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This is the very room_________I slept in that evening. A. that B. which C. where D. at which [析]时间状语 that evening 前面不必加介词 in，故这个定语从句应用关系代词引导，考虑到先行词被 very 修 饰，故用 that 引导定语从句。试比较: This is the very room where I slept in the evening. 13. The country life he was used to_________greatly since the opening policy. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. having changed [析]he was used to 在句中作定语从句，修饰 life。分析句子结构，整个句子缺少谓语动词，故填入主句谓语。九、定语从句干扰14. The young student did all that he could_________the examinations. A. pass B. to pass C. passing D. passed [析]that he could (do) 是定语从句，修饰 all。to pass the examinations 在句子中作目的状语。 15. Mrs. Brown was much disappointed to see the washing machine she had had_________went wrong again. A. it B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired [析]这道题考查了两个知识点，一是考查了 have sth. done 结构，二是定语从句。she had had repaired(had 的 宾语 which 在定语从句中提前，且省略了)是定语从句，修饰 the washing machine。此句可译为:&布朗夫人 很失望地发现她刚刚请人修理好的洗衣机又出了毛病。&十、非正常语序干扰16. 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A. who B. which C. that D. where [析]多义词 character 在两个例句中有不同的含义。在例 1 中，character 表示&人物&，例 2 中，character 表示 &性格&。 参考答案: 参考答案 1-5 BBBAB 6-10 BBCAB 11-15 AABBC 16-20 CBDAB第一节 动词的时态 ：讲 12 种? 特别关注：1、一般现在时的特殊用法；2、一般过去时；3、过去进行时 4、现在完成时 5、 过去完成时；6、将来完成时；7、现在完成进行完成时；8、过去完成进行时。 一、一般现在式： 特殊用法： 在时间状语、条件状语从句(if, unless)中表示将来的动作: A．时间状语(before, after, untill, as soon as, when)： They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _finish_their exams. When the mixture _is heated , it will give off a powerful force. 34.”When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?” “As soon as D.we complete our work for tomorrow.” B．条件状语(if, unless)： We’ll go fishing if weather is good tomorrow. D。改为 is free。when 引导的时间状语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。2000 年试题 A I can’t go to your birthday party unless my father agrees. 除非我爸爸同意,否则我去不了你的生日会 二、一般过去时： (要掌握常用不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式,40 个左右) 1、简单陈述去过的动作或状态：would do 2、used to do sth be used to doing 过去常常做(现在不做了); 习惯于做……(现在还在做) (03/11 试 A)We used to swim in the river when we were in the countryside. 我们过去常在河里游泳。(现在不了)3The old man is used to getting up early in the morning. 老人习惯早起 3、It is …time since +从句引导的时间状语从句中, since 后谓语动词用一般过去时(自从…以来) 三、一般将来时 1、will（shall）+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。 例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。 2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。 例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个演讲吗？ 3、be to +动词原形： 强调按安排或计划\命令要求\命中注定的动作 The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day 三环路将在国庆节前通车。 You are to do your homework. 你必须先做作业 Your plan is to fail. 你的计划注定失败 4、用某些动词的现在进行时表达根据计划、安排而将于近期（将来）发生的事情，代表动词： go ,come, start, stop, arrive， leave， play 等 We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。 5、一般现在时表示将来（见前一、一般现在时） 四、现在进行时 1、表示说话时（现阶段）正在进行的动作。 The teacher is talking with his students. 这位老师正在同他的学生交谈 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，但此刻并不一定在进行。 I am attending a conference in Beijing. 我正在北京参加一个会议。 2、表示经常或反复发生的动作，但往往带有欣赏、厌恶等的感情色彩 He is always thinking of others first. 他总是先为别人着想。(欣赏) Why are you always leaving things behind. 你怎么总是丢三落四的(厌恶) 3、描述某人一时的表现，通常用动词 be 的进行时态 She is being friendly today. 五、过去进行时 间。 I fell and hurt myself while I _ A. was playing_ tennis. （98 年 43 题） 重点：when 和 while 的区别 when 表示时间上的点，引导的句子用一般过去时 while 表示持续的一段时间，引导的句子用过去进行时 六、现在完成时 have/has done(过去分词) 她今天很友善。 （平时不这样） was/were doing表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时1 表示过去到现在这段时间完成完成并对现在有影响的动作或状态 常和 just, already, so far, yet, 、 ， up to now, up to the present, recently, lately, in the past few years 连用。 I have seeen the film. 我看过这个电影。(我了解电影的内容) 2、表示过去开始一直延续到现在的动作、状态、经历或习惯等，通常和延续性动词连用： stay, study, live, to be, teach, work …, 常用 since， even since 引导的短语或从句，或由 for 引导的短语 连用。 He has lived here for 30 years. 他住在这儿已经三十年了（现在还住在这儿）4Have you even been to Tibet?你去过西藏吗？C。应改为 have had difficulty 。因为 ever since 引导句子的时候，从句用过去时， 主句要用现在完成时。(2001 年试题) 3、固定句式：it is the first/second/last time that +延续性动词过去完成时 It is the first time that I have met Jane. 那是我第一次见到简。 （2）It is 3 years since I left Shanghai .我离开上海已经三年了。 4、现在完成时和一般过去时 Jone has lived Landon for 10 years. Jone lived Landon for 10 years. 七、过去完成时 现在还住 曾经住，现在不在了 had done1、表示在过去的某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作（即过去的过去） 。可用 by, uptill, before, after, when 等介词或连词引导的短语或从句表示。 When I arrived he had left. before. 2、没有时间状语时，时间先后收上下文表示： I didn’t know he had moved out. 3、特殊用法： （1）和 before 连用，表示“还没来得及…就…“ She wept before I had realized what was happening. 我还没明白怎么回事之前她就哭了 （2）It was the first/second/last time that + 过去完成时 It was the first time (that) they had tried foreign food. 这是他们第一次吃西餐。 4、常用在 no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…，一…就…。句型之中，句子到装。 I had no sooner returned than he called. 八、将来完成时：表示在将来某一时间以前已完成或发生的动作 By the end of next month, he will have been here for 10 years. 到下个月为止，他在这住了 10 年了 24、I _D.shall have finished _ writing the article by the time you get. (00) 30. By next year he A. has worked in New York for five years. (0411A) 我不知道他已经搬家了 我到那他刚走 (0311 试 A) 40、When I went to visit Mrs.Smith last week, I was told she D. had left tow days九、现在完成进行时：表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的动作 have/has been doing We have been waiting for you for an hour. 我们等了你一小时了。( 动作到此为止，不持续下去) I have been learning English for 10 years. 我学英语 10 年了。(还要继续学下去) 十、过去将来时：表示相对于过去的将来，多见于间接引语 出现在阅读或完型中 形式： would do 或 was/were going to do5He said that he would watch his car the next day. 他说明天要洗车。 He said that he was going to watch his car the next day. 十一、过去完成进行时：表示过去某一时刻以前一直延续的的动作 had been doing They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came. 64. Even though Sedat has been studying English for three years before came to the United States , It is still difficult for him to expresshimself. B. has been 改为 had been 十二、将来完成进行时：表示将来某一时刻以前一直进行的动作。 By next month he will have been working in out factory for 30 years. 到下个月他在我们工厂工作 30 年了。 41. By the time you arrive this evening, D. I will have been studying house. 0411A) for two ( (0304A)第二节 被动语态to do sth. 挑错题中一般集中在??