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2012考研英语阅读题型解析
】【我要纠错】
　　&得阅读者，得天下&相信这句话对的童鞋并不陌生，在考研中处于重要地位，阅读在考研中又有着举足轻重的作用。想要战胜考研英语，首先要跨过阅读这个难题。其实英语阅读总结起来，也就那么几个重点题型，如果能够掌握牢固，相信要战胜英语阅读并不是什么难事。
　　细节性题型。
　　阅读考题中，有一种细节性题目，重点集中在细节上。而细节题也有难有易，较容易的可以根据题干或选项的线索回原文定位，然后由相关句得到正确答案；较难的也可以在正确定位的基础上经过一定的推断得出正确的答案。其实这类题的技巧性不大，最主要的是耐心和细心。
　　主题性题型。
　　主题性题型主要考查我们对文章或者段落中心思想的掌握，要做好这一类题的一个重点就是要抓住中心句。中心句通常以判断句的形式出现，全文的中心句常出现在文章第一段句首、第一段句末和全文末等地方，段落的中心句则通常是该段的首句和末句。所以，做这类题目的时候要重点分析这些句子。
　　词汇性题型。
　　词汇性题也是考研英语中常见题目之一。这种问题主要是根据上下文判断大纲词汇表以外某些词汇和短语的意义，主要考查两种情况：一种是熟词僻义或特定语言环境下的具体词义，在这种情况下，常规含义一般都不是正确答案；另一种是超出词汇表的生词含义的推断。无论是哪一种，都只能根据上下文来判断该词的真正含义。
　　态度性题型。
　　这类题目平时考察还是比较多的，态度性问题主要考查我们是否了解作者或者文中某人对某事所持的观点或态度。做这一类型题的题目，最好在读文章和题干时，便把其中描述态度的词标记出来，然后在文中找到有典型褒贬含义的词汇，最后再将两部分词进行对比得出答案。
　　推断性题型。
　　这类题主要考查我们根据已知内容推断引申含义的能力。它要求我们根据文章中的关键词、短语、结构等进行推断，或要求我们通过阅读某段或几段内容，推断出一个结论，类似于主题性问题。做这类题时，一定要避免不依据关键词而凭空进行推断。
　　以上是老师们针对中容易出现的几种题型解题方法的介绍，希望2012的考研童鞋通过这些的学习，对自己英语成绩的提高有所帮助。
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2013高考英语作文句型万能模板
高考英语作文写作攻略一、评分原则 1.本题总分为 25 分，按 5 个档次给分。 2.评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定 或调整档次，最后综合给分。 3.词数小于 100 的，从总分中减去 2 分。 4.评分时，应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文的 连贯性及语言的得体性。 5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。没错误书写 3 个单词从总分中减去 1 分，原则上 不超过 3 分，重复的不计。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。标点符号错误，将视其对交际 的影响程度酌情减分。 6.如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。 二、各档次的给分范围和要求 分数档 文章内容 英语的语法 结构和词汇 第五档 21―25 分 （很好） 覆盖所有内 容要点。 较多 词汇和语法 错误 语句间的衔 接和连贯 完全达到快 乐预期的写 作目的 整体效果有些许错误， 有 效 使 用 衔 但为尽力使 用复杂结构 或较高词汇 所致； 具备较 强的语言运 用能力 接手段， 全文 结构紧凑。第四档 16-20 分 （好）虽漏掉 1、2能满足任务基本准确， 些 许错误主要 因尝试较复 杂结构或词 汇所致。应用了简单达到了预期个次重点， 但 要求。 覆盖所有主 要内容。的连接成分， 的写作目的。 是的全文结 构紧凑。第三档 11―15 分虽漏掉一些能基本满足有些错误， 但应用了简单基本达到了内容， 但覆盖 任务要求。不影响理解。 的连接成分， 预 期 的 写 作（一般）所有主要内 容。使得全文内 容连贯。 语法结构单 调， 所用词汇 有错误， 影响 了对写作内 容的理解。 较少使用语 句间的连接 成分， 内容缺 少连贯性。目的。第二档 6~10 分 （较差）漏掉或未描 述清楚一些信息未能清 楚的传达给 读者。主要内容， 有 有限。 一些无关内 容。第一档 1~5 分 （差）明显遗漏主语法结构单较多错误， 影 响了对写作缺乏语句间信息未能传要内容， 写了 调， 所用词汇 一些无关的 内容， 可能未 理解试题要 求。 有限。的链接成分， 达给读者。内容的理解。 内容不连贯。 [来源:]0分未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容 无关或所写内容无法看清。高考英语作文高分技巧-逆向思维法 逆向思维法是指为实现某一创新或解决某一因常规思路难以解决的问题，而采取反向思维寻求解决 问题的方法。在做英语书面表达题时，我们亦可借鉴这种方法，从研究高考对书面表达的要求入手，以 及阅卷者的感受，去迎合他们的要求，从而做到有的放矢，以求短时期内取得对书面表达的突破。 我们可以从高考作文的评分标准及阅卷的角度来审视一下对写作的要求， 看看在他们的眼中优秀作文的共同点 有哪些，哪些又是主要的失分点。通过研究高考书面表达卷评分标准，我们可清楚地发现，一篇高分书面表达必 须具有以下特点： 内容要点齐全，清楚地表达了自己的观点并进行了充分合理的论证； 准确性高，描述恰当，时态、人称符合文章要求，语法、句法准确无误，结构严谨，标点、格式、大小写亦 能正确应用； 连贯性好，衔接语使用恰当，全文结构紧凑；使用了一些较为复杂的词汇，句式，能体现出较强的语言运用能力； 开头、结尾富有特色不落俗套，给人耳目一新的感觉。 通过对高考评分标准的研究，我们可能发现高分作文有着共同的优点。我们在平时就要严格遵循书 面表达的要求，认真训练，积极发现自己的问题并做出有针对性地改进。 【典例 1】 Live in Harmony 当前我国政府和人民正努力把我国建设成一个社会关系和谐的国家，具体到学生而言，大部分学生与 家长成员以及同学关系的处理上总体是好的，但也存在着一些问题，如果容易发火，与同学吵架，不听 从家长和老师的教育等。我校正在调查高三学生与家庭成员和同学老师之间的关系处理情况，你作为高 三学生请把以上的情况向学校反映并提出一些改进的意见。 要点如下：1．目前的实际情况：好的方面和不好的方面； 2．你个人的改进意见。注意：1．文章的开头已经给出（不计入总词数）； 2．词数：100 左右。 Nowadays the government and people of China are trying to build a country with a harmonious relationship.【参考范文】 Live in Harmony Nowadays the government and people of China are trying to build a country with a harmonious relationship. Generally speaking, the relationship between us students and ourfamily members, classmates as well teachers is good. However, there exist some problems. Some students in our grade are easy to lose their temper because of unbearable anxiety and heavy study burden. What’s worse, they sometimes quarrel with others, and even turn a deaf ear to their parents and teachers, which is very disappointing. In my opinion, we middle school students should make our efforts to improve the situation. First, we should respect our parents and teachers as well as our classmates. Second, when we are not feeling good, we can chat with our friends, teachers and parents. It is likely that they can understand us better and give us some reasonable advice. Third, after a day’s hard work, we can relax ourselves by taking some exercise, such as playing basketball, table tennis and so on. The most important is to create a harmonious atmosphere around us in order to realize self-harmony. 专家点评：本篇作者以大见小的写作手法紧密联系实际，清晰的结构，入理的描述，准确的用词，都 说明它是一篇不错的范文。 1) 内容要点齐全。作者巧妙地分析了周围环境的不和谐现象，并且提出创造和谐氛围的途径，富有见地，富有哲理。作者首先总结出学生与家庭成员以及班级同学在关系处理上总体是好的，但也存在着 一些问题并很自然地引出问题所在，然后话锋一转，提出自己的观点：学生应该如何改变这种状况。作 者在写作中适当增加了细节，使文章内容更为充实，表达更为具体，给读者以清晰的印象。最后用一句 话总括主题：创造和谐氛围，创建和谐校园。整篇文章读起来要点清晰，归纳有序，让读者一目了然。 2) 语言使用准确性高，较好地使用了英语的各种句型，琅琅上口，英语味道浓厚。作为对当前社会问题的论述，时态的把握特别重要，写作时应以一般现在时为主。另外要能正确地列举事例，有些同学 列举时，容易前后不一致，开始时用 firstly, secondly,后来就变成了 third。还要注意的是标点应用准 确，逗号、句号的使用要恰如其分，使名层次结构清晰，句意明了，有效的避免汉语句式的简单罗列、 词语堆砌。 3) 语言的连贯性强，非常出现地使用了连接词，使全文的结构紧凑，层次清楚，过渡自然。比如使用了如 however, what’s worse, generally speaking, in my opinion 等连接词，使文章衔接自然、 生动。4)这篇范文较好地使用了较为复杂的词汇和高级句型，并运用了同位语，插入语以及非限制性定语从句。As well as, lose their temper, turn a deaf ear to, make our efforts to , chat with, quarrel with, create a harmonious atmosphere 等词组应用及 It is likely that 句型，which is very disappointing 非限制性定语从句，relax ourselves by taking some exercise 中非谓语动词 的使用无不为文章增添了亮点。 书面表达语篇布局： 1．仔细审题，确定体裁。首先要判断作文是记叙文、说明文还是应用文，是图表形式还是提纲形式 是开放式作文还是半开放式作文，并据此选择合适的应对策略。 2．抓住关键信息，梳理文章要点，考生在拿到题并审完题后，应列出提纲，以免遗漏，对需要适当 发挥的地方细心确认，不要离题太远。 3．紧扣所列要点，精心挑合适的词句，列出需用的重点短语和句型，注意行文要适合语境及英语的 表达习惯。 4．利用所列出的词句组句成文，注意句子结构的完整性及语法的准确性，还要选择合适的连接词把 句子联系起来，使上下文行文连贯，成为有机的整体。 5．仔细核对草稿，修正错误，尤其要注意自己经常犯的一些错误，大到人称、时态的选择小到标点、 大小写都要注意。 6．注意卷面，规范誊写，誊写时要写得干净工整，清晰易读，千万不能太潦草，试卷一般不能出横 格，要靠线书写整齐。 第一讲 高考英语作文高分技巧-十句作文法 十句作文法是由有关专家总结出来的一种高分作文方法，考生在经过短期训练之后便可较大幅度地 提高成绩。为此有必要向考生加以介绍，目的是使一些对作文没有把握的考生找到一条可行的解决办 法。 需要指出的是所谓十句作文并非一定 10 句， 从很多考生的高分来分析， 句子数量在 8 句至 12 句(依 句子长短和结构不同而不同)。如以每个句子平均 10―15 个单词计算，便能用 8―12 个句子完成一篇 要求 10―120 的作文。 其基本模式为：┌─主题句 句 1 第一段─┤ 开头 └─扩展句 句 2┌─主题句 句 1 第一段─┤ 正文 ├─扩展句 句 2├─扩展句 句 3 ├─扩展句 句 4 ├─扩展句 句 5 ├─扩展句 句 6 ├─扩展句 句 7 ├─扩展句 句 8 └─扩展句 句 9第三段 ──结尾句 句 10 结尾 第一段为开头，包括两句。第一句为主题句，必须提出，通过问题点明全文主题；第二句为扩展句，须进 一步说明和支持主题句。或是将关系倒过来，由第一句说明情况，第二句提出问题。 第二段为正文，共七句。第一句(句 3)为主题句，提出本段的主题，它应与第一段的主题相关和一致。 第二句至第七句(句 4 一句 7)为扩展句，说明和支持本段的主题。句与句之间要注意运用好过渡使段落 逻辑合理，结构得当。 第三段为结尾，简化为一句，也是全文的总结句，它将前面内容总结为一结果，表明自己的论点。 三段之间的连接要灵活运用“启、承、转、合”的连接过渡手段。