初高中英语衔接知识1-共享资料网
初高中英语衔接知识1
初高中英语衔接知识 一、认识初、高中英语的区别 即将开始的高中学习生活，特别是英语的学习是与初中阶段有着很大不同的： 1. 课本编排上的区别：初中的每一个单元是分为 4 课的，每篇中有的是对话，有的是阅读文，也配有一些练 习，而高中的每个单元并不分课，而是基本上按模块(module)划分。教材把话题、结构、功能和任务型活动有机地 结合在一起，既符合中国学生英语学习的规律和特点，又体现了新的教育教学理念。教材系统性强，各单元采用板 块的设计形式，有利于教师灵活整合教材内容。大体分为“Warming up” （热身） ，即是针对本单元的话题提出的一 些问题，以练习口语的形式做引子，便于进入本单元的主题，下个部分就是“Reading”了，高中的阅读文分为阅读 前和阅读后的讨论、思考问题并加入了有关的语言知识的学习及练习，在阅读教学的安排上。读后活动的练习层次 清楚，体现对课文理解考察的三个维度：弄清事实(Factual) ― 分析信息(Analytical) ― 判断和推理(Inferential)。 可以说是极大地丰富了教学内容。除此之外还会有稍短的阅读与听力及写作等方面的练习，写作训练既重视结果， 更重视过程，提供铺垫性活动以加强对过程性写作的监督。通过听、读活动从语言和写作技巧方面进行相关输入， 为学生的最终成长奠定基础。 2. 在词汇上的区别：我们初中的教材已是新版本了，每个单元的单词可能大家觉得已经不少了，但高中教 材中的词汇更是成倍地增加了， 增加了大约 2000 词。 这也是新编教材的一个特点， 加入了许多当前常用的， 新出现 的流行的词汇，也是与我们学的新编初中课本相承接的，所以，为了能尽快适应高中词汇的学习，我们应该及早着 手把初中阶段的词汇再熟悉一遍。另外，对于高中英语词汇的学习，大家还要知道其要求是远远高于初中的，在学 习单词时，我们既要了解它在文中的意思，还要掌握它在练习中，阅读、考试中可能出现的所有意思，用法及搭配 等。一词多义，一词多性，依V不据本。 3. 在所学语法上的区别：在初中阶段我们把基础的语法内容已经学习过了，但是语法学习没有得到足够的重 视，不少同学对语法知之甚少，甚至一窍不通。而在高中我们要学习的是更深更高层次的语法。如定语从句，非谓 语动词、名词性从句，倒装结构、虚拟语气等等，其中的部分内容我们并不陌生，但是初中我们所接触的还只是皮 毛，高中阶段的学习会比之前的所学内容复杂得多，要求上也要高得多，除了看懂更要求会应用。语法知识是英语 学习的重要内容，是日常及高考的考试范围，所以我们要充分利用暑假把之前的漏洞弥补好，在后面的学习中，你 们也会重温这些知识并将之与高中内容进一步融合，为大家步入高中学习打好基础。 4. 在课堂要求上的区别：大部分的初中对学生的要求还是比较严格的，而这种严格与小学又是不同的，所以 有一部分自觉性差的学生就被分化出来，在稍微宽松的环境中，对自己要求降低导致了滑坡的出现，而升入高中后 又会有新的变化，对于自律要求就更加明显了。如果你是按照老师要求做的学生，那么在高中除了把基本要求做好 之外，自己一定不可放松，适当增加课外阅读及一些课外习题是有必要的；如果你是不太自觉的学生，那么你要努 力改掉自己的毛病，除了完成要求交给老师的作业，那些如读、背等要求也要认真完成才能使自己的高中英语学习 逐步走上轨道。不管你属于哪一种，都要持之以恒，千万不可因为任何原因而放松对自己的要求，即便是你已取得 了一定成绩，也没有理由沾沾自喜。 5. 在考试评估制度上的区别：这一区别可能是影响最大的一点，我们许多同学初中英语一直较差的原因在很 大程度上是由于初中这种不正常的考试制度，很多人认为英语不用下功夫学，反正最后背背答案就可过关，这样成 绩不错，学得也很轻松。一旦抱有这种想法，初中这个重要的打基础的阶段就被荒废过去了，这对我们升入高中后 的英语学习是极为不利的，这就好比是建造没有基础的空中楼阁，肯定会感到很难，很吃力。进入高中之后我们的 考试是没有比较明确的特定范围， 不能靠背答案过关， 而且所学所考的内容应该都是向高考看齐的， 难度肯定不小， 但同学们也不要害怕，只要努力学习，坚持不懈，认真积累，完成好每天的功课，做好充分迎接失败的心理准备， 然后在每次经历中吸取经验，一点点地弥补自己的不足，肯定会取得很好的成绩。 二、单词的拼读、拼写规则与单词的记忆 I. 英语单词记忆六法 中学生在学习英语的过程中， 最感头疼的是记忆单词。 尽管他们花了大量的时间和精力记单词， 可总是记不住！ 原因何在呢？那就是他们没有掌握科学的记忆方法。下面介绍几种科学记忆单词的方法。1（一）按拼读规则读、记单词 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea， ee，er，ir，ur，or 分别能发［i：［ ?：［ ?： ］ ］ ］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：tion 发［??n］或［t??n］ ，ture 发［t ??］ ，ing 发［i?］ 发［li］ 发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly， ，ly ，ty -er，-or，-ful，-y 等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 （二）. 字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法如下： 1. 前面加字母。例如：is his，ear near / hear，read bread 2. 后面加字母。例如：hear heart，you your，plane planet 3. 中间加字母。例如：though through，tree three，for four 4. 减字母。例如：she he，close lose，start star 5. 换字母。例如：book look / cook，cake lake / wake / make / take 6. 调字母（即改变字母顺序） 。例如：blow bowl，sing sign，from form （三.） 联想记忆法 在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境， 所见到、 所摸到的事物， 联想相关的英语单词。 例如： 打球时联想到： ball， ( play ) basketball ， play ) football， play ) volleyball， ( ( playground 等等； 吃饭时联想到： dining - room， have ) breakfast， ( ( have ) lunch，( have ) supper 等等；睡觉时联想到：bed，bedroom，go to bed，sleep，go to sleep，fall asleep 等等。 如果长期坚持下去，效果就会很好。 （四）. 归类记忆法 在记忆过程中，把所学到的全部单词进行归纳、分类、整理，使其条理清晰，一目了解，然后再分别记忆。例如： 1. 按题材分类。例如：把名词分为生活用品、动物、植物、水果、食物、家庭成员、人体各部位、学习用具、 学科、交通工具、地方场所、星期、月份、季节等；把动词分为系动词、助动词、行为运动词和情态动词，等等。 2. 按同音词分类。例如：see－sea，right－write，meet－meat 3. 按形近词分类。例如：three－there，four－your，quite－quiet 4. 按同义词分类。例如：big－large，hard－difficult，begin－start 5. 按反义词分类。例如：right－wrong，young－old，come－go 6. 按读音分类。例如：字母组合 ea 在 eat，meat，teacher 中读［i：；而在 bread，ready，heavy 中读［e］ ］ ；在 great，break 中读［ei］ 。idea [i?]这样不仅单词记住了，而且读音也掌握了。 （五）. 构词记忆法 掌握一些构词法知识，可以大大地增加自身的词汇量。英语构词法主要有以下三种情况： 1. 派生法。这种方法就是在一个词根的基础上加上一个前缀或后缀，从而构成另一个新词，并且与该词根的含 义有着密切的联系，此类词便称为派生词。如常用的前缀 in-，im-，un-，dis-等表示否定含义；后缀-er，-or，-ist 等 表示人；以及后缀-y，-ly，-ful 等表示形容词性等。如：like－unlike，teach－teacher，friend－friendly 等。 