1.in many ways在许多方面He differs from his brother in many ways.他在很多方面与他的哥哥不一样.The tendency manifested itself in many ways.这个趋势以许多种方式出现.In many ways yours is a better plan.从许多方面看来,你的计划更好.2. make fun of 取笑She dislike is make fun of.她不喜欢别人开她的玩笑.Don't make fun of the poor boy.不要取笑那个可怜的孩子.Don't make fun of me!不要取笑我!3. in other words 换句话说In other words, they remain relatively constant or static.换句话说,它们相对的稳定、静止.In other words, we have adhered to scientific socialism.也就是说,我们坚持了科学社会主义.In other words, you 'll have to wait here.换句话说,你不得不等在这里.4.adapt to 适合To cause to adapt to social or economic change.修整使之适应于社会或经济变化.To adapt to a specified measurement.采用适应一种特别的测量方法.make conventional or adapt to conventions.使成为习俗的或适应习俗.5.sit around无所事事You shouldn't sit around the house like that, just staring out the window.你不该那样在家呆着没事干,只是呆呆地望着窗外.We had to sit around until we got orders.我们无事可干直到接到命令.You're not paid to sit around doing nothing!花钱雇你来可不是让你光坐著不干活的.
用22个词组造句1.in other words2.look forwards to3.at the start to4.at the end of5.go to college6.be divded into 7.take part in8.make sure9.so that 10.make progress11.as a result12.in fact13.fall asleep14.tell jokes15.get on16.get off17.get into1.In other words,menus provide a pedagogic vector.换句话说,菜单是一条学习的途径.2.We look forward to hearing from you.我们期盼你的回音.3.To see new england at its best,you should come in september when the leaves start to change colour.要看景色最美的新英格兰,你应该在树叶开始变颜色的9月份来.4.My room is at the end of the corridor.我的房间在走廊的尽头.5.He was keen that she should go to college.他渴望她能上大学.6.England can be divided into three main areas.英格兰可以被划分为三个主要地区.7.He will take part in this contest.他将参加这次比赛.8.Make sure we get him this time.确定我们这次可以捉到他.9.I was overjoyed so that I forgot the appointment.我喜出望外以致于忘记了约定.10.It is important that we try to make progress every day.每天力图上进是很重要的.11.As a result,many people prefer to walk.于是,许多人宁愿走路.12.In fact,I'm like that as well.其实,我也喜欢那样.13.I can't fall asleep in the evening.晚上我睡不着.14.He likes to tell jokes.他很喜欢讲笑话.15.My father and I get on well.我和我父亲相处得融洽.16.What time will you get off tomorrow?你明天什么时候动身?17.Don't let the children get into bad habits.别让孩子们养成坏习惯.18.We shall soon get out of this district altogether.不久我们就要完全离开这个地方了.19.You should take off your clothes.你应该脱下衣服20.That would be short for william,I imagine.我想是威廉的简称吧.21.You should not smoke any more.你不应该再抽烟了.22.This ticket is out of date.这张票过期了.
英语单词造句．急!in other wordsset upout of breathhave difficulty in...bear toall in allmake fun ofin particulari think you should stay at home,in other words its not good for you to go out today.the manager sets up everything about the party we are having tonight.he is totally out of breath now,he just finished his worker in the garden.i have difficluty in economics.it is hardly bear to obey her orders.dont make fun of people,especially your friends.you have to do everything that everybody does,because you are not in particular.