特别关注：不定式的被动式，由主动变被动时 to 的特殊处理 相关知识： A、及物动词和不及物动词 及物动词：后面可直接加宾语(名词、动名词、人称代词的宾格、数词) 不及物动词：后面不可直接加宾语，＋介词＋宾语 有些动词在不同的句子中既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词。water 49. These part-time students expect to to offer some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation. (0404A) 答：A，改为 to be offed。 offer 为及物动词，后面必须有宾语，若后面宾语，应是被动句 B、行为动词与系动词 行为动词：表示实际动作，包括表示思维活动的词: want, think…等 系动词：表示主语的性质、状态和特征，be 动词、可放在形容词前的某些动词：get、run、turn、 smell…等 一、何种情况下可使用被动语态： 1，强调动作的接受者。 The kitchen is shared by the three of us. Football is played over of the world. 厨房是我们三人用。 世界各地都踢足球。2，不知道或没必要说明的执行者是谁。 The data have been computerized for two years now. 这些数据已经由计算处理两年了。 These books are written for children. 这些书是儿童读物63，出于礼貌、措辞婉转等原因不方便、不愿意说明动作的执行者。 I was told that you are very lazy. The car was damaged. 4，避免变换主语，以求行文流畅。 He appeared on the stage and was warmly applaused by the audience. 他出现在舞台上时，观众的热烈鼓掌。 二、使用被动高不成低不就需要注意的问题 1，不定式的被动式 to be done 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式表示的动作的接受者, 用被动式 He asked to be sent to work in Tibet. 他要求派去西藏工作 I want to do some shopping tomorrow. It’s an honour for me to be invited to speak here today. 很荣幸被邀请 Are you going to the meeting to be held at 6:00? 你要参加 6 点的会吗？ 22. The famous novel is said _ C. to have been translated _ into Chinese. 本句是动词不定式的完成、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的对象时（或是动 作的承受者时） ，不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动作或状态 之前。如：He is not likely to have been told the result.这个结果可能还没有告诉 他。 17. We shall ask for samples decision. A. to be sent be A. put off 34. The question A. to discuss C B. being sent C . B. put away B. being discussed discussed 2，某些动词由主动变被动时不定式符号”to”的处理 7 个感观动词 see, watch, observe, notice, listen to, hear, 3 个使役动词 let, have 让, make 56. The teacher has his students _____ a composition every other week. A. to write B. written C. writing D. write (2000) A and then we can make our (0311) C. to set D. to have been sent (0311) C. put out C. to be discussed D. put up (0411) D. will be 我听人说你很懒。 车撞坏了。18. The forest fire caused by the volcano is difficult toat the meeting tomorrow is very important.D。have sb do sth 让某人做某事。have 此处为使役动词，后面接宾补的时候省 to 58. The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder. A. came B. come C. to come D. have come (2000) C。感官动词 feel，hear，see，watch 等后面接宾补的时候，要用无 to 不定式。但如果句子 是主语的补足语的话，要加上 to。3，短语动词的被动语态。动词后面接一个介词或副词构成短语，将其看成一个及物动词。 The children are well looked after. 这些孩子得到了很好的照顾。(介) The meeting has been put off till next week. 会议被推迟到下周。(副)7注意：不是所有短的语动词都有被动语态，判断：相连的介词或副词不能折开 4，带情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+过去分词。 Bad things sometimes can be turned into good ones. 坏事有时可变好事 5，被动语态后可接从句或 W＋不定式 He was told that his father was sick. 他被告知他父亲病了 A assistant of the shop was asked where to find the manager. 6，特殊句型 A. to have translated be said/reported to have done 据说/据报道 C. to have been translated D. to translate22. The famous novel is said _____ into Chinese. B. to be translate 答 C。本句是动词不定式的完成、被动式。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的对象 时（或是动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语 动作或状态之前。如：He is not likely to have been told the result.这个结果可能还没有告诉 他。 (2000)7，get + 动词过去分词构成被动语态， 多用于口语或非正式书面语中 He had some pictures taken in the park. 他在公园里照了几张像。(别人给他照的 48. I have taken many photos. I'm going to get the film _____. A. being developed 是由别人完成的。 B. developing C. developed D. to be developed (2001) 答：C。过去分词在动词 have, get 两词后面作宾补时,常常表示这个动作不是由主语完成的,而第三节 情态动词情态动词用来表示能力、允许、许诺、可能、劝告、意愿等概念或态度,无人称变化,在句子 中和动词原形一起构成谓语。着重测验情态动词接完成时的用法。 一、must + have done A. would have had 表示对过去发生的事情的有把握的猜测。 C. should have had D. must have had C. would have arrived D. would arrive 58、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time. (D,01) B. could have had B. should arrive 47. Something must have happened on their way here. Or they _________by now. (02) A. should have arrived 答：C。第一句是 must+have +过去分词的结构，表示对过去事实的推测。The road is wet. It must have rained last night.路是湿的，昨晚上肯定下雨了。因此我们可以推断：这是一个和 过去的事实相反的虚拟语气。should +have +过去分词的结构，表示对过去动作的责备、批评。 如：You should have gone over your lessons.你应当把功课复习好的。但是此句只是一个表示 和过去的事实相反的虚拟句子，并没有责备的意思。本句意思：路上肯定出事了,否则他们现在 已经到了。因此正确答案应是 C. 35. Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it A. must rain B. was raining last night. (C,0411) D. may rain C. must have rainedmay + have done 对过去发生的事情的较有把握的猜测，“也许“822. I can’t find the recorder in the room. It C may have been taken by somebody. ( 0311) 二、should (ought to) + have done 含有对过去的动作的责备、批评意思 肯定表示应该做的事情而没有做 26、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I ____ him earlier. (2000) A. had a telephone B. have phoned C. should have phoned 否定式表示不该做的事情做了 They should not have left so soon. 他们不应该这么早就走的 She was very unhappy. You ought not to have hurt her feeling. 她当时够难受了你不应该再伤害她 三、would (not) have done 表示过去没有完成的动作，多和虚拟语气连用，不含批评意思 45. Mary said to me, “Had I seen your bag, I A. will return B. must return it to you.” (D,0404) C. could return D. would have returned D. should be phoned 36、You ought to B to have reported the matter to the manager the day before yesterday.四、could + have done 表示过去存在的某种可能性，但这种可能性由于客观条件限制没能实现。表示对过去能做而 未做的事情感到惋惜，遗憾。 You could have made a more detailed plan. 你本可以做出更详尽的计划。 He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time. 他本来能够参加我们的，但是他没有收到我们的请贴。第四节 虚拟语气??所表示的条件根本不可能实现或实现的可能性很小，称为虚拟条件句。 虚拟条件句，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类： 假设类型 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 条件从句动词的时态 词原型 if had + 去过分词 would/should/might/could + have 过去分词 与将来事实可能相反 形 if were to + 动词原形 if should + 动词原 一、在条件句中的应用： If he had time, he would come. I would certainly go if I had time. If he were here, he might help you. 如果有时间，他一定来。(已经过去) 如果我有时间当然去。 如果他在这也许帮能你。 (C, 95 年) A. 现在事实 would/should/might/could + 动词原型 + 结果主句的动词的时态 would/should/might/could + 动 if + 过去式(be 只用 were 不用 was)1、I would ask George to lend us the money if I _____ him.9A. had knownB. have known B. 过去事实C. knewD. know (C, 95 年)59、If Bob____ with us, he would have had a good time. A. would come B. would have come C. 将来事实 we would state at home if it should rain tomorrow. If I were to do the examination I would it some other way. 注意 C. had comeD. came⑴条件从句中，如果含有 be 动词、助动词、情态动词, had, should 或动词 to have，可省略 if， 要倒装，即把这些词放到主语前面。 