2. 合成法。这种方法就是把两个或几个各自独立的单词并到一起组成一个新的单词，由此法构成的单词便称为 合成词或复合词。如：black（黑色的）＋board（木板） blackboard（黑板） ，class（班）＋room（房间） classroom （教室） ，foot（脚）＋ball（球） football（足球）等。 3. 转化法。 这种方法就是在不改变拼写形式的基础上， 由一种词性转化为另一种词性， 主要有名词转化为动词、 动词转化为名词、形容词转化为动词或名词等。如：water（n.水） water（v.浇水） ，lift（v.举起） lift（n.电梯） ，last （adj.过去的） last（v.持续）等。 （六）. 循环记忆法 它是指对识记的单词反复记忆的方法。根据遗忘规律，人的遗忘从识记后便开始，先快后慢。因此，复习的时 间间隔就应是先短后长。例如，今天学到的单词，在当天背熟、之后，第二天、第四天、第七天、第十四天、第二 十八天都应复习一次，这样才能形成长时间的记忆。总之，单词记忆的方法多种多样，只有采用科学的、行之有效 的记忆方法，认真地、及时地、周期性地复习，才能大大提高英语单词记忆效果。2二、基础语法再回顾――句子结构 英语的句子结构组成是与汉语有着很大区别的，我们在学习的时候，很多同学受母语的影响太大，在英文写作 时完全按照汉语的顺序将英文进行堆砌，这是因为我们对于英文句子的构成尚未掌握或掌握得不熟练，没有形成英 语语言习惯。规范的英文是由“主语+谓语+其他” 。这种基本形式构成的，这种只有一套主、谓的句子叫做简单句， 它有 5 种基本形式，即主+谓（vi.） ；主+系+表；主+谓（vt.）+宾；主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语；主+谓+宾+宾补。 由此可见，要想用英文正确表述一个意思，写成一句话，必须要有的就是主语和可以充当谓语的动词，而且当这个 动词为不及物动词时，其后不可加宾语，当它是及物动词时，要根据要求和该词的用法在其后加上宾语或宾语及宾 补或加上双宾语。 当然在这 5 种形式中系表结构也是很常用， 很重要的一种， 而且系表动词常容易和实义动词相混， 从而导致了一些病句的出现。综上所述，我们要想较好地掌握英文的句子结构必须弄清以下几点内容： 1. 可以充当谓语的几种形式： 既然谓语部分是构成句子的必要成份，那么掌握好它就起到了举足轻重的作用。 1). 谓语部分可由以下几种构成方式： （1）不及物动词可以单独充当谓语。如：They arrived yesterday . （2） 及物动词要加上宾语之后才可构成完整的结构， 另外， 如果不及物动词后加上了一定的介词，那么介词后也要 有宾语才能完整。 如：他们昨天到达了天津。They reached Tianjin yesterday .They arrived in Tianjin yesterday . （3）系表结构可以构成谓语。如：She is a student . 她是个学生。He felt very happy . 他感到很高兴。 （4）情态动词要加上动词原形后才可构成完整的谓语部分。如：We should protect our environment.我们应该保护环 境。 2). 那么，动词的哪些形式可构成谓语呢？ (1） 行为动词 ① 行为动词的原形：do ② 行为动词的第三人称单数：does ③ 行为动词的过去式：did (2） 助动词、 情态动词+行为动词 ④ be+行为动词-ing 形式： doing ⑤ be+行为动词的过去分词： done ⑥ will+ be be 行为动词原词： do ⑦ have / has / had+行为动词过去分词： will have / has / had done⑧ can/may/must/should 等+行为动 词的原形、进行、完成、被动等多种形式 (3） 系表动词+表语 3). 系表动词与行为动词的区别： 系表动词是表示状态变化等的动词， 它包括 be 动词及一些可充当系表动词的实义动词， 其中后者在充当系表 动词时含义与充分行为动词时是不同的。 系表动词后面接的是表语， 而可以充当表语的是一些可以表示状态、 特征、 特性等内容的词或结构，如形容词、名词、介词短语一些副词、从句等等。这里我们尤其要注意的就是可充当表语 的一些副词指的是可以表征状态特点的副词，如：Class is over. 中的 over 表示的就是“结束了，完了”的这种状态。 而很多副词并没有这种功能，自然也就不可以充当表语，如 happy 和 happily，前者为形容词可表示主语的状态，而 后者是形容以何方式做的某事，是在修饰动作，而非表示状态，因而，前者可作表语，后者则不可充当表语。 行为动词则是指描述具体或抽象行为、动作的动词，它可分为及物动词和不及物动词两种，如果想修饰这样 的动词，则需要像 happily 这样的副词或是有相似的功能的词或结构。如：She went home happily . 她高兴地回家了。 He did it with great difficulty . 我费了很大劲才完成了这件事。 . 要掌握准动词的性质、用法及搭配： 在学习动词时，尤其是重点动词，我们一定要知道它是哪种动词，及物？不及物？可否充当系表动词？有的 动词性质较多，可能同时具有多种性质，这就需要我们注意它在何时可充当哪种动词。另外，对于动词的用法我们 也要掌握，如每个动词后可带或常带什么结构，它有哪些习惯搭配，可构成什么词组等。 2. 助动词与情态动词用法 （一）助动词有 be, have, do, will, shall。它们本身没有词义，只和实义动词的一定形式构成复合谓语，用来表示时态 和语态，构成否定、疑问及加强语气等。 1、be (am, is, are, were/was, been) (l)“be + v.-ing”构成进行时态； “be + 过去分词”构成被动语态； “be + 动词不定式”构成复合谓语： （2） （3） ①表示按计划安排要发生的事。The prime minister is to visit Japan next year. 总理将于明年访问日本。② 用于命令。 You're to do your homework before you watch TV.你得做完了作业才能看电视。What he did was tell us the truth. 2、have (has, had) (1)“have+过去分词”构成完成时态。如：Have you seen the film ? (2)“have been +v -ing”构成完成进行时态。 如：What have you been doing these days? 这些日子你一直在干什么?33、do (does, did) (1)“do not + 动词原形”构成行为动词的否定式。如：His brother doesn’t like playing basketball.；(2)“Do + 主语 + 动词原形”构成行为动词的一般疑问句。Does he go to school by bike every day? (3)“do + 动词原形”用于祈使句或 陈述句中表示加强语气。 I did go to see him, but he wasn’t in 我确实去看望他了， 如： 但他不在家。 do some work. 请 Do 一定做点什么；(4)代替前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。My mother told me to go to bed early. So I did. 4.will, shall (would, should)“will (shall+动词原形”构成一般将来时，一般来说 shall 用于第一人称，will 用于 第二人称或第三人称，口语中常用 will 代替 shall，如：We will have a meeting to discuss the problem. 练习 4： Put the following into English 1. She will be a nurse when she grows up. 2. His father used to be/was a worker. 3. She was the first to learn about it. 4. The grass turned green in spring.. 