afterwords ,afterword,after区别如题.afterward [ 'ɑ:ft?w?d,'aef- ] adv.以后,后来adv.[美国英语]= afterwards——只有副词性.afterwards ['ɑ:ft? 'aef-]adv.后来,以后,过后,随后,继后I want to know what happened afterwards.我想要知道之后发生了什么事.Afterwards you can go to the neighbouring zoo.嗣后,你可以逛一下附近的动物园.只是副词,所以用法很简单.after比较复杂——其实几个短介词,都相当复杂.主要是介词,有一些短语,还有连词,可以接句子.而不像afterward(s),只有副词性,比较单一而简单.after ['ɑ:ft?; 'aef-]adv.[表示位置]在后面,在后,背后；向后[表示时间]以后,之后,后来,过后,随后【航海学、航空学】在(或接近、向着)艉部(或机尾)prep.[表示位置、空间]在…后面,在…背后,在…之后：例句：I saw the man dragging a bundle of firewood after him.我看见那男人身后拖着一捆柴.[表示时间]在…以后；在…之后,于…后,迟于：例句：We will discuss that matter after lunch.午饭后我们要讨论那件事.以…为追赶(或追求、搜寻、纠缠)的目标；寻找,跟踪,追随；跟在…后面：例句：I called after him three or four times.我在他后面叫了三四次.以…之故,因为,由于,鉴于,考虑到：例句：You must be feeling tired,after that long walk.你走了那么长路,一定觉得累了吧.尽管…(但),不管,不顾：例句：After all I had done,she was still ungrateful.尽管我做了这一切,可她仍然不领情.[表示顺序](跟)在…后面,继(或随)…之后：例句：After you,sir.先生,您先请.[表示地位、位次或重要性]低于,次于,亚于：例句：Milton is placed after Shakespeare.弥尔顿的地位次于莎士比亚.以…为模仿对象,仿,仿效：例句：a novel after Dickens' style一本模仿狄更斯文体的小说照,依照,依从,按照：例句：He can paint after a style.他能照葫芦画瓢.为了；为纪念…；取名于：例句：A child named after Washington一个以华盛顿名字命名的孩子像：例句：A child takes after its father.孩子(长相、性格或举止)像父亲.关于,有关：例句：She asked after you.她询问你的情况(或：她问候你).[用于连接并列的两项,表示接续](一个)接着(一个)：例句：day after day日复一日time after time一次又一次,屡次与…一致,与…相称；符合：例句：a book quite after my own heart一本合我心意的书conj.(时间)后,在后,在…之后,后于,迟于：例句：After we had finished tea,we all sat on the grass.我们喝完茶后,都坐在草地上.adj.(时间)后的,以后的,随后的,继…之后的【航海学、航空学】靠近后尾的(尤指船尾或机尾)n.[口语]下午,午后(=afternoon)短语:after all毕竟,终究,终归,到底,归根结底虽然…可还是；尽管…到底要知道；别忘了[提醒某人时用]after hours 办公(或营业、学习等)时间以后,下班后,规定时间后,工作之余,业余时间[见hour]After me (或us)the Deluge!见DelugeAfter you![口语]您先请!(请对方先走或先吃)；请先用!After you with… [口语]您先请…,您…完了让我…be after doing something [爱尔兰英语]在做某事(= have been doing something)be(或get)after someone (或something)追赶某人；寻找某人(或某物)[美国口语]追着某人,缠着某人妄想得到(别人的东西)ever after(或afterwards) 从此以后一直…
circle the correct wordc什么意思 circle the correct words圈出正确的单词双语对照例句:1.Listen and circle the correct words.听一听，圈出正确的词。2.A. listen and circle the correct words.听，选出正确的单词。
make sentrances什么意思 make sentences意思是造句希望对您有帮助新旧元素处理方式的翻译是：什么意思_百度知道
新旧元素处理方式的翻译是：什么意思
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新旧元素处理方式的翻译是：New and old elements of treatment
你好!新旧元素处理方式Treatment of old and new elements
p>新旧元素处理方式的翻译是：Treatment of old and new elements
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求翻译：DIVDED是什么意思？
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I'll drive her home.我会开车送她回家。2，钉进去，基本的意思及例句如下：1；使完全插入：to drive a nail home把钉子敲进去3，使被人接受(to).这一点应该给约翰讲透；避难所adv. 在家，回家. 归巢. 国内的，家庭的；有效的vt；深入地adj；产地；家乡：This point should be driven home to John. 家，住宅；(德、芬)霍梅。divevi. 潜水；跳水没有这样的单词组合。to drive a point home to someone把一观点向某人讲得透彻明白4、迫使(某人)相信；把(事情)做得很彻底：The speaker drove home his point.讲演者把他的论点讲得很透彻；俯冲；急剧下降n. 潜水；跳水；使充分理解；俯冲；扑n. (Dive)人名；(法)迪夫homen. (Home)人名、把(论点、问题等)讲得透彻明白。We must drive home to her where the difficulties lie，回家n、驾车回来，驾车送(某人)回家：He ought to drive home.他应该开车回家、把(钉子)敲进去(或钉牢)，迫使(某人)深刻意识到；(英、尼)霍姆但是有 drive home
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如果是drive home的话是‘开车回家’的意思单词'dive'的意思是潜水，跳水的意思，dive home这个词组我从没听过
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MarineandPetroleumGeology30(ContentslistsavailableatSciVerseScienceDirectMarineandPetroleumGeology精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comjournalhomepage:www.elsevier.com/locate/marpetgeo精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comTidalrhythmitesinoffshoreshale:AcasestudyfromthePalaeoproterozoicChaibasashale,easternIndiaandimplicationsL.Mallika,R.Mazumderb,c,*,B.S.Mazumderc,M.Arimad,P.Chatterjeeea精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comDepartmentofGeologicalSciences,JadavpurUniversity,Kolkata700032,IndiaGeologicalStudiesUnit,IndianStatisticalInstitute,203,B.T.Road,Kolkata700108,IndiacFluvialMechanicsLaboratory,PhysicsandAppliedMathematicsUnit,IndianStatisticalInstitute,203,B.T.Road,Kolkata700108,Indiad精