例如： Example 1 TelevisionTelevision presents a vivid world in front of us. (1)(主题句)Through TV, we can learn what is happening half way across the world. (2)(扩展句) Television also plays an important educational role in our daily life. (3)(主题句) For one thing, the TV university provides an opportunity for many young men who can not go to formal universities. (4)(扩展句) For another, children can broaden their scope of knowledge by watching such popular programs as &The Animal World&, and &The Mickey Mouse and Duck Donald&. (5)(扩展句) Besides, women can learn about the latest fashion of dresses and the best recipe for making fruit cakes. (6)(扩展句) Furthermore, we learn many world advanced technologies from TV programs such as computer and telecommunication. (7)(扩展句) And also we can learn singing, dancing and doing physical exercises in some special TV training courses. (8)(扩展句) In short, the effect of TV's educational role is becoming more and more obvious. (9)(扩展句) Having viewed these several aspects, and with many more TV program being produced, I believe that our life will become even more significant. (10)(总结句) 1．本文是一篇典型的十句作文，主题句“Television presents a vivid world in front of us”点明 了文章的主题，其他句子均围绕它进行扩展。扩展句（句 2―9）内容详实，结束句（句 10）总结性和 概括性很强。整篇文章层次清晰，充分体现了十句作文法的特点。 2．较好地使用了大量的连接词，如 for one thing, for another, besides, furthermore, and also 等，另外，in short 的使用也使结论更加清晰，概括更加明了。 3．最后的总结句富有创意，利用分词短语的形式把上下文连贯起来，体现了作者对英文句式的灵活 应用，避免了一般性的概括语，很有特点。 4． 使用了较高级的词汇句型， 不单调， 像宾语从句 （what is happening halfway across the world, our life will become more significant）,宾语从句（who can not go to formal university）,分 词短语 （by watching…， making fruit cakes, having viewed these aspects） 重点短语 for ， （playsan important educational role, provide…for…），高级单词（present, broaden, scope）和 with 复合结构（with many more TV programs produced）等，这些都极大地提升了文章的档次。 使用十句作文法，首先要仔细审题，确定文章的中心问题。主题句的表达特别重要，然后才能围绕中 心进行扩展，使意图明确。扩展句一定要具体详细，不可太空、太泛，不要对与要求无关的内容进行随 意发挥，更不可为了表现英语水平而写出文不对题的句子，画蛇添足。 Example 2 Changes in People's Diet There have been some changes nowadays in the diet of the Chinese.There have been some changes nowadays in the diet of the Chinese. (1)(主题句) For example, grain, the main food of most people in China, is now playing a less important role, while the consumption of high-nutrition food such as milk, meat has increased. (2) (扩展句) The changes in diet can be accounted for by a number of factors. (3) (主题句)First, people are much wealthier than before. (4) (扩展句) With a higher income, they can affordto buy good foods which, in the past, were rarely seen on the dinner tables of ordinary families. (5) (扩展句) Another factor is that people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. (6) (扩展句) Lack of certain amount of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. (7) (扩展句) Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities. (8) (扩展 句) For all those reasons, what was formerly called &the basket of vegetables& has become that of varied foods. (9) (扩展句) To sum up, insignificant as those changes may seem, they are the signs of the improved economic condition in China, and we believe that as the effort in the modernization movement continues, there will be greater changes in people's diet in the future. (10) (总 结句) 书面表达应试步骤： 1．审题确定格式、体裁、时态、人称等写作要点。 2．列出提纲，确定开头句、扩展句和总结句，选择好适宜的句型。 3、利用一些关联词或者过渡句把句子有机地连接起来，必要时可适当增加细节。 4、仔细检查，适当修改，保证句子结构完整，要点齐全，人称时态主谓一致。 5．认真誊写，卷面整洁。第二讲 五种基本句型：英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂 的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下 基本句型一： S 十 V 主谓结构 在这个句型中的动词是不及物的行为动词, 不能带宾语. 这种动词表示主语的行为动作, 意义 基本完整, 所以不再需要宾语. 这些动词常见的有：appear, apologize,arrive, come, die, disappear, exist, fall, happen, rise,等等。不及物动词没有被动语态形式. 在这个句型中, 谓语后面有时不再附加任何成分, 而大多数情况下有状语性质的修饰语. 这种修饰语可以由副 词, 介词短语, 不定式短语, 分词短语以及从句等来担任. 例如: 1). Tom 正在等待 _________________________________________________.2) 小 Tom 正在桌子旁等待_________________________________________________. 3) 他停了下来 _________________________________________________. 4) 他停下来看了一下 _________________________________________________. 5) 小男孩站在那里，行乞 _________________________________________________. 6) 父母已经去世的那个小男孩站在那里行乞 _________________________________________________. 7). 事故是昨天晚上发生的 _________________________________________________. 基本句型二: S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构在本句型中, 由系动词及表语构成表性状的复合谓语, 说明主 语的身份, 特征, 性质, 状态等. 英语中除了最常见的系动词 be 以外, 还有表示感官的连系动词 look, feel, sound, taste, smell 等; 表示变化的连系动词 get, turn, become, grow, fall, come 等; 表示状态的连 系动词 keep, remain, stay, continue, seem 等. 例如: 1）我们是中国人 _________________________________________________. 2）他很像他父亲 _________________________________________________. 3) 我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚。_________________________________________________. 4). 这种食物尝起来很糟糕。_________________________________________________. 5). 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和_________________________________________________ 6). 不要吃那种食物，它已经变质了。_________________________________________________. 7). 这个事实证明是正确的。_________________________________________________. 基本句型三: S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构 本句型中的及物动词同样也为行为动词, 表明一个具体实在的动作, 但其本身所表示的意义并不完 整, 需要有一个宾语, 才能表达一个完整的概念. 例如: We have a TV set. You may use my pen. I will use hers. He doesn‘t like the first. He likes the third. 这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关 的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如： 1) 我昨天看了一部电影。________________________________________________. 2）这些孩子他们照看得很好。_____________________________________ 3) 学生们正在操场上打篮球 _____________________________________4) 我刚开始不喜欢英语 _____________________________________ 5) 他很爱他的父母 _____________________________________ 6) 我们都应该爱我们的祖国 _____________________________________基本句型四: S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构，O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语 有些动词后面, 可以有两个宾语, 这个宾语一个指人, 一个指物, 指人的叫间接宾语, 表示动作的方 向和目标; 指物的叫直接宾语, 表示动作的承受者, 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前. 并不是所有 得动词都能用于此句型。 除以上两词外， 能用于此句型的动词主要有两大类: (1) bring, give, sell, show, take, tell, throw, write 等；(2) buy, find, get, leave, make, save, choose 等。例如: She brought me some fruit. Can you do us a favour? 这两个句子中的间接宾语都可以变成介词短语放在直接宾语后面. 例如: She brought some fruit to me. Can you do a favour for me? 1) 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物 __________________________________________________ 或者 __________________________________________________ 2)请把你的画给我看一下。_____________________________________3)只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。