5. Why is he worried about Jim? 6. There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.? 7. The old man is sitting at the gate. 8. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. (go, drive, run, ride) 9. If you've lost it, you must pay for it. 10. Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 11. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 12. How many new words did you learn last class? 13. My father bought a new bike for me last week. 14. Did he leave any message for me? 15. You will find it useful after you leave school. 16. I found it impossible to do it. 17. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.: 18. They call me Lily sometimes. 19. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. 20. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? （二）情态动词 情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度， 可以表示 “可能” 、 “可以” 、 “需要”“必须” “应当” 、 或 等之意。 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。但不能单独作谓语动词用，必须和不带 to 的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动 词 ought 要和带 to 的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。 将情态动词置于主语之前即构成其疑问式，在情态动词之后加 not 既构成其否定式。现将各情态动词的基本用法 分述如下： 1、can 和 could (could 为 can 的过去式) 的基本用法 (1)表示能力， He can speak English better than you. (2)在疑问句和否定句 如： 疑问句和否定句中表示 “怀疑” 、 “猜测” “可能性” 或 ， 疑问句和否定句 如：Can this green bike be Liu Dong's? (3)表示“许可”时 can 可以和 may 换用，如：You can (may) go home now. (4) 如果要表示语气婉转， 可用 could 代替 can， 这时 could 不再是 can 的过去式， Could you come again tomorrow? (5)can 如： 和 be able to 都可表示能力， 两者在意思上没有什么区别。 但是 can 只能有现在式和过去式， be able to 则有更多的 而 形式，如：He will be able to do the work better. I could speak English when I was at school. Finally he was able to solve this problem. = managed to do/succeeded in doing… 2、may 和 might (might 为 may 的过去式)的基本用法 (1)表示允许或征询对方许可，有“可以 可以”之意，如：You may use my dictionary. 在回答对方说“可以做某事”或 可以 “不可以做某事”时，一般多不用 may 或 may not，以避免语气生硬或不容气。而用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如： ---- May I use this dictionary? ---- Yes, please. 或 ---- Certainly. / I am afraid not. 在请求对方许可时，如果 Might I…? 就 比用 May I…? 语气更婉转些，如：May I have a look at your new computer? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”对方做某 事时，要用 must not 代替 may not，如：---- May we swim in this lake? ---- No, you mustn’t. It’s too dangerous. (2)may4或 might 都可以表示可能性，表示“或许”“可能”之意，如果用 might 表示可能性，则语气更加不肯定，如：They 、 may (might) be in the library now . 3、must 的基本用法 (1)must 表示“必须”“应该”之意，其否定式 must not，缩写形式为 mustn't，表示“不应该”“不准”“不许可” 、 ， 、 或“禁止”之意，如：We must study hard and make progress every day. You mustn't touch the fire. (2)对以 must 提出的 疑问句，如作否定回答时，要用 needn't 或用 don't (doesn't) have to (不必) 来回答，而不用 mustn't，因为 mustn't 表示 的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意，如：---- Must we finish the work tomorrow? ---- No, you needn't (don't have/need to), but you must finish it in three days. (3)在肯定句 must 可以表示推测，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，常与状态动词搭 肯定句中 肯定句 配使用。如：---- Whose new bike can it be? ---- It must be Liu Dong's. I know his father has just bought him a new one. 4、can, could, may, must 后接完成式的用法 (1) can, could 后接完成式的用法：①在否定句或疑问句中表示对过去发生过的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”的态度， Could he have said so? ②在肯定句中，可以表示过去本可能做到而实际并没做到的事情，有“劝告”或“责备”的 语气。如：---- When did you answer her letter? ---- Only yesterday. ---- It's too late. You could have answered it earlier, I am sure. (2) may, might 后接完成式的用法 ①表示对过去某事的推测，认为某一件事情在过去可能发生了。如果使用 might，语气就比较婉转或更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before. ② 可以表示过去本来可以 做到而实际没有做到的事情， “劝告” “责备” 有 或 的语气， You didn't do the work well that day. You might have done 如： it better. (3) must 后接完成式的用法：表示对过去某事的推测，认为某事在过去一定做了，如：Liu Dong isn’t in the classroom. He must have gone to the library. 