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comGraduateSchoolofEnvironmentandInformationSciences,YokohamaNationalUniversity,79-7,Tokiwadai,Hodogaya,Yokohama240-8501,JapaneGeoinformatics&RemoteSensingCell,WestBengalStateCouncilofScience&Technology,DepartmentofScience&Technology,BikashBhavan,Kolkata700091,Indiab精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comarticleinfoArticlehistory:Received26July2011Receivedinrevisedform6October2011精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comAccepted11October2011Availableonline25October2011Keywords:Internal-tidedepositTurbidite精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comHarmonicanalysisSemidiurnaltidePalaeoproterozoicChaibasaFormationabstractTidalrhythmiteshavebeendocumentedfrommoderncontinentalshelvesanddistaloffshoresettings.Insigni?cantcontrasttotheirmoderncounterparts,sedimentologicalstudiesofancienttidalrhythmitesformedindistaloffshoresettingsandquanti?cationoftidalrhythmsencodedthereinare,however,scarce.ThispaperpresentssedimentologicalanalysisofverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesfromthePalaeoproterozoicChaibasashalefaciesinIndia,andquanti?cationoftheirtidalrhythms.ThefaciescharacteristicsoftheChaibasaShalecoupledwithharmonicanalysisofthelaminaethicknessesofthesandstoneinter-layerscorroborateadistalshelfpalaeogeographyforthegenerationoftheverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmites.Thelatterarethedistalcounterpartsoflaterallyaccreted,tidal“bundle”deposits,wellpreservedwithintheshallowmarineChaibasasandstones.Thenumberoflunardaysinasynodicmonth(w23)estimatedfromtheChaibasashalefaciesis,however,considerablylowerthanthatestimatedfromtheChaibasasandstonefacies(w32)suggestingthatthetidalrecordencodedfromtheChaibasashalefaciesisincomplete.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comó2011ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.1.IntroductionTidalrhythmitesarelaterallyand/orverticallyaccreted,lami-natedtothinly-beddedsedimentarydepositsoftidaloriginthatforminestuarinetoupperandlowerdeltaslopesettingsandindistal,offshoretidaldeltas(Williams,1991;Kvaleetal.,1999;ErikssonandSimpson,2000;MazumderandArima,2005).Sedi-mentdepositedinthedistal,offshoresetting,isrelativelyundis-turbedbyweak?oodtidecurrents.Lowwaveenergyandrelativelyrapiddeepeningbeyondtheterminallobeoftheebbtidaldeltapromotebetterpreservationoftheverticallyaccretedlaminaeinsuchdistaloffshoresettings(Williams,2000).Theseverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesrepresentthedistalcounterpartoflater-allyaccreted,tidal“bundle”depositsofcross-beddedsandboun-dedbymuddrapes,whicharecommoninmigratingsandbarsinmoderntidalenvironments(Visser,1980;Williams,2000).In精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comcontrasttotheirmodernanalogues,sedimentologicalstudiesofancienttidalrhythmitesformedinadistaloffshorepalae-ogeography,andquanti?cationofthetidalrhythmsencodedinthem,arescarce(Williams,2000;MazumderandArima,2005).ThispaperpresentssedimentologicalanalysisofverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesfromthePalaeoproterozoicChaibasashalefaciesinIndia,aswellasquanti?cationofthetidalrhythmstherein.2.GeologicalsettingThetidaldepositsdescribedinthispaperarepartofthe6e8kmthickLatePalaeoproterozoicChaibasaFormationandarebestexposedintheGhatshila-Dhalbhumgarharea(Fig.1),Jharkhand,easternIndia.TheformationrestspartlyuponanArchaeangraniticbasement,partlyontheterrestrialDhanjoriFormation,andisoverlainbytheDhalbhumFormation(Boseetal.,1997;Mazumder,2005)(Fig.1).ThepreciseageoftheChaibasaFormationhasnotbeenestablishedyet,buttheunderlyingDhanjorima?cvolcanicsarew2100Ma(Royetal.,2002a),whereastheminimumageoftheDalmaLavasthatconformablyoverlietheSinghbhumGroup(cf.BhattacharyyaandBhattacharya,1970)towhichtheChaibasaFormationbelongs,arew1600Ma(Royetal.,2002b).Therocksunderwentseveralpost-depositionaldeformationphasesand*Correspondingauthor.GeologicalStudiesUnit,IndianStatisticalInstitute,203,B.T.Road,Kolkata700108,India.Tel.:t91(0);fax:t91(0).