1. _____ you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions. A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. Did I have realized that B. could have gone C. would go 57. Had the weather been good, the children _____ out for a walk. A. had gone D. went (B, 96 年) (2001) D. As I realized答：B。当虚拟语气中含有 were, had, should, would 等词时， 可以省略 if, 把这些词放在 主语之前。Should I meet her, I would tell her.万一我见到他， 我会告诉他的。Were I in your position, I would do it better.如果我处在你的位置上， 我会做的更好。Had they made preparations, they would have succeeded.如果他们准备了的话， 他们应该能成功的。本句为 和过去的事实相反的虚拟语气，因此选 B。 32. business. (D, 0404) A. If he took B. If he should take C. Were he to take D. Had he taken the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his⑵ 条件从句有时可以用介词短语代替。有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而用其它方式 来表示，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。常用 with，without，but for。 We couldn’t have achieved so much without your help. 要不是你们帮忙我们不会取得这么大的成绩 36. But for my classmates’ help, I A. did not finish B. could not finish the work in time. C. will not finish well. (D, 0404) D. would not have finished (A, 0411) D. would not be grown32. Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth A. would not growB. will not grow C. had not grown二、以 wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句，虚拟语气中时态类似在非真实条件从句中时 态的应用―时态后移, 引导从句的 that 可以省略 ⑴表示现在或将来的愿望相反的用过去时：主语＋wish ＋从句(过去时) were I wish (that) I were as young as you. 我真希望和你们一样年青 I wish (that) I knew his address. 我真希望知道他的地址 与将来的愿望相反即愿望难以实现 （用过去将来时） wish I could be of more use in the future. ，I 我希望我将来有点用处。 ⑵表示与过去没有实现的愿望用过去完成时： 主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）10I wished he hadn’t made the big mistake.他要是不犯那个大错误，该有多好！ 32. Peter wishes that he ___ law instead of literature when he was in college. (C, 2000) A. could study A. were B. studied B. would be C. had studied C. had been D. would study (C, 2001) D. will be 53. I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.三、以 suggest，propose, order, command, demand，require，request, insist, desire, advise, ask 等词后引导的宾语从句，从句结构为 should+动词原形，should 可省略 They requested that the students (should) learn the second language. 他们要求学生要学第二外语。 1、The doctor advised that Mr. Malan ____ an operation right away so as to save his life. A. had B. would have have A. put on B. puts on C. have (C,98 年) (A, 99 年) D. putting on C. to put D. was going to58、His mother insisted that he _____ the coat when going out.答案：D。应改为 have。 suggest, insist, order, demand, request, command, require 等动词 引导宾语从句时， 要用虚拟语气，谓语动词要 should (可以省略)+原形动 词。 (2002)51. We strongly suggest that Smith is told about his physical condition as soon as possible. 答案：C, 改为 be told, 42. The doctor advised her that she A. to get got 四、在某些主语从句中的虚拟语气 ⑴ It is …that 引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用 should+原形动词，should 可以省略。 suggest，propose, order, require, desire, ask ⑵ It is + 形容词＋that 引导的主语从句中，从句的谓语动词要用 should+原形动词，should 可 以省略。important, necessary, vital, desirable, preferable, advisable, urgent, esseneial, requested，ordered It is strange that he（should）go himself.真奇怪，他怎么自己独自去呢？ 29、It’s desired that she _____ to teach us at least twice a week. A. comes B. will come C. come 43 、It is desirable that he _____. 45、It’s urgent that a meeting _____ before the final decision is made. A. will be arranged A. is B. be 24. It’s vital that enough money C. must be (C, 97 年) D. may come （B, 2000） (C, 2003) B. get (2003/11) enough rest before going back to work. C. gets D. (B, 0401)A.gives up trying B.give up trying C.would give up trying D.is going to give up trying B. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged collected to get the project started. D. can be (B,110411) 五、在某些表语从句和同位语从句中的应用, 形式：should + 动词原形，should 可省略。 表语 前及同位语 that 前的名词：suggestion, proposal, motion, order, request，plan, idea, advice My suggestion is that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups. 我的建议是我们派几个人去帮助其他小组。 47. Her suggestion that everybody _____ was not appreciated. A. sing a song important tasks. A. would leave B. leave C. left B. sang a song C. sung a song (A,同位语从句,2001) D. singing a song (B,表语从句,2002) D. have left48. The general's command was that the soldiers _________their fort and carry out more六、以 as if，as though 引导的方式状语从句中 ⑴ 表示对现在的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去式 1、He talks as if he _____ everything in the world. A. knows B. knew C. had known D. would have known （答 B。本句表示说话人对现在的情况有所怀疑，用过去时。） 2、You are talking as if you had seen them 你谈的那么起劲，好像你真的见过似的。（表示想象中的过去的动作） ⑵ 表示对过去的情况有所怀疑，动词用过去分词七、用在由 last, for fear that, in case(免得,以防万一)引导的目的状语从句，表示忧虑或担 心。 A. in case 形式：should + 动词原型， should 不能省略 (2002) D. for fear of B. in case of C. in order that 27. I wrote it down_________I should forget it.答：A。in case:（连词） 。本句意思:我写了下来，免得忘了。又如：Keep the window closed in case it rains.把窗子关好，以防下雨。in case of (介词短语)：假使、如果发生。In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.如遇火警，即按铃。In order that （连词，引导目的状语从句）为了…In order that he should not be late , his mother woke him at 6. 为了不使他迟到，母亲在 6 点种叫醒他。 for fear of:（介词）生怕、以免。She left an hour early for fear of missing her train. 她提早一小 时离开以免误了火车。 59. Written applications should be sent to us in case _____ some problems with the electric version. A. there will be B. there is C. there be D. there was (C,2002)八、would rather (that) ＋ 动词过去时，表示没发生的动作 45、I’d _____ you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind. A. rather A. come B. better C. happier C. came D. further D. have come (C,2002) (A,98)46、I am too busy these days. I would rather all of you ____ next month for a dinner. B. would come九、It is (high) time (that)…引导的定语从句中,动词用过去时, “(早就)该干…”未发生1243、It’s high time we _____ something to stop traffic accident. A. do A. give up A. played football B. will do B. gave up C. did C. would give up . D. must do 2、Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking? 43. Let’s finish our homework in a few seconds, it’s time we(C, 96) (B,99) D. should give up (A, 0411)B. will play football C. play football D. are playing football语法非谓语动词非谓语动词可谓是语法项目考查的重点，那么非谓语动词的考查都有哪些特点，解答时又应注意 些什么呢？