5、have to 的基本用法：have to 和 must 的意义相近，只是 must 侧重表示说话人的主观 主观看法，而 have to 则表示客 主观 客 观需要，如：I must study hard. I had to give it up because of illness. 6、ought to 的基本用法 、 (l)表示根据某种义务或必要 “应当” 做某事， 语气比 should 强， 例如： Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations. (2) 表示推测， 注意与 must 表示推测时的区别： must be home by now .(断定他已到家)， ought to be home by now .(不 He He 十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(比较直率) ，This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄)；(3)“ought to + have+ 过去分词” 表示过去应做某事而实际未做。 例如： ought to have helped him. (but you didn’ 这时， You t) ought to 与 should 可以互相换用。 注意， 在美国英语中 ought to 用于否定和疑问句时 to 可以省略。 例如： Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so much. 7、dare 的基本用法 (l)dare (dared 为其过去式) 作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句，疑问句和条件从句 条件从句中，如：Dared he break the traffic 条件从句 regulations again? (2)在现代英语中 dare 常用作行为动词， 其变化与一般行为动词相同， She dares to stay at home 如： alone at night. 8、need 的基本用法 (1)need 作情态动词用时，主要用于否定句和疑问句中，如：He needn't worry about us now. (2)need 也可作为行为动 词用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句中，其后可接名词、代词、动名词或带 to 的动词不定式为其宾语。如：You need to practise reading aloud every day. (3) needn't 后接完成式可以表示过去做了一件本来不必要做的事情，如：---Did you answer the letter yesterday? ---- Yes, I did. ---- But you needn’t have answered it. Your face needs washing..= you need to wash your face. 9、shall 的基本用法 (1)shall 用作情态动词时，用于第二、三人称， 表示说活人的意愿， 可表示 “命令”“警告” 、 、 “强制”“威胁” 、 或“允 诺”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not. (2)在疑问句中，shall 用于第一、三人称，表示说话人的 征询对方意见或请求指示，如：Shall I open the door? 10、should 的基本用法 (1)should 作为情态动词可以表示 “建议” “劝告” 有 或 ， “应该” 之意， You should learn from each other. (2 )should 如： 后接完成式表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情， 或是做了本来不应该做的事情。 You should have given him more 如： help. You should have avoided meeting her. 11、will 的基本用法 (1)用于各人称，可以表示“意志”或“决心” ，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not listen. (2)在疑问句中用于第二人称， 表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿， Will you please tell me how to get to 如： the Capital Gymnasium? (3) will 可以表示现在一种习惯性的动作 现在一种习惯性的动作，有“总是”或“会要”之意，如：Every morning 现在一种习惯性的动作 he will have a walk along this river.512、would 的基本用法 (1)would 作为 will 的过去式， 可用于各人称， 表示过去时间的 “意志” “决心” 如： promised he would never 或 ， He smoke again. (2)在疑问句中， 用于第二人称， 表示说话人向对方提出请求或询问对方的意愿时， 比用 will 的气更加婉转， 如： Would you like some more coffee? (3)在日常生活中，学用“I would like to…”表示“我想要”或“我愿意”之意，以使语气婉转，如：I would like to do Ex.2 first. (4)would 可以表示过去的习惯动作，比 used to 正式，并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如：Last year our English teacher would sometimes tell us stories in English after class. / During the vacation he would visit me every week. (5)表料想或猜想，如：It would be about ten when he left home./ What would she be doing there?/ I thought he would have told you about it. 13、used to, had better, would rather 的用法 (1)used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态， 现在已不存在， 在间接引语中， 其形式可不变， 例如： told us he used to play He foot ball when he was young. 在疑问句、 否定句、 否定疑问句或强调句中， 可有两种形式。 疑问句： you use to/ Used Did you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句：I usedn’t to / didn’t use to go there. (usedn’t 也可写作 usen’t)；否定 疑问句： Usen’t you to/ Didn’t you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句： certainly used to/ did use to smoke, but it was I a long time ago.； 其反意疑问句或简略回答中， 也有两种形式： used to be very fat. didn’t she?/ use(d)n’ she? Did you She t use to play chess? Yes, I did./ Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did./ used to. (2)had better 意为“最好” ，后接不带 to 的不定式，例如：---- We had better go now . ---- Yes, we had (we'd better/ we had better)./ Hadn’t we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)/ I think I’d better be going. (用于进行时态，表“最好立 即”)/ You had better have done that (用于完成时态，表未完成动作) 注：had better 用于同辈或小辈，对长辈不可用。 (3)would rather 意为 “宁愿” 表选择， ， 后接不带 to 的不定式， 例如： d rather not say anything./ Would you rather work I’ on a farm?/ ---- Wouldn’t you rather stay here? ---- No, I would not. I’d rather go there. 由于 would rather 表选择，因 而后 可接 than，例如：I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. / I would rather watch TV than go to see the film/ I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie./ I’d rather you didn’t talk about this to anyone. 练习 5： 1. John, you needn’t do your work today, you ________ do it tomorrow if you’re tired. （2007 年山西省） A. must B. may C. can’t 2. -________ I swim in that river? -No, you ________. It’s dangerous to swim in it. （2007 年内江市） A. M can’t B. C may not C. M mustn’t 3. - Must I park my car behind the building? - No, you ________. You ________ park it here. (2006 年南通市) A. mustn’t; may B. must C. don’ may D. shouldn’t; must 4. Where is Mr. Smith? Have you seen him? -He ________ be in his office. -He ________ be in his office, for I left there just now. （2007 年烟台市） A. can’t B. may not C. mustn’t D. don’t have to 5 . -Are you going to Beijing by plane? -It’s fast, but expensive. So I am not sure. I ______ take a train. （2007 年江西省） A. should B. may C. must D. will 6 . -Mary, ________ you speak Chinese? -Yes, only a little. （2007 年北京市） A. must B. need C. may D. can 7. -________ you come to my birthday party tomorrow, Robert? -I’m afraid not. I have to study for my exam. （2007 年绍兴市） A. Must B. Should C. Can D. Need 8. Liu Ming ________ row a boat when he was ten. And he still ________ now. （2007 年咸宁市） A. can’t, can’t B. could, couldn’t C. couldn’t, can’t D. couldn’t, couldn’t 9. -May I try on the jeans?6-Yes, you ________. （2007 年镇江市） A. should B. can C. must D. need 10. Could I go to the movie this weekend, Dad? -Yes, you ________. But you have to come back before nine. （2007 年温州市） A. shall B. must C. need D. can 11. -Look at the boy running on the ground. Is it Davis? -It ________ be him. I saw him go to the teacher’s office just now. （2007 年黄冈市） A. must B. can’t C. could D. might 12. -Is John coming by train? -He should, but he ________ not. He likes driving his car. （2007 年苏州市） A. must B. can C. may D. need 13. I am afraid that I ________ finish the task in such a short time. Could you help me, please? （2006 年厦门市） A. can B. am not able to C. am going to 14. Mike tried hard and at last he ________ swim across the river.（2006 年德州市） A. can B. could C. is able to D. was able to 15. ―Let’s go to the supermarket by taxi. ―We ________ take a taxi. It is not far from here. （2007 年扬州市） A. can’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t BCCAB DCCBD BCBDB 简单句的五种基本句型 句子用词准确、合乎语法规范是一篇文章最起码的要求。英语有 5 个基本句型，从英语的句子结构上说，除了修饰 名词的定语和修饰动词的状语外，在千变万化的句子中可归纳为五个基本句式。 1. S (主）+ V（谓）( lv 系动词）+ P（表）We are Chinese. 系动词） （ 主 （ 除了 be 系动词外， 还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。 2) 表转变变化的动词，become, get, grow, turn, go,等。 3)表延续的动词 remain, keep, hold, stay 等。4)表瞬时的动词 come, fall,等 5)其他动词 lie, prove, ring, run, sit, stand, continue等。Twenty years on, his advice still holds good. She fell ill with flu. It was a possible explanation, but it didn't quite ring true.(you do not believe it, even though you are not sure why:) I'm running late, so I'll talk to you later. I saw that the garden had run wild. The house has sat empty for two years 1) S + Lv + N/Pron (名词/代词）He is a boy. This is mine. 2) S + Lv + Adj（形容词） She is beautiful. 3) S + Lv + Adv (副词） Class is over. 4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. 5) S + Lv + Participle(分词或不定式）He is excited. The film is interesting. My goal is to go to key university. 