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comE-mailaddresses:mazumder.,(R.Mazumder).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com/$eseefrontmatteró2011ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.44L.Malliketal./MarineandPetroleumGeology30(Figure1.Simpli?edgeologicalmapofshowingChaibasaFormationanditsboundinglitho-units(modi?edafterSaha,1994).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comgreenschisttoamphibolitefaciesmetamorphism(Naha,1965;Saha,1994).3.FaciesandpalaeogeographyTheChaibasaFormationisbuiltofrepeatedalternationsofquartzites(metamorphosedsandstones),heterolithicunits(very?nesandstone/shaleintercalations)andmicaschists(meta-morphosedshales)(Bhattacharya,1991;Boseetal.,1997;Mazumder,2005;Fig.2a,b).TheChaibasaquartzitesre?ectwellsorted,compositionallymature,?ne-tovery?ne-grainedsand-stones.Thesebedsarepervasivelytabularcross-strati?edwithspectacularcyclicvariationinforesetgeometry(fromconcave-upseeBoseetal.,1997).Finegrain-size,goodsorting,compositionalaswellastexturalmaturity,localbipolar-bimodalsedimentdispersalpatterns,andcharacteristicrhythmicityinthecross-strati?cationforesetthicknessvariationareindicativeofthetidaloriginoftheChaibasasandstones(Boseetal.,1997;Mazumder,).Thepresenceofwaveripplesimpliessanddepositionabovethewavebaseandtheinvariablepresenceofadoublemuddrapefurthersupportstheinferredsubtidalsetting(cf.Visser,1980;ErikssonandSimpson,2000).Theheterolithicfaciesischaracterizedbythepresenceofwave-generatedstructuresincludinghummockycross-strati?cation,andbynumerousslidesandslumps,togetherindi-catinggenesisinatectonicallyactiverelativelydistaloffshoresettingabovethestormwavebase(seeBoseetal.,1997;Mazumder,2005foradetaileddiscussion).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comThe?ne-grainedChaibasashalefacieslocallycontains,apartfrompredominantmudstones,somethin,normallygradedvery?ne-grainedsandstones/siltstones(Fig.3a,b).Theselayersareripplecross-laminatedandhavesharp,often?utedbases(cf.Boseetal.,1997)andpassupwardintodrapinglaminaeandthen,intohorizontallylaminatedsandstones(Fig.3a).Theripplesarestronglyasymmetricwithatendencytoclimb.Theserippledlayersareverticallyseparatedfromeachotherbysheet-likeshalelayershavinggradationallowerboundariesbutsharptops(Fig.3b).TheasymmetricrippleswithinthesandylayersoftheChaibasashalerecordtractioncurrentgeneration.Thegradualupwardtransitionfromdrapinglaminationtohorizontallaminationinargillites(Fig.3a)indicatesprogressivedeclineintraction?owvelocity,eventuallyallowingsettlingofsuspensionload.Gradingwithinthe?nesandstonelaminaesuggestsdepositionfromsuspension(Mazumderetal.,2009).TheChaibasashalefaciesiscompletelydevoidofanywave-generatedstructuresandisthere-forelikelytohavebeendepositedbelowthestormwavebase(cf.,Boseetal.,1997;Mazumderetal.,2009).Inferredtohavebeenassociatedwitharelativelydeeperunidirectionalpalaeocurrentin?uenceunderapersistentsuspensioncloud,theChaibasashaledepositionalsystemcanbefavourablycomparedtothatofhemiturbiditeasdescribedbyStowandWetzel(1990).Thesand-freeshalelayers(Fig.3a)inbetweenthethickershalyunitsareconsideredasindigenousdepositssettledfromsuspensionbetweeneventsthatentrained?nesedimentsfromthesea?oor,orthatsuppliedsuspendedloadbycontourcurrents,low-densitymass?owsoranyothertypeofhyperpycnal?ows(Mazumderetal.,2009).Thesedimentisvery?ne-grained,withoutanycoarsematerial,essentiallyrulingoutsupplybyanearbyriversystem.Thesedimentsarethusinferredtohavehadtheirtransientsourceinthedistalshelf.AbundantslumpscarsandslumpfoldsintheChaibasaheterolithicfaciescorroboratesthisinterpretation(Boseetal.,1997;Mazumder,2005).4.ModeofChaibasasequence-buildingTheupwardfaciestransitionfromsandstonetoshale(Fig.2a,b)isgenerallygradationalbecauseofinterventionoftheheterolithicfacies.Insigni?cantcontrast,theupwardtransitionissharpintheabsenceoftheheterolithicfacies.Thedepositionalcyclesde?nedbysuccessivesuchsharptransitionsarethusseparatedfromeachotherbymarine?oodingsurfaces(Fig.2a,b).Thesandstonefaciesunitsdevelopedgradationallyoverthehetero-lithicfacies,haveapredominanceofprogradationalbedformsattheirbases,andaggradationalbedformsattheirtops(Boseet精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comal.,L.Malliketal./MarineandPetroleumGeology30(5精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comb10m00km精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com1ShaleHeterolithic