下面分析一下： 1、非谓语动词考查特点 1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断 对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如： All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A. had been canceled B. have been canceled C. were canceled D. having been canceled 四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有 D 是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词 做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。 2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择 谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是三级语法测试中的一个题眼。如： ① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make ② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in. A. to close B. closing C. to have closed D. having closed ③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 这类题涉及三个方面： 谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？ 即可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？ 不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？ 3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择 从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：13(1)对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如： ① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users. A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished ② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ______. A. to correct B. correcting C. having been corrected D. being corrected 同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律,就可以判断①题答案为 C，②题答案为 D。 (2)对固定结构的考查，如： ① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in favor of the new theory. A. to be based on B. to base on C. which to base on D. on which to base ② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed ①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为 D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为 A。在英 语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及 means, way, time, moment, reason 等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。 4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如： ① ______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed ② _______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming ③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch. A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not ④ ___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles. A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed 从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有： (1)状语类别的判断 不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。 (2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系 根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。14(3)非谓语动词的否定形式 not 否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。 (4) 独立成分 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成 分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。 5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择 做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年 对各类宾补都有考查。如： ① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed ② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute ______. A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled ③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising ④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose. A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering ⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating ⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 考查涉及到 感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。 have, make, let, leave 等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。 regard 类后面的宾语补足语 with 独立分句后面的 常用动词后面的宾语补足语。 6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择 表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式 作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如： ① The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the mountain. A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated15② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them. A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded 分词做表语可以做系动词 be 的表语 也可以做其它系动词的表语 如 go, feel,seem, look, remain ， ， 等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。 7) to 作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择 to 可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，三级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如： ① I have no objection _______ your story again. A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard ② The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems. A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal ③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. (1997.6) A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told 这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项 to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是 to 的性质；另一种是 to 在题干中，如③。 8) 分词前连词的使用 分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况 (1)根据连词选择适当的分词形式 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______. A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded when 的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是 B，从 scold 与句子主语间的逻辑关系 来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是 D。 (2)根据状语的功能选择不同的连词 Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs ___ directed. A. like B. so C. which D. as 由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是 as。 9) 非谓语动词的体 非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即 having done, having been done 和 being done， 完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。 动名词的体也有 having done, having been done 和 being done 的结构主要用于做主语和宾语 的场合。 不定式的体有 to be doing 和 to have done，主要用于 pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to 等结构中。如：16① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company. A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told having told 在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。 ② I'd rather read t the programs seem ____ all the time. A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse 从 all the time 的使用可以推断 get worse 是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。 ③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started. A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered 该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用 完成体，答案为 D。非谓语动词 1.非谓语动词用作主语 2.非谓语动词用作宾语 3.非谓语动词用作定语 4.非谓语动词用作状语 5.