2. S (主） + Vi（不及物动词） 谓） （谓 主 （不及物动词） （ Time flies. （+状语） 1) S + V + adverbial(副词）Birds sing beautifully. 2) S + Vi+ prep Phrase（介词短语）He went on holiday. 3) S + Vi+ Infinitive (不定式）We stopped to have a rest. 4) S + Vi+ Participle (分词）I'll go swimming. 此外，该句型常采用倒装形式，注意辨别，主要是以下两种情况： 1） 用 here 或 there 引导：Here comes the bus. （汽车来了。 / There rings the bell. （铃响了。 ） ） 2） 在动词 + 介词短语的结构中，往往将介词短语提前：On the top of the hill stands a pretty little house.（山顶上 有一座漂亮的小房子。 ） 3. S (主）+ Vt （及物动词） 谓）+ O（宾） 及物动词） （谓 主 （ （ We like English. 1) S + VT + N/Pron I like music. I like her. 2) S + VT + infinitive (不定式）I want to help him. 常用于这句型的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish 等。73) S + VT + Wh-Word + Infinitive I don't know what to do. 常用于这句型的动词有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, inquire, know, learn, observe, remember, see, settle, tell, think, understand, wonder 等。 4) S + VT + Gerund I enjoy living here. 常用于这句型的动词有：admit, advise, allow, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind(在意), miss, practise, risk, suggest, give up, can't help（不由得）等。 5) S + VT + object-clause I don't think (that) he is right. 常用于这句型的动词有：Admit, believe, command, confess, declare, demand, deny, doubt, expect, explain, feel(觉得）, hear(听说), hope, imagine, intend, know, mean, mind(当心, 在意), notice, request, report, say, see（看出） ，show, suggest, suppose, think, understand, wish, wonder(觉得奇怪） 。 Mind you don't fall. He didn't mind that other people in the village thought him odd 4. S (主）+ VT （谓）+ Ind O（间接 宾） + D O（直接 宾）I’ll give you some help. 主 （ （ 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N I sent him a book. I bought May a book. 2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me. 间接宾语前需要加 to 的常用动词有：allow, bring, deny, do(带来） give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, ， permit, promise, read, refuse, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write 等。 间接宾语前需要加 for 的常用动词有： bring, buy, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏） save, sing, spare ， 等。I wrote a letter to him yesterday. 3) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause He told me that the film was great. 常用于这句型的动词有：inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warn 等。 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive He showed me how to do it. 常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell 等。 5) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do. 常用于这句型的动词有：advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell. 5. S (主）+ VT（谓）+ O（宾） + O C（宾补）I have made you famous. 主 （ （ （宾补） 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom. 常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, make,entitle, find, name, nominate(命名） 。 2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white. 常用于这句型的动词有：beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish 等。 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order. 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive I wish you to stay. I made him work 常用于这句型的动词有：a)不定式带 to 的词：advice, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等。 b)不定式不带 to 的词： have, let, make, feel, hear, know, listen to, look at, notice, see, watch 等。 5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (分词） I heard my name called. I feel something moving. 常用于这句型的动词有：catch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive(觉 察), see, set, smell, start, watch 等。 以上主要介绍的是简单句的基本句型，除简单句外，还有并列复合句和主从复合句等句式，但这些复合句实际上是 由若干个简单句通过连词连接起来的，因此，写作复合句时仍可遵循简单句的结构形式。 练习 6：用括号内所提示的基本句型将下列句子译成英语，需要的话可加上适当的修饰语或插入语。 1． 你的故事听起来很有趣。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语） 2． 我感到有一点累。（主语 + 系动词 + 表语） 3． 我妹妹是在农村长大的。