Sandstone Exposure gap精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com* sandstone foreset dataN50oWS50oE精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comACB精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comFGD精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comEIJ精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comHaMoubhandar精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com 1E86o30'精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com2 kmABC精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comDua精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comrnarekGhatshila精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comhariveKN22o35'70o精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com50o70oKJI精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.combeddingquartzitemica schiststudy locationsEF精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comHGFigure2.TheChaibasaFormation.a:GeologicalmapshowinglithologicalunitsoftheChaibasaFormationinandaroundGhatshila(modi?edafterNaha,1965).b:LateralandverticallithofaciestransitionsoftheChaibasasediments.StudylocationsaremarkedinFig.2-a(modi?edafterMazumderetal.,2006).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com1997).Alowrateofriseinrelativesealevelisinferredtohavebeenfollowedbyarelativelyenhancedrateofrise.Incaseswithasharpupwardtransitionfromthesandstonedirectlytotheshalefacies,afurtherenhancementintherateofriseinrelativesealevelisinferred(Mazumder,2005).TheChaibasasuccessionthusseemstohavebeenoveralltransgressiveinnature,butwasintermittentlypunctuatedbyshortscalelowstands(Mazumder,2005).5.Chaibasatidalrhytmites5.1.LaterallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesBoseetal.(1997)andMazumder(2004)reportedlaterallyaccretedtidalrhythmites(cf.Williams,2000)fromthesubtidalChaibasasandstonefacies.Thesetidalrhythmitesarecharacterisedbyunidirectionalcross-strata(setthicknessupto65cm).Thethick-thinlaminaealternationsarecharacteristic,asisadoublemuddrape(Fig.3c;cf.Visser,1980).Inplaces,thecross-bedsetsexhibitcyclicintrasetvariationinstrati?cationstyle,fromconcave-uptoplanartosigmoidalgeometry(Mazumder,2004,hisFig.2A).Thesetsarecharacterizedbysandstoneforesetsseparatedbymudstonedrapes.Harmonicanalysisofthesesandstoneforeset-laminaethicknessseriesclearlyshowsthatanormalsemidiurnaltidalsystemwithsynodicmonth(newMoontonewMthesynodicmonthhasamodernperiodof29.53days)of32lunardayswasineffectduringthelatePalaeoproterozoic(Ma).Theminimumnumberofsolardaysinalunarsiderealmonth(thetimeintervalfortheMoontocompleteanorbitoftheEarthwhenmeasuredrelativetothe?lengthofthepresentlunarsiderealmonthis27.32solardays)was31.Inthispaperwe精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comdescribe精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com46L.Malliketal./MarineandPetroleumGeology30(Figure3.ChaibasaShalefacies.a.Chaibasashalefacieswithintercalatedthinbedsofvery?nesand(light-coloured);thesandstonelaminaeshoweitherhorizontalorripplecross-laminationfollowedbydrapingandhorizontallaminations.b.Fine-grainedsandstones(rippled)layerswithintheChaibasashalefaciesthatareverticallysepa-ratedfromeachotherbysheet-likeshalelayershavinggradationallowerboundariesbutsharp精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comtops.sedimentologicalcharacteristicsoftheverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmites(cf.Williams,2000)fromtheoffshoreChaibasashale.ThesewerethedistalcounterpartsofthelaterallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesdescribedbyMazumder(.Verticallyaccretedtidalrhythmites精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comThetidaldeposits(Fig.4a,b),associatedwiththeChaibasashaleconsistoftwofacies.5.2.1.Rhythmicalternatingheterolithicvery?nesandstone/siltstone-mudstonefaciesThisfaciesischaracterizedbymillimetrethickrhythmicallyalternatingbedsconsistingofvery?ne-grainedsandstone/siltstoneandmudstone(Fig.4a).Thesiltstonebedsareboundedbymudcoupletsordoublemuddrapes(cf.Visser,1980).Thisfaciesgradesupwardintoabidirectionalcross-laminatedvery?ne-grainedsandstone/siltstonefacies(describedbelow).Atplaces,0.5e1.5cmthick,stronglyasymmetricrippleformsarepreservedontopofthisfacies(Fig.3a).