非谓语动词用作宾补 非谓语动词为英语自学考试中出题最多的题型，重点考查不定式，分词和动名词 的句法功能。下面就非谓语动词的用法作一简要概述。 【用作主语】 非谓语动词能用作主语的只有不定式和动名词，它们在这一用法上略有区别： 1. 表示抽象的概念时，可用不定式或动名词作主语；表示个别的，具体的动作或 表示将来的意思时，只能用不定式作主语。 ① To solve the problem is out of question. 解决这个问题不在话下。 （表示个别，具体的动作，不用动名词短语 solving the problem 作主语。） ② We can not accept this idea. To accept it means to give up our stand. 我们不能接受这个观点，接受它就意味着放弃了我们自己的立场。 （To accept 表示一种将来的含义。） 2. 1）不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时常用形式主语 it 引导。有时两者可互用。 It is not easy to master (mastering) a foreign language. 掌握一门外语不容易。 2）但在 It is no good/ use / help/ point/ sense …, 和 There is no … 等句式中，一般用动名词,不可用不定 式代替。 ① There is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶撒了，哭也没有用。 ② It is no he never answers letters. 给他写信一点用也没有，他从不回信。 Is there any good trying to explain? 解释会有用吗 3） 不定式的复合结构常用“It + be + adj. + for + 代词宾格+不定式”的句式，其中不定式是真正的主语， 代词宾格为它的逻辑主语。 ① It is necessary for us to do some more practice. 我们必须多做一些练习。 ② That is really kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。 （在口语中，如果形容词和逻辑主语的关系很密切，常用 of 代替 for，组成习惯用法。）17【用作宾语】 不定式和动名词均可用作宾语。 1. 一些动词要求用不定式作宾语，常见的有：afford, agree, ask, want, hope, decide, like, wish, try, learn, except, prefer, begin, help, offer, start, fail, plan, promise, refuse, 等动词。 I can not afford to buy a new car. 我买不起一辆新车。 2. 一些动词要求用动名词作宾语，常见的有：enjoy, finish, avoid, excuse, mind, suggest, practise, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, quit, risk, stop, miss, complete, escape, mention, favor 等动词。 ①He still did not admit stealing the diamond. 他仍然不承认偷了钻石。 ②You should practise speaking English as much as possible. 你应该多练习说英语。 3. 有些动词后既可跟不定式又可跟动名词作宾语。这有几种情况： 1）如 like, begin, start, want, love, hate, attempt, continue, intend, prefer 等动词，跟不定式或动名词 作宾语意思差别不太大。一般说来，用动名词表示的是抽象的，时间不确定的动作；用不定式表示的是具 体的，确切的动作。 ① I like walking to school. 我喜欢步行去上学。（表示一个总体抽象的概念） ② I would like to walk to school today. 我今天想步行去上学。（表示一个具体的，确切的动作） 2) 有些动词，如 stop, remember, forget, try, propose, mean, regret 等，后接不定式和接动名词意思 不同。 stop to do 停下来去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 remember/forget to do 记得/忘了要去做某事 remember/forget doing 记得/忘了做过某事 try to do 努力，企图 try doing 试一试某种方法 regret to do 对尚未做或正在做的事表示遗憾 regret doing 对做过的事表示后悔 mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味着 propose to do 打算做某事 propose doing 建议做某事 ① I do not remember ever meeting that man. 我不记得见过那个人。 Please remember to phone me when you get there. 请到那儿之后给我打电话。 ② I propose resting for half an hour. 我建议休息半个小时。 I propose to go to London this summer. 我打算夏天到伦敦去。 ③ I regret to tell you that you lost the game. 我非常遗憾地通知你，你输了。 3) 有些动词，如 advise, admit, allow, authorize, bear, consider, like,encourage, forbid, intend, permit, recommend 等，可同时用于“主语 + 动词 + 动名词”和“主语 + 动词 + 宾语 + 不定式”的结构中。 ① They encouraged learning English by radio. 他们鼓励通过收音机学英语。 They encouraged me to learn English by radio. 他们鼓励我通过收音机学英语。 ② She recommended visiting the Great Wall. 她推荐游览长城。 She recommended us to visit the Great Wall. 她建议我们游览长城。 4）need, want, require, deserve, demand, bear 等动词后，跟不定式时，用被动形式表示被动含义； 跟动名词时，用主动形式表被动含义。注意：此时主语多为物。 This book deserves mentioning / to be mentioned. 这本书值得一提。 The room needs cleaning / to be cleaned. 屋子需要打扫了。18【用作定语】 1. 不定式，动名词和分词都可作定语。 1）不定式作定语，一般后置，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系。因此，如不定式为不及物 动词，需带相应的介词。 The subject I am going to write about is rather interesting. 我正要写的这个题目十分有意思。（write 后需加上介词 about） 2）动名词作定语相当于名词作定语，一般前置。 ① a swimming pool 游泳池 ② reading material 阅读材料 3）分词作定语相当于形容词作定语，单个分词作定语一般前置（但单个过去分词 常后置），分词短语总是后置。 Matter is the name given to everything which has weight and occupies space. 物质是一种名称，用来指任何一个有重量占空间的东西。 2. 分词与不定式作定语的区别： 1）现在分词作定语表示事实，正在进行之事；不定式作定语表示目的，忠告，将 要做之事。 2）分词作定语时，单个分词作定语一般前置（但单个过去分词常后置），分词短 语总是后置；不定式作定语，一般后置，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上存在着动宾关系 或主谓关系。 ① The next train to arrive was from New York.下一辆到站的列车是从纽约开来的。（train 和 arrive 构成主谓关系；to arrive 是一种将来的动作。） ② I need a pen to write with. 我需要一只笔写字。（pen 和 write 构成主谓关系；介词 with 不可省。） ③ He has too many things to do. 他要做的事情太多了。（do 和 things 构成动 宾关系；to do 是一种将来的动作。） ④ A little child learning to walk often falls. 学走路的孩子常常摔跤。（learning to walk 表示一种正在 进行之动作。） ⑤ He wants his egg fried. 他要吃煎鸡蛋 (fried 为过去分词,后置,有一种被动的含义 等于 to be fried) 。 ， 【用作状语】 1. 不定式和分词都可用作状语。 1) 不定式作状语常用作目的状语，原因状语，结果状语，表示一种目的，结果， 或者表示未来的动作。分词作状语，可表示时间，原因，伴随状况，让步，条件，方式等。 2) 现在分词作状语表示一种主动。过去分词作状语表示被动，并常用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。 ① To become a teacher, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. 要成为一名教师，至少 必须得有硕士学位。（不定式作目的状语，并表示一种未来的动作） ② Arriving home at daybreak, he felt deadly tired. 他天亮了才到家，都快累死了。（现在分词作时 间状语） ③ We jumped with joy to hear the news. 听到那个消息，我们高兴得跳起来。（不定式作原因状语） We jumped with joy on hearing the news. 听到那个消息，我们高兴得跳起来。（现在分词作原因状 语） ④ Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep. 他专心致志于这项工作到了废寝忘食的地 步。（过去分词作伴随状语，并表示被动。） ⑤ Caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。（用过去分词只强调原因，无时间 概念。） Having caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。（用现在分词完成式强调分词19动作发生在主句动作之前。） Being caught in the rain, he was wet to the skin. 他被雨淋得湿透了。（用现在分词被动式强调分词 动作与主句动作同时发生。） 2. 分词独立主格结构 一般分词结构作状语时,其逻辑主语就是主句的主语；而独立主格结构作状语的条件就是其逻辑主语与 主句的主语不一致。分词独立主格结构的作用相当于分词短语作状语，表示原因，时间，让步，伴随状况 等。 ① The work done, we felt relieved. 工作做完了，我们感到很轻松。 ② Weather permitting, we'll go for a picnic. 要是天气允许的话，我们就去野餐。 ③ The students having done all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.学生做完所有 的练习后，老师接着讲课文。 【用作宾补】 不定式和分词都可用作宾语补足语。 1. 不定式作宾语补足语表示动作的全过程，且动作已完成。有时还可表示一般事 实。现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动，动作正在进行；过去分词作宾语补足语表示被 动，以及动作的完成。 ① When I caught him cheating me, I stopped buying things there. 当我抓到他欺骗我时，我就不再 在那儿买东西了。 ② Don't get y stay with us. 不要改变你的安排，跟我们在一起吧。 ③ You can count on us to give you full support. 你放心，我们会全力支持你的。 2. 一些动词，如 have, make, see, watch, observe, perceive, feel, smell, hear, listen to 等，要求用不带 to 的动词不定式作宾补。 ① We saw him go out. 我们看见他出去了。 ② Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张了起来。 但这种句子如果变为被动结构，to 就必须要恢复。 ① They were made to work day and night. 他们被迫日夜工作。 3. 动词不定式带 to 与不带 to 的小结。 1）在 had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might(just) as well, can not but 等搭配之后，动词不定式不带 to。 ① They cannot but accept his idea. 他们不得不接受他的主意。 ② I'd rather not have classes in the morning. 我不愿意上午上课。 2) 在介词 except, but 之后，如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式，不定式一般不带 to；反之则须带 to。 ① There's nothing to do except wait for another train. 没有办法只有等下一列火车了。 ② There's nothing else to do but send for the doctor. 别无它法只好请大夫了。 ③ Nothing could save the company but to reform. 只有改革才能挽救这个公司。 3）连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时，其后的不定式不带 to。 Rather than cause trouble, I am going to forget the whole affair. 我想把这事完全忘掉，而不是若麻 烦。 4）在 Why, Why not 结构中，紧接其后的动词不定式总是不带 to。 ① Why argue with him? 为什么跟他争吵呢？ ② Why not send her some flowers? 为什么不送她一些花呢？ 语法练习 1. He turned round only ____ that his purse was stolen. B20A. seeB. to see C. saw D. seeing 分析 选B译文：他转身发现钱包被人偷走了。 解：only 后接不定式，表示意料不到的结果，作句子的结果状语。 2. The man wore dark glasses to avoid ____ . D A. to recognize B. to be recognized 分析 选D 译文：那个男人戴着墨镜，以免被认出来。 解：avoid 要求动名词作宾语。根据句子意思，the man 是动作 recognize 的承受者，故应为被动语态。 3.Do you remember ____ to Professor Smith during your last visit? C A. to be introduced B. having introduced C. being introduced 分析 选C 译文：你还记不记得你上一次来访的时候被介绍给史密斯先生? 解：remember 后接动词不定式一般式作宾语表示即将发生的动作；接动名词作宾语表示已经发生的 动作。从本句的时间状语 during your last visit 可知这是一个已经发生了的动作。动词 introduce 和听话人 you 之间为动宾关系，故应为被动语态。 4.____ enough time and funds, scientists would have been able to discover more in this field. A A. Given B. Giving 分析 选A 译文：如果给予足够的时间和资金，科学家们会在这个领域发现更多。 解：因为非谓语动词的逻辑主语是 scientists，它是 give 动作的承受者，因此应用过去分词。 5.When the bell sounded, the boys rushed out of the classroom, each ____ a number of new books under his arm.. C A. having carried B.carries 分析 选C 译文：铃响了，一群男孩子们冲出了教室，每个人的胳臂下都夹着一些新书。 解：分词独立结构表示陪衬动作，作伴随状语。由于 carry 和 rush 两个动作同时发生，故用一般时态。 6.There was so much noise, the speaker could not make himself ____ . C A.hearing B.to hear C.heard D.being heard 分析 选C 译文：噪音是如此之大以至于根本听不清演讲者在说什么。 解：感官动词和祈使动词不但可以跟不带 to 的不定式作宾补，还可以跟分词作宾补。不同的是，用不 带 to 的不定式作宾补表示补语的动作已完成；用现在分词作宾补表示补语的动作正在进行；用过去分词作 宾补表示补语的动作是被动的。在本句中，祈使动词 make 用过去分词 heard 作宾补，表示被动的概念 （“被 听见”）。 7.I've now I'm looking for a knife ____ it with. B A.cut B.to cut C.cutting D.being cut 分析 C. carrying D.to carry C.To give D.Gives D. to have introduced C. recognizing D. being recognized21选B 译文：我有一条面包，我现在正在找一把刀来切它。 解：动词不定式短语 to cut 作状语，表示目的。 8.They consider it possible ____ the plan ahead of time. D A. fulfill B. fulfilled C. fulfilling D. to fulfill 分析 选D 译文：他们认为提前完成这个计划是有可能的。 解：consider, find, think, feel, make 等动词常以不定式或动名词作宾语，若含有宾补（常为形容词或 名词），可用 it 作形式宾语，把真正的宾语置于宾补之后。在本句中，to fulfill the plan ahead of time 为其 真正的宾语。用不定式作宾语一种将来的含义，故选 D。 9.While ____ the conference here, she came across an old friend at a restaurant. A A.attending B.attends C.to attend 分析 选A 译文：在这儿开会的时候，她在一家餐馆里碰见了一位老朋友。 解：不定式作状语表示目的，结果；分词作状语可表示时间，原因，伴随状况，让步，条件，方式等。 在本句中，主句动作在分句动作进行过程中发生，分词用一般时，前面常有 while, when 等时间连词。 10.Many of the world's great novels are reported ____ films last year. D A.to be made into B. being made into C.to have made into 分析 选D 译文：据报道，去年很多世界著名的小说都被拍成了电影。 解：不定式的逻辑主语 novels 是不定式动作的对象，故不定式要用被动语态；又因不定式的动作先于 主句谓语 are reported 的动作，故用完成时。 11.The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of a mountain. A A.isolated B. isolating C.being isolated 分析 选A 译文：这所房子由于孤零零地位于山边，所以非常安静。 解：分词作原因状语，其逻辑主语为 house，因而用过去分词表示被动。分析上下文，可知过去分词 短语在这儿只表示一种事实或状态，所以不必用进行时或完成时。 12.All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off. C A.considering B. be considered C.considered D.having considered 分析 选C 译文：考虑到方方面面，计划好的这次旅行只好取消了。 解：分词独立句作状语。在状语中，逻辑主语 all things 为受事者，因而用过去分词表示被动。分词的 动作和主句的动作没有先后关系，所以不需要用完成时态。 13.As early as 1674, Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____ 50 households or more. B A. to have B. having C. to have had 分析 选B D. having had D.having being isolated D.to have been made into D.being attended22译文：早在 1647 年俄亥俄州就做出决定：在每个有 50 户以上居民的城镇中必须设立免费的，由税收 支持的学校。 解：本题主要考查现在分词与不定式作定语的区别。现在分词作定语表示事实，正在进行；不定式作 定语表示目的，忠告，将要做之事。这里讲述的是一种事实，故不能用不定式，也不必用分词完成时。 14.After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____ to go to school. C A.to be encouraged B. been encouraged 分析 选C 译文：译文：阿拉伯国家独立以后，特别重视发展教育，不但鼓励男孩子上学，也鼓励女孩子上学。 解：with 引导的独立主格结构。with 可与介词短语，不定式，分词短语，形容词等构成独立结构作状 语。不定式作独立结构与分词作独立结构的不同在于，不定式表示目的或将来的动作，分词表示状况或事 实。根据上下文，可知 C）比 A）更恰当。 15.The speech ____, a lively discussion started. D A. being delivered B. was delivered C.be delivered 分析 选D 译文：讲话结束之后，开始了生动活泼的讨论。 解：独立主格结构题。由于 deliver 的逻辑主语不是 discussion 而是 speech，且为“动宾关系”，故需 要用被动语态；又由于 deliver 的动作发生在主语动作 started 之前，故需要用完成时。 一、句法分析 1、主语：是句子要说明的人或物,可以作主语的成分有名词，主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式 常和冠词不分家！ v v 1) Mr. Lee is a well-known scientist.名词作主语 2) He reads newspapers everyday.代词作主语 v v v v 3) Two and ten is twelve.数词作主语 D.having been deliveredC.being encouraged D.be encouraged4) Smoking is harmful to the health.动名词作主语5) To swim in that pool is a great pleasure.动词不定式作主语 6) What we shall do next is not yet decided.从句作主语 2、谓语: 说明主语的动作，状态或特征 v 1) The new term begins on the 1st of September. v v v 2) His father is an engineer. 3) She seemed happy.4) Li Hua showed me his album.3、宾语:指的是及物动词涉及到的人或物 v 1) Wang Ling lent me a novel to read in the bus. v v v v v 2) The medicine is good for a cold. 3) How many pieces do you want?4) My little sister always likes to ask questions. 5) Would you mind coming earlier tomorrow? 6) He asked me what I was going to do tonight4、宾语补足语:在宾语后面补充说明宾语的动作、状态、特征。23v1) The government appointed（任命）her chief delegate （首席代表）to the conference. v v v 2) I don’t believe the story true.3) You should put your things in order（有序）. 4) The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week. v 5) We saw the pupils playing basketball.5、表语：位于系动词如 be 之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。 v v v v 1)Wang’s father is a doctor. 2) He is always careless. 3) The basketball match is on.4) All the pupils are on the playground now. v v 5) Our aim is to win more medals. 6) His work is teaching French.v7) The question is who can really repair the machines. 还有位于以下系动词后面的词，我们也称之为表语：表示感官的：look\seem(看起来) 、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）、taste（尝起来）、feel （感觉起来）： He looks disappointed(形容词作表语)他看起来很失望。 The rubbish smells terrible.垃圾很难闻。 表示变化的：get、become、turn(变得)。It becomes hotter and hotter（形容词作表语）. 天变得越来越热了。 6、定语:是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，翻译常用‘……的’表示。 