_____________________________________ 4) 王老师教我们英语 _____________________________________ 5) 请告诉我这件事的真相 _____________________________________ 基本句型五: S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构 宾语和补足语之间的关系是逻辑上的主谓关系, 即宾语是宾语补足语的逻辑主语。 句型中的宾语常 用名词或代词宾格. 常用来作宾语补足语的成分有名词, 形容词， 动词不定式, 现在分词, 过去分词, 介词短语和副词等. 例如: She named her baby John. We elected him monitor of our class. Keep the room clean and tidy, please. His father wished him to be a musician We consider it a pity that they have given up trying it a second time. 这种句型中的宾语＋ 补语可统称为“复合宾语”, 作补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短 语、分词、动词不定式等。如： 1). 请让孩子们安静下来。________________________________________________________. 2）他把墙漆成白色。________________________________________________________. 3）我们发现他是一个诚实的人。______________________________________________.4）请保持教室干净 _____________________________________ 5）我常常让他帮助我学习英语 ________________________________________________________. 注意：动词 have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch 等后面所接的动词不 定式作宾补时，不带 to。如： 5）他让他的员工整天工作________________________________________________________. 6）不要让水一直流 _____________________________________第三讲 文章的结构：开头、主体和结尾（一）掌握技巧： （1）注意篇章结构，合理布局 开始部分（opening paragraph）――说出文中的要点、核心问题。 正文部分（Body paragraphs）――围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。 结尾部分（concluding paragraphs）――对全文的总结和概括。 要做到全文中心突出、段落之间必须是有机地联系，内容完整、连贯。前后呼应，祛除与主题无关的内 容. （2）确定主题句 主题句是对全文的概括，是文章的主旨。它能在文章中起到“画龙点睛”的作用。通常主题句出现在一篇 文章的开头，而后，全文对主题句所提出的内容进行解释，扩展。 写主题句应注意以下几点： ①归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点 ②提炼出一句具有概括性的话 ③主题句应具有可读性，抓住、吸引读者。(3) 高考英语写作常用开头和结尾 一开头万能公式：1．开头万能公式一：名人名言有人问了，D我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？‖， 很好办：编！ 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一 定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？ 经典句型： A proverb says,DYou are only young once.‖（适用于已记住的名言） It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（适用于自编名言） 更多经典句型： As everyone knows, No one can deny that… 2。开头万能公式二：数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的， 可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一， 但编无妨， 只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型： According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造： Honesty 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中 78%都是假的。 Travel by Bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是 自行车。 Youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的 70%都是在休闲娱乐。 Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： A recent statistics shows that… 二结尾万能公式： 1．结尾万能公式一：如此结论说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长 篇大论，到最后终于冒出个D总而言之‖之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就 是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如 下面的例子： Obviously 此为过渡短语） we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and （ , respect for others. 如果读者很难D显而见之‖，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！ 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus 更多句型： Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that… 2．结尾万能公式二：如此建议如果说D如此结论‖是结尾最没用的废话，那么D如此建议‖应该是 最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem. 这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考 官会怎么想呢？ 更多句型： Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken. Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.二、写作的七项基本原则 一） 、长短句原则工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人！写一个短小精辟的句子， 相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题： As a creature, I as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉？牢记！ 强烈建议：在文章第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短 句解释主要意思， 然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式， 定会让主体部分妙笔生辉！ 文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。 二） 、主题句原则国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成D群龙无首‖之感！ 相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂！不知所云！所 以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头（保险型）或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平 安无事！ 特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的！ To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主题句）. Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer allthe questions correctly. 三） 、一二三原则领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…如 此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的D标签‖来判定你的文章是 否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清 楚了。 1）first, second, third, last（不推荐，原因：俗） 2）firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally（不推荐，原因：俗） 3）the first, the second, the third, the last（不推荐，原因：俗） 4）in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly（不推荐，原因：俗） 5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐） 6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐） 7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐） 8）most important of all, moreover, finally 9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况） 10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况） 建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚！ 四） 、短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如 果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发 现亮点―精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么 办？用短语是一个办法！比如： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。 五） 、多实少虚原则原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要 求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的 时候， 不应该之说 nice 这样空洞的词， 应该使用一些诸如 generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle,warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如： 走出房间，general 的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩！ 六） 、多变句式原则 1）加法（串联） 都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是 这些，可以在任何句子之间加 and,但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说： I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式： Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用： besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover 2）转折（拐弯抹角） 批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种 方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来 点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。 The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语： despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding 3）因果（so, so, so） 昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后 我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词 就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系！ The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语： then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that 4）失衡句（头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重） 有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果 真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你 的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。 举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分： When to go, Why he goes away… 5）附加（多此一举） 如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他； 或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是 插入语。 The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.I don‘t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成；定语从句―借用之前的关 键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是 whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。 6）排比（排山倒海句） 文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用 一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会 使文章有排山倒海之势！ Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.（气势恢宏） 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可！ 七） 、挑战极限原则既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀！ 原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上 5 分钟的时 间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如： The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪！ 三、文章主体段落的三大杀手锏 一） 、举实例思维短路，举实例！提出一个观点，举实例！提出一个方案，举实例！而且者也 是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举 例子！ In order to attract more customers, advertisers have adopted every possible simulative factor in making ads, such as sound, light, colours, cartoon films and human performance. For instance, to advertise a certain food, advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her. 更多句型： To take…as an example, One example is…, Another exampleis…, for example 二） 、做比较方法：写完一个要点，比较与之相似的；又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的； 世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同 点（through comparison）和不同点（through contrast） 。下面是一些短语： 相似的比较： in comparison, likewise, similarly, in the same manner 相反的比较： on the other hand, conversely, whereas, while, instead, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contrary, compared with …,… 三） 、换言之没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让 读者更充分的理解你的观点。 实际就是重复重复再重复！下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you! I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say, I love you.I am wild about you. In other words, I have fallen in love with you. 或者上面我们举过的例子： I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. 因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say, I cannot put up with it or I am fed up with it. 更多短语： in more difficult language, in simpler words, put it more simply.艺考生的救命稻草！ 突破 130 分，快速提高 30 分的锦囊妙计！ 6 步搞定任何高考英语阅读真题，一般人不告诉他（她）！2013 吴军高考英语阅读理解 3 天提分秘术众说周知，得阅读、完形者得天下！ 文章看没看懂不重要，关键是要选对！ 高考英语阅读的核心暗示点：词和短语！ 题目（或题干）有暗示，秘笈为你精准导航！ 选项与出题点之间存在逻辑关系，3 天帮您梳理！ 速度比完美更重要，思路比题海要有效！2013 高考英语阅读 3 天提分秘术， 既不是神人的牛 B 押题，也不是最牛高考班的密卷！而是 沈阳高分英语家教吴军老师从
年 2700 多篇高考英语阅读真题答案内幕规律衍生出的迅捷 提分秘诀！ 2013 高考英语阅读 3 天提分秘术是纸质的解析讲解类自学教案， 而不是如同上大课般的名师讲 座光盘（如高分突破，提分宝典，四步兵法，高频考点等），你可以站着，躺着，甚至在卫生间里 也可以阅读自学！ 立竿见影！以一顶百！9 年来我们在自我独门秘笈的基础上，20%参阅了 132 种全国知名高考 英语教案或资料（如：新东方，张清波，北京四中李俊和，管卫东，提分宝典，高频考点等） 。但 发现很多名师教案与高考提分关联度小，因为相当一部分名师只是把自己在考研和雅思领域的研究 成果生搬硬套到高考英语教学中（讲述的高频词汇严重超纲，甚至是大学 6 级的） ，而不是深入到 2700 篇历届阅读真题中潜心研究，效果可想而知。还有些重点高中一线老师，将自己上课用的教案 制作成光盘用以贩卖，其实质不过是高频考点和词汇的串讲，有的甚至用 35%的篇章讲述如何记忆 单词，而广告却说是提分秘笈，真是让人遗憾！好消息！吴军老师 2012 高考英语 3 天提分秘诀仅释放了其 30%的功力，就达到了 90%以上的 客户满意度，为了配合文科其他科目的上市，2013 年吴军高考英语将释放其 70%的功力，2013 年 高考英语提分速度和幅度将再升一倍，看完下列示例后，还不赶紧抢购呀！目录： 一、2013 阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征 二、2013 阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词 三、擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码 四、阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则 五、阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀 六、阅读词汇、文章及作者态度题吴军破解规律2013 阅读吴军猜题秘术: 备选项高频答案特征（10 条秘诀）秘诀一：被动结构是备选项高频答案特征！【2010 辽宁卷 B 篇】I hated dinner parties. But I decided to give them another shot because I'm in London. And my friend Mallery invited me. And because dinner parties in London are very different from those back in New York. There, '“I‘m having a dinner party' means: &I'm booking a table for 12 at a restaurant you can't afford and we'll be sharing the checque evenly, no matter what you eat.& Worse, in Manhattan there is always someone who leaves before the bill arrives. They'll throw down cash, half of what they owe, and then people like me, who don‘t drink, end up paying even more. But if I try to use the same trick, the hostess will shout: &Where are you going?& And it's not like I can say I have somewhere to go: everyone know I have nowhere to go. But in London, dinner parties are in people's homes.( 转折对比,说明前面 New Yorkers 评价是Self-centred.) Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one, the guests werefrom France, India. Denmark and N it was like a gathering at the United Nations in New York. The mix is less striking. It's like a gathering at Bloomingdale's, a well-known department store. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61. What does the writer dislike most about dinner parties in New York? A There is a strange mix of people. C. The bill is not fairly shared. B. The restaurants are expensive. D. People have to pay cash63. What is the author's opinion of some New Yorkers from her experience？ A. Easy-going. B. Self-centred. C. Generous. D. Conservative.【2012 四川卷 E 篇】 far, efforts to cut emissions So （排放） planet-warming greenhouse gases are of not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2℃ this century ― a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the world’s temperature? A. It has risen nearly 0.2℃ since 1979. B. Its change will lead to weather extremes. C. It is 0.8℃ higher in 1979 than that of 1990. D. It needs to be controlled within 2℃ in this century.【2012 四川卷 A 篇】The seasons change just outside the door. We watch the maples turn every shade of yellow and red in the fall and note the poplars‘ （杨树） putting out the first green leaves of spring. The rainbow smelt fills the local steam as the ice gradually disappears, and the wood frogs start to sing in pools after being frozen for the winter. A family of birds rules our skies and flies over the lake. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43. What does the underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean? A. The change of seasons is easily felt. B. The seasons make the scenes change. C. The weather often changes in the forest. D. The door is a good position to enjoy changing seasons.【2012 陕西卷 C 篇】 authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy The people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55. What can we learn from the text? A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart. B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality. C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking, D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.【2012 江西卷 D 篇】For those who make journeys across the world, the speed of travel today has turned the countries into a series of villages．Distances between them appear no greater to a modern traveler than those which once faced men as they walked from village to village. Jet plane fly people from one end of the earth to the other, allowing them a freedom of movement undreamt of a hundred years ago. Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服) of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured (忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enough to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just the blank blue of the sky filling the narrow window of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. Then there is the time spent being Dprocessed‖ at a modern airport. People are conveyed like r baggage is weighed, tickets produced, examined and produced yet again before the passenger move again to another waiting area. Journeys by rail and sea take longer, yes, but the hours devoted to being “processed‖ at departure and arrival in airports are luckily absent. No wonder, then, that the modern high-speed trains are winning back passengers from the airlines. Man, however, is now a world traveler and can not turn his back on the airplane. The working lives of too many p whole new industries have been built around its design and operation. The holiday maker, too, with limited time to spend, patiently endures the busy airports and limited space of the flight to gain those extra hours and even days, relaxing in the sun. speed controls people‘ time saved, in work or play, is the important thing―or so we are told. Perhaps those first horsemen, riding free across the wild, open plains, were enjoying a better world than the one we know today. They could travel at will, and the clock was not their master. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73.According to Paragraph3, passengers are turning back to modern high-speed trains because_____． A.they pay less for the tickets B.they feel safer during the travel C.they can enjoy higher speed of travel D.they don‘t have to waste time being “processed” 75.What is the main idea of the passage? A.Air travel benefits people and industries． B.Train Travel has some advantages over air travel． C.Great changes have taken place in modern travel. D.The high speed of air travel is gained at a cost.2013 阅读吴军暗示点秒杀: 备选项高频答案词（17 项不到 90 个单词）秘诀 9：lead to (result in, bring about, cause)是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2012 浙江卷 C 篇】 First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. A report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult (侮辱). For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence. The problem isn't in the sandwich, but in the way students deal with the conflict. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51. From Paragraph 2 we can learn that________ . A. violence is more likely to occur at lunchtime B. a small conflict can lead to violence C. students tend to lose their temper easily D. the eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight 具体! 具体!【2011 湖北卷 D 篇】our own generation has access to more nutritious food .more convenient transport .bigger houses, better ears .and of course, more pounds and dollars than any who lived before us .This will continue as long as we there things to make other things, This more we specialize and exchange, the better off we‘ll be. 2) Brilliant advances One reason we are richer, healthier, taller, cleverer, longer-lived and freer than ener before is that the four most basie human needs -food, clothing, fuel and shelter- have grown a lot cheaper. Take one example. In 1800 a candle providing one hour‘s light cost six hours‘ work. In the 1880s the same light from an oil lamp took 15 minutes‘ work to pay for. In 1950 it was eight seconds. Today it‘s half second. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65. The candle and lamp example is used to show that A. oil lamps give off more light than candles B. shortening working time brings about a happier life. C. advanced technology helps to produce better candles. D. increased production rate leads to lower cost of goods. .秘诀 10：Control (handle, deal with )是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2012 天津卷 D 篇】 Those who choose to be creators look at life quite differently. They know there are individuals who might like to control their lives, but they don‘t let this get in the way. They know they have theirweaknesses, yet they don‘t blame themselves when they fail. Whatever happens, they have choice in the matter. They believe their dance with each sacred(神圣的)moment of life is a gift and that storms are a natural part of life which can bring the rain needed for emotional and spiritual growth. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52. According to Paragraph 2, creators __________. A. seem willing to experience failures in life C. handle ups and downs of life wisely B. possess the ability to predict future life D. have potential to create something new【2012 山东卷 D 篇】 Last year, it was a refrigerator that tweeted. This year, it‘s Wi-Fi-enabled laundry machines and fridges that can tell you when your groceries are going bad. The washers and dryers, available starting in the spring, connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application. The phone can then be used as a remote control, so the machines can be turned on and off while their owners is at work or on the bus. Samsung says it‘s not just something new ― the app connection actually has some practical uses. DIf you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out, you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home, so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go,‖ said spokesperson Amy Schmidt. The company also says that with electricity rate(电价)varying depending on the time of day, more control over when the machines are used can help save money. Perhaps, but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies do ―enable laziness. Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done, users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------73. What can we learn about the new laundry machines? A. They can tell you when your clothes need washing B. They can be controlled with a smartphone C. They are difficult to operate D. They are sold at a low price 秘诀 12：miss (missing) ; lose (lost)是选项中答案高频暗示词!【2011 全国新课标卷 A 篇】 There is sadly no home milk delivery today. Big companies allowed the production of cheaper milk thus making it difficult for milkmen to compete (竞争). Besides, milk is for sale everywhere, and it may just not have been practiced to have a delivery service.Recently, an old milk box in the countryside I saw brought back my childhood memories. 1 took it home and planted it on the back porch (门廊). Every so often my son's friends will ask what it is. So I start telling stories of my boyhood, and of the milkman who brought us friendship along with his milk. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59. Why did the author bring back home an old milk box? A. He missed the good old days. C. He needed it for his milk bottles. B. He wanted to tell interesting stories. D. He planted flowers in it.【2010 江西卷 A 篇】 Andy rode slowly on his way to school, day-dreaming about the fishing trip that his father had promised him. He was so busy dreaming about all the fish he would catch that he was unaware of everything else around him. He rode along until a strange sound drew him to the present. He came to a stop and looked curiously up to the heavens. What he saw shocked and terrified him. A huge swarm of bees filled the sky like a black cloud and the buzzing mass seemed to be heading angrily towards him. With no time to waste, Andy sped off in the opposite direction, riding furiously―but without knowing how to escape the swarm. With a rapidly beating heart and his legs pumping furiously, he sped down the rough road. As the bees came closer, his panic increased. Andy knew that he was sensitive to bee stings(蜇). The last sting had landed him in hospital―and that was only one bee sting! He had been forced to stay in bed for two whole days. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56. Why did Andy fail to notice the swarm of bees earlier? A. He was riding to school. B. He was listening to a strange sound. C. He was going fishing with his father. D. He was lost in the thought of the fishing trip.擒贼先擒王:主旨题、写作目的题吴军答题密码方法一：找中心句 第一段首、末句(一段末出现转折) 二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定) 尾段首末句, 90%在末句有汉语标注的地方!【2012 全国新课标卷 B 篇】 Honey(蜂蜜)from the African forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. Most people, and many animals, like eating it. However, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees' nest(巢)and take the honey from it. Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper 一 a little bird called a honey guide. The honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). The little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees‘ nest. So, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. The honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. Once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. When they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. Some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63. What can be the best title for the text? A. Wild Bees C. Beekeeping in Africa B. Wax and Honey D. Honey-Lover's Helper表转折和因果处:but, yet, however, instead,today,now,Although,so, therefore,thus, as a result, because(since,as,for), one of the reasons was……, The results are……It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all , their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries. Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived . They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog‘s legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own, and so theywanted to buy frogs from other places. This seemed like money for nothing . There were millions of frogs in the fields around, and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them . Agreement was reached, and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time ,the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn‘t last long. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers A.worked very hard for centuries C.were poor but somewhat content 【2012 全国新课标 D 篇】 Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still swim as well as ever since. A man when he gets back who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins &Twinkle, twinkle, little star&。remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67. What is the main idea of paragraph 1? A. People remember well what they learned in childhood. B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups. C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words. D. Stories for children are easy to remember. .B.dreamed of having a better life D.lived a different life from their forefathers【2012 重庆卷 E 篇】 In his 1930 essay DEconomic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren D, John Keynes, economist, rewrote that human needs fall into two classes: absolute needs ,which are indeed what other have , and relative needs ,which make us feel superior to our fellows. He thought although relative needs may indeed be insatiable (无止境的) this is not true of absolute. Keynes was surely correct that only a small part of total spending id decided by the super- iority He was greatly mistaken, however, in seeing this derive as the only source of demands Decisions to spend are also driven by ideas of quality which can influence the den almost all goods, including even basic goods like food. When a couple goes out for an dinner, for example, the thought offeeling superior to others probably never comes to them. The goal is to share a special meal that stands out from other meals. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75.The author of the passage argues that ______. A. absolute needs have no limits B. demands for quality are not insatiable C. human desires influence ideas of quality D. relative needs decide most of our spending 【2012 陕西卷 C 篇】 Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe. Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风） within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be of Dmoderate‖ (良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53. The text mainly discusses the relationship between A. heart problems and air quality C. heart problems and smoking .B. heart problems and exercising D. heart problems and fatty food写作目的题秘诀 13：广告文体写作目的题一般用advertise!【2012 重庆卷 B 篇】 lists are lecturing people on everything from&100 books to read &. Aren't you Top just tired of being told what to do with your time? Now you have a list to end all lists! Take a look at the following two examples from the list of &101 things not to do&: …… Go to See the Mona Lisa? There must be something about the mysterious(神秘的)smile. The 6 million people who the lady in the Louvre every year can‘t all be wrong after all. But they can be quite and standing in front of you,holding up their cameras to prevent you from seeing anything. In fact hard for you to see the painting clearly because you have to stay away from it for security read. After queuing for hours, many tourists can remain in front of the painting only for 15 seconds most. So, still long to see the Mona Lisa? If you want to find out more about the list, read 101 Tings NOT to Do Before You Die. Visit www.not2dobeforeidie.co.uk and buy the book at a 20％ discount. 63. What is the main purpose of the passage? A. To advertise a book C. To comment on popular lists B. To introduce a website D. To recommend tourist activities.写作目的题秘诀 17：一般说明文写作目的题常用 【2012 浙江卷 C 篇】inform!There will always be conflict in schools, but that doesn't mean there needs to be violence. After students in Atlanta started a conflict resolution program, according to Educators for Social Responsibility, &64 percent of the teachers reported less physical viole 75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves&. Learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends,. teachers. parents, bosses, and coworkers. In that way, conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------54. The writer‘s purpose for writing this article is to_______. A. complain about problems in school education B. teach students different strategies for school life C. advocate teaching conflict management in schools D. inform teachers of the latest studies on school violence But 后面 violence 是重心！写作目的题秘诀 18：新闻报道写作目的题常用report!【2012 全国 II 卷 D 篇】 ADDIS ABABA, Ethiopia - One of the world's most famous fossils (化石) the 3.2 million-year-old Lucy skeleton ( 骨骼 ) unearthed in Ethiopia in 1974 - will go on an exhibition tour abroad for the first time in the United States, officials said Tuesday. Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital. Addis Ababa is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom. A team from the Museum of National Service in to U.S. tour. Texas spent four years disscusing with the Ethiopians for the U.S. tour. Which will start in Houston next September. &Ethiopia's rich culture of both the past and today, is one of the best kept secrets in the world,&said Joel Bartsch, director of the Houston museum.The six-year tour will also go to Washington, New York. Denver and Chicago. Officials said six other U.S. cities may be on the tour. But they said plans had not yet been worked out. Traveling with Lucy will be 190 other fossils. Lucy, her name taken from a Beatles song that played in a camp the night of her discovery, is part of the skeleton of what was once a 3?-foot-ball ape-man (猿人). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------53. The author writes this text mainly to _ A. introduce a few U.S. museums C. discuss the value of an ape-man _. B. describe some research work D. report a coming event阅读出题点与细节题吴军答题法则秘诀 9：找到信息点后核对选项，发现照抄原文的不是答案，同义替换的通常是答案，有时结 合答案特征，发现的更快！ Tanni‘s enduring success had been part motivation(动机), part preparation, DThe training I do that enables me to be a good sprinter(短跑运动员) enables me to be good at a marathon too. I train 50 weeks of the year and that keeps me prepared for whatever distance I want to race…. I am still competing at a very high lever, but as I get older things get harder and I want to retire before I fall apart.‖ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58. The underlined word Dthat‖ in the 5th paragraph refers to _______. （此题容易错选 A ，但正确答案是 C ，怎样避开陷阱？） A. fifty weeks‘ training C. training almost every day B. being a good sprinter D. part motivation and part preparation阅读文章结构、题材与推论题吴军突破秘诀推论题秘诀 3： 没有中心句（中心词四选项都有） ，尾段也没有核对点，则找出题点核对！【2012 福建卷 B 篇】 At exactly eleven Sir Percival knocked and entered, with anxiety and worry in every line of his face. This meeting would decide his future life，and he obviously knew it. &You may wonder, Sir Percival,‘‘ said Laura calmly, Dif I am going to ask to be released (免除）from my promise to marry you. I am not going to ask this. I respect my father's wishes too much.D 处是出题核对点！ 汉语标注His face relaxed a little, but one of his feet kept beating the carpet. &No, if we are going to withdraw.(退出）from our planned marriage, it will be because of your wish, not mine. DMine?‖ he said in great surprise. DWhat reason could I have for withdrawing?‘ &A reason that is very hard to tell you,& she answered. &There is a change in me. ‖ His face went so pale that even his lips lost their color. He turned his head to one side. &What change?& he asked, trying to appear calm. D When the promise was made two years ago, ‖ she said, my love did not belong to anyone. Will you forgive me, Sir Percival, if I tell you that it now belongs to another person?‖ DI wish you to understand, D Laura continued, Dthat I will never see this person again, and that if you leave me, you only allow mc to remain a single woman for the rest of my life. All I ask is that you forgive mc and keep my secret.& ?I will do both those things, D he said. Then he looked at Laura, as if he was waiting to hear more. &I think I have said enough to give you reason to withdraw from our marriage, D she added quietly. D No. You have said enough to make it the dearest wish of my life to marry you, D he said. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61. We can learn from the passage that .A. Laura had once promised to marry Percival B. Laura's father wished to end her marriage C. Percival had been married to Laura for two years D. Percival asked to be released from the marriage 文章取材题秘诀 5：若首段有小括号,里面有新华,搜狐,网易,新浪,路透,BBC 等提示,如 (XINHUA NET),或每段首句有具体时间信息点,则选项一定与 news 有关! 【2012 辽宁卷 C 篇】 If Confucius（孔子）were still alive today and could celebrate his September 28 birthday with a big cake, there would be a lot of candles.He‘d need a fan or a strong wind to help him put them out. While many people in China will remember Confucius on his special day, few people in the United States will give him a passing thought. It‘s nothing personal. Most Americans don‘t even remember the birthdays of their own national heroes. But this doesn‘t mean that Americans don‘t care about Confucius. In many ways he has become a bridge that foreigners must cross if they want to reach a deeper understanding of China. In the past two decades, the Chinese studies programs have gained huge popularity in Western universities. More recently, the Chinese government has set up Confucius Institutes in more than 80countries. These schools teach both Chinese language and culture. The main courses of Chinese culture usually included Chinese art, history and philosophy 哲学） （ .Some social scientists suggest that Westerners should take advantages of the ancient Chinese wisdom to make up for the drawbacks of Westerners philosophy. Students in the United States, at the same time, are racing to learn Chinese. So they will be ready for life in a world where China is an equal power with the United States. Businessmen who hope to make money in China are reading books about Confucius to understand their Chinese customers. So the old thinker‘s ideas are still alive and well. Today China attracts the West more than ever, and it will need more teachers to introduce Confucius and Chinese culture to the West. As for the old thinker, he will not soon be forgotten by people in the West, even if his birthday is. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67. The passage is likely to appear in ___________. A. a biography C.a newspaper B. a history paper D. a philosophy textbook文章取材题秘诀 6： 文章首尾句看是否有关键信息点,比如 book,可能是书的前言或简介,若有 价格,与钱有关或访问某网站,则可能是广告(advertisement)! 【2010 湖北卷 C 篇】 This brief book is aimed at high school students , but speaks to anyone learning at any stage of life. Its formal ,serious style closely matches its content ,a school-masterly book on schooling .The author , W .H . Armstrong ,starts with the basics : reading and writing . In his opinion , reading doesn‘t just mean recognizing ea it means taking in the information,digesting it and incorporating it into oneself just as one digests a sandwich and makes it a part of himself .The goal is to bring the information back to life , not just to treat it as dead facts on paper from dead trees . Reading and writing cannot be completely separa in fact ,the aim of reading is to express the information you have got from the text .I‘ve seen it again and again ： some-one who can‘t express an idea after reading a text is just as ineffective as someone who hasn‘t read it at all. Only a third of the book remains after that discussion ,which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages ,math , science and history . He generally handles these topics thoroughly(透彻地) and equally ,except for some weakness in the science and math sections and a bit too much passion(激情) regarding history to his students , that was a hundred times more than my history teachers ever got across .To my disappointment , in this part of the book he ignores the arts .As a matter of fact ,theydemand all the concentration and study that math and science do,though the study differs slightly in kind .Although it‘s commonly believed that the arts can only be naturally acquired ,actually ,learning the arts is no more natural than learning French or mathematics. My other comment is that the text aged. The first edition apparently dates to the 1960s―none of the references(参考文献)seem newer than the late 1950s. As a result, the discussion misses the entire computer age. These are small points, though, and don‘t affect the main discussion. I recommend it to any student and any teacher, including the self-taught student. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------66. This passage can be classified as________. A. an advertisement C. a feature story B. a book review D. A news report【2012 北京卷 A 篇】 The Basics of Math―Made Clear Basic Math introduces students to the basic concepts of mathematics, as well as the fundamentals of more tricky areas. These 30 fantastic lectures are designed to provide students with an understanding of arithmetic and to prepare them for Algebra(代数) and beyond. The lessons in Basic Math cover every basic aspect of arithmetic. They also look into exponents(指数), the order of operations, and square roots. In addition to learning how to perform various mathematical operations, students discover why these operations work, how a particular mathematical topic relates to other branches of mathematics, and how these operations can be used practically. Basic Math starts from the relatively easier concepts and gradually moves on to the more troublesome ones, so as to allow for steady and sure understanding of the material by students. The lectures offer students the chance to Dmake sense‖ of mathematical knowledge that may have seemed so frightening. They also help students prepare for college mathematics and overcome their anxiety about this amazing―and completely understandable―field of study. By the conclusion of the course, students will have improved their understanding of basic math. They will be able to clear away the mystery(神秘性) of mathematics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined. In addition, they will strengthen their ability to accept new and exciting mathematical challenges. Professor H. Siegel, honored by Kentucky Educational Television as Dthe best math teacher in America,‖ is a devoted teacher and has a gift for explaining mathematical concepts in ways that make them seem clear and obvious. From the basic concrete ideas to the more abstract problems, he is master inmaking mat}