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comThefrequentlyalternatingrhythmicvery?nesandstone/siltstone-mudstonebedsindicatefrequentalternationofbedloadandsuspensionloaddeposition.ThepresenceofthemudcoupletordoublemuddrapeindicatestheirgenerationunderpermanentFigure4.TidalrhytmitesfromtheChaibasashale.a.Rhythmicalternatingvery?nesandstone/siltstone-mudstonefacies(penlength13cm);arrowsindicatethickermuddrapes.b.Bidirectionalcross-laminatedvery?ne-grainedsandstone/siltstonefacies(coindiam.1.5cm).watercover(e.g.,insubtidalchannels,cf.Visser,1980).Suchfaciesarecommonindeepwaterslopeenvironmentsaswellasintidal?ats(cf.Youbinetal.,2008).However,indicatorsofexposuresuchasdesiccationcracksarelackingintheChaibasaexamples,andcon?nementofthisfacieswithintheoffshoreChaibasashales(interpretedasmuddyturbidites,cf.Boseetal.,1997;Mazumder,2005)tiltsthebalanceofinterpretationtowardsanoffshorepalaeogeographyforthisfacies.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com5.2.2.Bidirectionalcross-laminatedvery?ne-grainedsandstone/siltstonefaciesThisfaciesischaracterizedbywelldevelopedbidirectionalripplecross-lamination(Fig.4b)andiscomposedofvery?ne-grainedsandstonesandlocalsiltstones.Itisinterbeddedwithdarkbrownmudstones(Fig.5).Thisfacieshassharpbases,?nesupwardsandistransitionalintooverlyingshale.Ripplelaminationsetsaregenerally0.5e1.5cmthick.Climbingripplecross-laminationsareverycommon.Thesandy/siltyrippleforesetsareboundedbydoublemuddrapes(Visser,1980;ErikssonandSimpson,2000).Theforesetplanesareoftenover-steepenedduetopenecontemporaneousdeformation(Mazumderetal.,2009).Polyphasepost-depositionaldeformationandmetamorphismarethemajorimpedimenttoconductdetailedpalaeocurrentanalyses.Con?nementofthisfacieswithintheoffshoreChaibasashale(Fig.5)alsoimpliesanoffshorepalaeogeographyforthisfacies.Turbiditycurrentsareunidirectionaltowardstheoffshorewhereascontourcurrentsareequallyunidirectionalandareorientedtransverseratherthanparalleltotheaxesofsubmarine精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comchannelsL.Malliketal./MarineandPetroleumGeology30(7Figure5.Lithologshowinglateralandverticaldispositionofthevery?nesandstone/siltstone-mudstonefaciesatDhalbhumgarh(seeFig.1);A-Dindicatesstratigraphiclevelsfromwherebed/laminaethicknessdatahasbeencollected.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com(e.g.,Reading,1996).Thisbidirectionalcross-laminatedvery?nesandstonesfaciesthereforedoesnotaccordwitheitherturbiditycurrentorcontourcurrentdeposits(ortheircombination).Thisfacies,insteadmostlikelyrepresentstidalrhythmites(ZhenzhongandEriksson,1991;Youbinetal.,2008).Thisiscorroboratedbythepresenceoftheobserveddoublemuddrapes,thick-thinalter-nationinsuccessiveforesetthicknessandsemidiurnaltidalperi-odicities(cf.,Visser,1980;Mazumder,2004;seebelow).6.Materialsandmethods6.1.BasicdataThefocusofthispaperisontherhythmicalternationoftheheterolithicparallel-laminatedvery?nesandstone/siltstone-mudstoneandbidirectionalcross-laminatedvery?ne-grainedsandstone/siltstonefaciesexposedinandaroundDhalbhumgarh(Fig.1).Themeasurementsweremadefromoutcrops.Thesilt-stones/sandstonesarewellsortedandthick-thinlaminaealterna-tionsanddoublemuddrapesarecharacteristic(Fig.4a,b).Theseobservationsareindicativeofasemidiurnaltidaloriginforthevery?nesandstone/siltstonefacies(cf.DeBoeretal.,1989;Mazumder,2004).Laminaethicknessesweremeasuredalongalineperpen-diculartothebedding.Cyclicitieswererevealedinthelaminaenumberversusthicknessplotsoffourdatasets(Fig.6AeD)measuredfromdifferentstratigraphiclevels(Fig.5).AstatisticaltestofthebasicdatahasbeenmadefollowingthemethodologyprescribedbyDeBoeretal.