v v Tom is a handsome boy. His boy needs Tom's pen. The two boys are students. The boy in the classroom needs apen of yours. v v The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today. The best boy here is Tom. The smiling boy needs a penbought by his mother. v This is the new dictionary which I bought yesterday. 向、程度、目的等。 v v 1) She sings quite well.7、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方2) On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. v v 3) He sits there, asking for a pen.4) The boy needs a pen to do his homework.v5) If I have some spare time, I will read some story-books.8、同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如： v We students should study hard. / (students 是 we 的同位语，都是指同一批‘学生’） v 1.转化法: 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法，学位英语最常考的是形容词转化为名词。表示颜色 的形容词常可转化为名词:You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。 We all are students. / (all 是 we 的同位语，都指同样的‘我们’）24I want to write in red.我想用红笔写字。 某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured 等与 the 连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数 The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。 2.派生法 1)前缀 除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的 变化。 (1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如： appear 出现→disappear 消失，correct 正确的→incorrect 不正确的，lead 带领→mislead 领 错、误导，stop 停下→non-stop 不停。 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co(共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如： alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的 autochart 自动图表 cooperate 合作 enjoy 使高兴 internet 互联网 reuse 再用 subway 地铁 telephone 电话 2)后缀 英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性， 构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。 (1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如： differ 不同于→difference 区别 write 写→writer 作家 Japan 日本→Japanese 日本人 act 表演→actress 女演员→action 动作、行为 music 音乐→musician 音乐家 (2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：wide→widen 加宽 beauty→beautify 美化 pure→purify 提纯 real→realize 意识到 organ→organize 组织 (3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名 词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如： nature 自然→natural 自然的 reason 道理→reasonable 有道理的 America 美国→American 美国的 China 中国→Chinese 中国人的 gold 金子→golden 金的 east 东→eastern 东方的 child 孩子→childish 孩子气的 snow 雪→snowy 雪的 (4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如： angry 生气的→angrily 生气地 3.合成法 1)合成名词 名词＋名词 weekend 周末 名词＋动词 daybreak 黎明 名词＋动名词 handwriting 书法 名词＋介词＋名词 editor-in-chief 总编辑 动名词＋名词 reading-room 阅览室 动词＋名词 typewriter 打字机 to 到→towards 朝……，east 东方→eastward 向东 care 细心→caerful 仔细的、认真的25现在分词＋名词 flying-fish 飞鱼 形容词＋名词 gentleman 绅士 副词＋动词 outbreak 爆发 2)合成形容词 名词＋形容词 snow-white 雪白的 名词＋现在分词 English-speaking 讲英语的 名词＋to＋名词 face-to-face 面对面的 数词＋名词＋形容词 two-year-old 两岁的 形容词＋名词 high-class 高级的 副词＋形容词 ever-green 常青的 介词＋名词 downhill 下坡的 3)合成动词 名词＋动词 sleep-walk 梦游 形容词＋动词 white-wash 粉刷 副词＋动词 overthrow 推翻 4)合成副词 形容词＋名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 形容词＋副词 everywhere 到处 副词＋副词 however 尽管如此 介词＋名词 beforehand 事先 介词＋副词 forever 永远 （二）冠词的基本用法 1. a 用于辅音发音开头的词前, 如： an 用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an apple, an hour. 请区别：a useful machine, an umbrella, a “u”, an “h”。 2.指上文提到过的人或物 用定冠词 the 指世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词 the. 如 the sun, the ， ； ： moon, the earth。 3.表示人体部位的名词前用 the：The mother took the little girl in the hand and patted her on the head.母亲执着小女孩的手，轻轻地拍着她的头。 4.the 用于序数词，表方位的名词和形容词最高级前。the first, the best , in the south。 名词＋过去分词 man-made 人造的 数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed 五层的形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded 高尚的 副词＋现在分词 hard-working 勤劳的形容词＋形容词 light-blue 浅蓝色的 形容词＋现在分词 good-looking 相貌好看的 副词＋过去分词 well-known 著名的 副词＋名词 fast-food 专门提供快餐服务的5.在复数姓氏前加 the，表示××一家人，常看成复数。如：the B用于形容词之前表示一类人 或事物：the poor(穷人)、the false（假的东西） 6．用于乐器名称前 play the piano； 7.不能用定冠词 the 的几个方面： (1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August (2)一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast ,play football (3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school, by bus ,at night. 8.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别： in front of 在…前面, in the front of 在…范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院, in the hospital 在医院里。 （三）名词重点举要 1.名词复数的不规则变化 1）由一个词加 man 或 woman 构成的合成词,，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如 an Englishman，two26Englishmen。 2）除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如：a dollar, a meter, two meters。 3）以 s 结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单 数。例如：&The Arabian Nights& is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 2. 复合名词复数形式的构成 1) 通常把-s 加在复合名词的中心词上 Brother-in-law----brothers-in-law(堂兄弟们、连襟们)、editor in chief---editors in chief(主编们) 2）将复合名词的后一个词变为复数 Boy-friend---boy-friends、tooth-brush----tooth-brushes（牙刷） 3）两个部分都变为复数，尤其是指性别时 Man doctor---men doctors woman teacher---women teachers writer―men writers 3 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如： two-dozen eggs 4 、名词的格 语中有些名词可以加&'s&来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所,the children's parens 孩子的父母。若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加& ' &，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示&分别有&；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。例如：John's and Mary's rooms（两间） John and Mary's room（一间） （四）连词重点用法 1.表示并列关系的连词有：and, both…and…, not only… but also…和 neither…nor… 1)and 的特别用法： 祈使句后连接 and，有条件句作用，此时 and=if you…,you’ll… Go straight on, and you’ll see the library.==If you go straight on, you will see the library. 2)both…and…既…也…,(两者)都… A、both…and…谓语动词一般用复数。 Both Jim and Kate are from England. B、both…and…否定句表示部分否定。 Both my father and my mother aren’t doctors.我的父母只有一个人是医生。 3)neither…nor…:既不…也不… neither…nor…连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 “人称”和 “数”的一致，即采取就近原则。Neither I nor he has seen the play before. 4)not only…but also…:不但…而且… not only…but also…连接两个主语后的谓语动词也遵循就近原则。 Not only the mother but also the children are ill. 2.表示转折关系的连词有：but, however, yet, still，while 等。 