（主语 + 谓语） 4． 这家医院创建于 1950 年。（主语 + 谓语） 5． 他因为车子开得太快而违反了交通规则。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语） 6． 他拿出一瓶啤酒，很快将其喝光。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语） 7． 顺便问一下，她把钱付给你了吗？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语） 8． 下学期谁教你们生物？（主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语） 9． 他总是把他的卧室收拾得干干净净。（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）810．什么促使你这样想的？（主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语）(make) 11. 有时我们发现要改掉一个坏习惯很难。 12. 医生已经跟你说得很清楚了，你的胃没有什么问题。 (make) 13. 战争使他成为一名战士。 14. 我决不容许他欺骗我。(have) 15. 我去修一下表。参考答案： 1. Your story sounds very interesting. 2. I felt a bit tired. 3. My younger sister grew up in the country. 4. This hospital was set up in 1950. 5. He broke the traffic rule because of his driving too fast/ because he drove his car too fast. 6. He brought out a bottle of beer and drank it up quickly. 7. By the way, has she paid you the money/the money to you? 8. Who will teach you biology next term? 9. He always keeps his bedroom clean. 10. What made you think so? 11. We sometimes find it difficult to get rid of a bad habit. 12. The doctor has made it clear to you that there is nothing wrong with your stomach. 13. The war made him a soldier. 14. I won't have him cheat me. 15. I am going to have (get) my watch repaired. 练习 7： 1. Here 送您一张卡片, 表达我们最良好的祝愿。 2. wish. n.你可以向他致意。 3. want 他不想再做那件事。 4. 东湖有许多不同种类的鱼。(have/there be) 5. go.吉尔常常走错路。 6. enjoy 我们真喜欢这次在农场的劳动。 7. work on 我在努力应对考试。 8. take 你现在要点什么菜吗？ 9. Sooner or later 你迟早会在某个地方找到它的。 10. until 一直走，直到你到达终点。 11. 他爬起来继续跑。(go) 12. 他对数学和科学很感兴趣。 13. neck and neck 在英语方面，他们不分上下。 14. get ready 所有的选手都准备起跑了。 15. 刘梅正在去电影院的路上。 16. set off 那男孩是早上六点出发的。 17. get on with 你近来工作如何？ 18. laugh 每个人都嘲笑那女人犯的错。 19. feel like 她不想吃任何东西。 20. look after 你必须照顾好自己，保持健康。 21. take care of 他能很好地照料你们的孩子。 22. make 你为什么不给他做张贺卡呢？ 23. behind 别把东西落下了。924. fun 谢谢你把英语课变得如此有趣！ 25. thinner 如果你想减肥、想更健康点的话，那你就必须少吃食物多锻炼。 Keys: 1. Here is a card for you with our best wishes. 送您一张卡片,表达我们最良好的祝愿。 2. You can give him your best wishes. 你可以向他致意。 3. He does not want to do it any more. 他不想再做那件事。 4. East Lake has many different kinds of fish. 东湖有许多不同种类的鱼。(have) 5. Jill often goes the wrong way.常常走错路。 6. We really enjoyed working on the farm. 我们真喜欢这次在农场的劳动。 7. I am working hard on my exams. 我在努力应对考试。 8. May I take your order now? 你现在要点什么菜吗？ 9. Sooner or later you’ll find it somewhere. 你迟早会在某个地方找到它的。 10. Go on until you reach the end. 一直走，直到你到达终点。 11. He got up and went on running. 他爬起来继续跑。 12. He is /was very interested in maths and science. 他对数学和科学很感兴趣。 13. They are neck and neck at English. 在英语方面，他们是不分上下。 14. All the runners got ready to run/ start running. 所有的选手都准备起跑了。 15. Liu Mei is on her way to the cinema. 刘梅正在往电影院去的路上。 16. The boy set off at six in the morning. 那男孩是早上六点出发的。 17. How are you getting on with your work? 你近来工作如何？ 18. . Everyone laughed at the woman’s mistake. 每个人都嘲笑那女人犯的错。 19. She didn’t feel like eating anything. 她不想吃任何东西。 20. You must look after yourself well and keep healthy. 你必须照顾好自己，保持健康。 21. He can take good care of your babies. 他能很好地照料你们的孩子。 22. Why don’t you make him a card? 你为什么不给他做张贺卡呢？ 23. Don’t leave anything behind. 别把东西落下了。 24. Thank you for making English fun! 谢谢你把英语课变得如此有趣！(make) 25. If you want to be thinner and healthier, you have to eat less food and take more exercise. 如果你想减肥、 想更健康 点的话，那你就必须少吃食物多锻炼。 四、有关简单句、复合句及并列句的知识疏理： 我们要注意简单句的顺序一般应为主、 谓、宾， 而一些状语如时间、 地点方式等等状语则要放到主要结构后面出现。 当然，有时为了强调或语言的表达需要，状语的位置会有所变化，但我们在写句子时一定要把握好以上原则，而不 能按照汉语去逐个翻译。如“我们骑车去上学。 ”这个句子如果按照汉语习惯很可能会写成：We by bike go to school . 或更有甚者可能还会写出类似这样的句子： by bike to go to school .或 We take a bike go to school . 等等错误的句子。 We 但如果我们按照英文习惯来写就不会出现以上错误了， 主语We+谓语go to school+状语by bike 也就是We go to school by bike . 