(1989)thatcon?rmssemidiurnalsignals(Fig.6AeD).6.2.Harmonicanalysis精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comHarmonicanalysisresolvesasinusoidalfunction(timesequence)intosinusoidal(harmonic)componentswithcommen-suratefrequencies,thecontributionsfromeachcomponentbeingindicatedbyitsamplitudeorpower(thesquareofamplitude).Inthetidalcontext,harmonicanalysismakesuseoftheknowledgethattheobservedtideisthesumofthenumberofcomponents,whoseperiodspreciselycorrespondswiththeperiodofoneoftheastronomicalmotionsintheEarth-Moon-Sunrotationalsystem(Archeretal.,1991;MazumderandArima,2005).Arecordoftidalheightortidalcurrentvelocityoveralongtime-spanisrequiredtodeterminetheamplitudeandfrequencyforallharmoniccompo-nents.Theamountofsedimenttransportedanddepositedasatidalrhythmitedependsontidalheight/tidalrange.Itisthesuccessivelaminae/bedthicknessdatathatareusedtocalculateancientlunarorbitalperiodsbyharmonicanalysis(Archeretal.,1991;Williams,1991).HarmonicanalysiswasperformedfollowingthemethodologyofArcheretal.(1991).AFastFourierTransformation(FFT)programme(HorneandBaliuns,1986;Pressetal.,1988)wasusedforharmonicanalysis.Theprogrammetestsforcyclicitiesandiscapableofseparatingcycleshavingcloselyspacedperiodicities(cf.Mazumder,2004).Theoutputisexpressedasanevent/cycleinafrequencyvs.powerspectraldensityplot(Fig.6EeH).AMaximumEntropyMethod(MEM)programmewasalsoperformedonallthedatasets.TheMEManalysiscon?rmedtheperiodicitiesrevealedbytheFFTprogramme(Archeretal.,1991).7.DiscussionThepowerspectralplotsdeterminedinthisstudyshowspectralperiodsofw23eventsthatrepresentneap-springcycles(cf.,Archeretal.,1991;Archer,1996)indicatingaminimumof23lunardaysinasynodicmonth.Allthepowerspectraexhibitaspectralperiodofw2(Fig.6EeH).Thisresult,coupledwiththeoccurrenceofalter-nating,millimetre-scalethick-thinlaminae(Fig.6AeD)corrobo-ratesadominantlysemidiurnalnatureofthetidalsystem(cf.DeBoeretal.,1989;Mazumder,2004).Arelativelyshorter-termperiod,ofw16events/cyclealsooccursandmightrepresentanabbreviated“tropicalperiod”(cf.Archer,1996,hisFig.3D).Thislatterperiodisshorterthanwouldbeexpectedforatropicalperiod,whichtheoreticallyshouldbe93%ofthedurationoftheneap-springperiods(Archer,1996).Theactualtropicalperiodmayhaveeithernotbeenexpressedinthesedatasetsorisobscuredbythesynodicperiods(cf.,Archeretal.,1991;Archer,1996).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comTheverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesdescribedaboverepre-sentthedistalcounterpartoflaterallyaccreted,tidal“bundle”depositswellpreservedwithintheshallowmarineChaibasasandstones(Mazumder,2004;MazumderandArima,2005).Interestingly,thenumberoflunardaysinasynodicmonth(w23)estimatedfromtheChaibasashalefaciesisconsiderablylowerthan精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com48L.Malliketal./MarineandPetroleumGeology30(Figure6.Rhythmicthicknessvariationsinsuccessivelaminaewithinsandstoneinter-layersoftheChaibasashalefacies(A-D;seeFig.5forstratigraphicpositionsofthedataset)exposedatDhalbhumgarh(Fig.1).FastFouriertransformpowerspectralplotsobtainedfromdatasetspresentedinA-DareshowninE-Hrespectively.Powerspectralplostofw23laminae/cycle(neap-spring)andofw2laminae/cycle(thick-thinlaminaecouplets)areindicativeofsemidiurnalnatureofthepalaeotidalsystem.Seetextfordetails.thatestimatedfromthemoreproximalChaibasasandstonefacies(w32)(MazumderandArima,2005).ThisindicatesthatthetidalrecordencodedfromtheChaibasashalefaciesisincomplete.Thisiscorroboratedbytheoccurrencesofthickmuddrapes(Fig.4a).Inanoffshoresetting,theneap-springcyclesbecomeprogressivelymoreabbreviatednearpositionsofneaptidessincethecurrentvelocitiesdropbelowthethresholdforsandmovement(cf.Williams,2000;MazumderandArima,2005).