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 一个五年计划 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. man27Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. Tom got up early, yet he failed to catch the train. He was very tired, still he kept on walking. Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement. Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite lazy. 3.表示选择关系的并列连词有：or, either…or…,whether… or…等。 1)or：或、否则 A:基本用法 or 表示 “或” 的意思，使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。 ----Is your friend English or American? ----American. He doesn’t like dumplings or noodles. B:特别用法 祁使句后连接 or ，表 “如果…,否则…”,有转折的意思，此时 or =if you don’t …,you’ll … Hurry up, or you’ll be late.=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late. 2)either…or…:或者…或者…; 不是…就是…；要么…要么… A. either…or…连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词靠近哪个主语就与哪个主语保持 “人称”和 “数”的一 致，即就近原则。 Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? B. 由 either…or…引导的否定句是完全否定。 She isn’t either a student or a teacher. 3)whether…or…不管…还是… She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. 4.表示因果关系的并列连词有：for(因为)，so(所以)。 He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. It was late, so I went home. 5.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as After they had planted their crops, they took a rest. We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us. As soon as he gets to Beijing, he’ll call me. 1) as 表示“当……时”，引导一个持续性动作，多用于主从句动作同时发生，强调“一边……一边”。 He sang as he walked. 2)until 用法：当主句谓语动词是延续性动词时，主从句都用肯定式，译为“直到……为止”；当主句 谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句用否定式，从句用肯定式，即 not…..until, 译为“直到……才”。 Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(格林先生一直等到他的孩子们回来) Mr. Green didn’t go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子们回来才睡觉) 6. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if(如果), unless(除非，如果……不)等。 If you don’t go soon, you’ll be late.=Unless you go soon, you’ll be late. 7.引导原因状语从句的从属连词有 because, as, since 等。28because“因为”语气最强,回答 why 提问时只能用 because 其引导的从句可放在句首或句末 as“由 ， ； 于”、since“既然”语气不如 because 强，引导的从句常置于句首；for 是并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句 加以解释或补充说明，其引导的分句常置于句末且用逗号隔开。 He didn’t go to school because he was ill. As it was raining, we went there by bus. Since everybody is here, let’s begin. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 注意：because 与 so 不能同时使用。 8.引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：although/though(虽然，尽管), even though/if (即使) Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich. Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldn’t help him. 注意：although/though 引导的从句不能与 but 连用，但可与 yet, still 连用。 9.引导目的状语从句的从属连词有 so that 和 in order that(以便，为了)等。 The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. 10.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that(结果是)和 so/such…that…(如此…以至于)等。 It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. He got there so early that he got a good seat. It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it. 11.引导比较状语从句的连词：as…as…(与…一样),not as/so… as…(不如),than(比)等。 I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I can’t run as/so fast as you. 注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。 I’ll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. He won’t come unless he is invited. （五）副词、形容词 1.形容词及其用法 1）表语形容词只能作表语，这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头 的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 2）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时， 要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice. 2.以-ly 结尾的形容词 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 3.用形容词表示类别和整体 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如 the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry 等。例如： The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。 2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如 the British，the English，the29French，the Chinese 等。例如： The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。 4．形容词与副词的比较级 常见的双音节或多音节词，在前面加 more，most 来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most easily 7.as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1）在否定句或疑问句中可用 so… as。例如： He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 2）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在 as 的前面。例如： This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 Your room is the same size as mine. 3）倍数+ as + adj. + as 你的房间和我的一样大。 &=& 倍数+ the … + of。例如： most important/This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。 This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。 Your room is twice the size of mine. 8.可修饰比较级的词 常用的有 a little, rather, much, far, many,等 Nanjing is a little/rather/much/far/ hotter than Shanghai. 如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。 I have many more books than Tom. There is much more water in the south than in the north. 9. the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。例如： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。 形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示&非常&。例如： It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。 2）by far 一般修饰最高级，, This question is by far the most difficult in this exercise. 这道题是这个练习里最难的。 注意：最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。 Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。 10. 和 more 有关的词组 the more…the more… 越……越……。例如： The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。 （六）数词用法举要 1）倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数（或分数）+ as + adj. + as。例如 I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ the size （amount，length…） of…。例如： The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的 49 倍。30c. 主语+谓语+倍数（分数）+ 形容词（副词）比较级+ than…。例如： The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加 8%。 2）分数表示法的构成：基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于 1 时，分子的序数词 用单数，分母序数词用复数。例如： 1/3 one-third； 3/37 three and three-sevenths.一、一般现在时 1） 经常性或习惯性的动作， 常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 时间状语：every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如： The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3）表示格言或警句。例如： Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要 用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可 不行。 二、一般过去时 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。例如： Where did you go}