精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comTheverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesreportedinthispapercanbepostulatedtohavebeencausedeitherbyregulartidesontheshelf,albeitamuddyshelf,belowthestormwavebase,orbyinternaltidesindeepwaterbeyondtheshelfedge.Ifthesedepositswereindeedformedinadeepwater(bathyal)setting,theycanbedescribedasinternaltidedeposits(Lafond,1966;Mullinsetal.,1982;ZhenzhongandEriksson,1991;LeeandOgawa,1998;Lerezaketal.,2003;Youbinetal.,2008).Thereisnowaytoestimate,evenquali-tatively,thepalaeobathymetryduringthedepositionoftheChai-basashalefacies,asthesuccessionisoflatePalaeoproterozoicageandthusisofdevoidofusablefossils.Internaltidedepositsaremostlyassociatedwithdeepseasediments(turbiditesand/orcon-seeLeeandOgawa,1998;Cummingsetal.,2006;Youbinetal.,2008).Suchdepositsarecontinuouslyreworkedbytidesand/orwavesandtherefore,aretexturallymorematurethantheassociateddeepseasediments.However,theverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesdescribedhere(Fig.4A,B)aretexturallysimilartothesandstonebedsofinferredmuddyturbidites(cf.Fig.3A,B)oftheChaibasashalefacies(Boseetal.,1997;Mazumder,2005;Mazumderetal.,2009).ThisobservationthusarguesagainstthepossibilitythattheverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmitesoftheChaibasashalefaciesareinternaltidedeposits(cf.Youbinetal.,2008).Inconclusion,thus,itcanbearguedthatthefaciescharacteristicsoftheChaibasaShale,coupledwiththeresultsoftheharmonicanalysisofthesandstoneinter-layerstherein,supportadistalshelfpalaeogeographyforthegenerationoftheobservedverticallyaccretedtidalrhythmites.PossiblyanalogoustidaldepositswithinmuddydistalshelfsettingsarerecordedfromthemodernAmazonRiverdelta,wheretheycanoccuruptoadistanceof100kmoffthecoast(e.g.,JohnsonandBaldwin,1996精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.com).L.Malliketal./MarineandPetroleumGeology30(9Acknowledgements精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comTheIndianStatisticalInstitute(ISI)providednecessaryresearchfunding(?scalyear).TheGeologicalStudiesUnitandFluvialMechanicsLaboratory,ISIprovidedinfrastructuralfacilities.Authorsaregratefultotwoanonymousreviewers,FinnSurlyk,AssociateEditorfortheircriticalcommentsonanearlierversionofthepaper.AuthorsarealsogratefultoPatErikssonforEnglishlanguageedit.ReferencesArcher,A.W.,1996.Reliabilityoflunarorbitalperiodsextractedfromancientcyclictidalrhythmites.EarthandPlanetaryScienceLetters141,1e10.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comArcher,A.W.,Kvale,E.P.,Jhonson,H.R.,1991.Analysisofmodernequatorialtidalperiodicitiesasatestofinformationencodedinancienttidalrhythmites.In:Smith,D.G.,etal.(Eds.),ClasticTidalSedimentology,vol.16.CanadianSocietyofPetroleumGeologistsMemoir,pp.189e196.Bhattacharyya,D.S.,Bhattacharya,T.K.,1970.Geologicalandgeophysicalinvesti-gationsofaBasalticLayerinArchaeanterrainofeasternIndia.GeologicalSocietyofAmericaBulletin81,.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comBhattacharya,H.N.,1991.AreappraisalofthedepositionalenvironmentofthePrecambrianmetasedimentsaroundGhatshila-Galudih,easternSinghbhum.JournaloftheGeologicalSocietyofIndia37,47e54.Bose,P.K.,Mazumder,R.,Sarkar,S.,1997.Tidalsandwavesandrelatedstorm精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comdepositsinthetransgressiveProtoproterozoicChaibasaFormation,India.PrecambrianResearch84,63e81.Cummings,D.I.,Arnott,R.W.C.,Hart,B.S.,2006.Tidalsignaturesinashelf-margindelta.Geology34,249e252.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comDeBoer,P.L.,Oost,A.P.,Visser,M.J.,1989.Thediurnalinequalityofthetideasaparameterforrecognisingtidalin?uences.JournalofSedimentaryPetrology59,912e921.Eriksson,K.A.,Simpson,E.L.,2000.Quantifyingtheoldesttidalrecord:the3.2Ga精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comMoodiesGroup,BarbertonGreenstoneBelt,SouthAfrica.Geology28,831e834.Horne,J.H.,Baliuns,S.L.,1986.Aprescriptionforperiodanalysisofunevenlysampledtimeseries.AstrophysicalJournal302,757e763.精彩内容，尽在百度攻略：http://gl.baidu.comJohnson,H.D.,Bald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