1. 简单句： （1）定义：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫简单句，如：We learn English . 我们 学英语。 （一个主语和一个谓语） Both Xiao Zhang and Xiao Wang are from Beijing （一个并列主语和一个谓语） once . He lived and worked here .（一个主语和一个并列谓语）My father and mother go to work at seven in the morning and (they) come back home at eight in the evening .（一个并列主语和一个并列谓语） （2）分类：上次我们对简单句按照句子基本结构分出的 5 种类型做了阐述；另外，根据句子的功能或使用目的，简 单句可分四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 陈述句：是用来陈述一件事情或表示一种看法，可分为肯定句和否定句两种形式。 一、陈述句：是用来陈述一件事情或表示一种看法，可分为肯定句和否定句两种形式。 1、谓语动词是 be 动词,助动词 have, has, will, 情态动词 can 等时，只要直接在这些词后面加 not 就构成否定形式。 e.g. Lily has already read this new book. (改为否定句) Lily ________ ________this new book ________. 2、谓语动词是行为动词而又没有助动词或情态动词时，必须在谓语动词前加助动词，一般现在时加助动词 do ，第 三人称单数加 does， 一般过去时加 did， 再和 not 构成否定结构。 必须指出的是： don't, doesn't, didn't 后都用动词原形。10e.g.1) Jill has lunch at school every day. (改为否定句) Jill _____ _____ lunch at school every day. 2) The children had a good time at the party. (改为否定句) The children ________ _____ a good time at the party. 3) Rose didn't drink any milk this morning.（改为肯定句） Rose ________ ________milk this morning. 疑问句：是用来提出问题的句子。 二、疑问句：是用来提出问题的句子。 A.一般疑问句 一般疑问句：以 be 动词, have /has/do 等助动词、can/may 等情态动词开头，以 yes 或 no 来回答的问句。 一般疑问句 它的基本结构是：Be/Have /Has/Did 等助动词（包括情态动词）＋主语＋部分谓语（动词原形） 包括表语）＋┄？ 等助动词（包括情态动词）＋主语＋部分谓语 动词原形） 包括表语）＋ ）＋主语 谓语（ ）＋┄ （ 回答常用简略回答。 回答常用简略回答 1、谓语动词是 be 动词、助动词、情态动词时，只要直接把这些词置于句首，句末改成问号。 e.g. There's something wrong with his bike.（改成疑问句） _____ ______ _________wrong with his bike? 2、谓语动词是行为动词时，必须在句首加上助动词 Do、Does（三单） 、Did（过去式）加上这些助动词后，句子中 谓语动词必须用原形。 e.g. 1) Edison built a science lab himself when he was ten. （改成疑问句） ________Edison ________a science lab himself when he was ten？ 2) Those Japanese like Chinese food.（改成疑问句） ________those Japanese __________Chinese food? 注意：在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑问句的时候,要注意句中是否有 already、some、something、somebody 等词， 如果有也必须进行改变，already 要改成 yet，some、something、somebody 等分别改成 any、anything、anybody 等。 另外，在改成否定句的时候注意把 too 改成 either, both 改成 neither, all 改成 none 等.在改成一般疑问句的时候，常常 把第一人称 I、we 改成第二人称 you。 B.特殊疑问句 特殊疑问句：以疑问代词或疑问副词开头，提出疑问的句子。 特殊疑问句 它的基本结构是：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句语序 特殊疑问词＋ 疑问句语序。但是如果疑问词在句子中作主语或作主语的定语，就用特殊疑问 特殊疑问词 一般疑问句语序 词＋陈述句语序。常用的疑问词有：what, who(whom), whose, which, when, where, how, why 等，回答时针对问句中的 代词和副词来回答，不用 yes 或 no 来回答。 1) 对指物名词或谓语动词提出疑问，疑问词用 what ①The twins were making a kite when their mother came in. （划线提问） ________ _____ the twins _____ when their mother came in? ②Mrs. Turner asked her son to buy some eggs for supper. （划线提问） _________ ________Mrs. Turner ask her son ________ _______? 2)对名词前定语提出疑问，疑问词应用 which，或 whose, 而且必须和名词连用。 I'm going to take the shirt on the right.（划线提问） ________ _____ are you going to take? 3. e.g. Li Ping, they, his father is Li Ping? C He is a classmate of mine. ____ did you give the book to? 4) 对物主代词和名词所有格提问用 whose。This is my pen. -- _____ ___ is it? e.g. Li Ping's coat→ Whose coat my father→ Whose father _____ shirt are you wearing? Is it your father’s? I asked them”______ parent is a doctor?” and several of them said”mine.” 5) 对具体时间提出疑问， in the morning, last Sunday 等， 如 疑问词用 when； 对具体几点钟提问， 疑问词应用 what time。 __________ was it when we reached the hall? __________ is the sports meeting going to be? 6) 对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词应用 where。 The pupils are having a picnic at the foot of the hill. （划线提问） _____ _____ the pupils having a picnic? 7) 对表原因的从句提问，常见的有 because 引导的从句，疑问词应用 why。 Xiao Cheng didn't go to the farm with us because he was ill. （划线提问） _________ _____ Xiao Cheng go to the farm with us? 8)对方式或程度等提出疑问，用疑问词 How。 e.g. go by bike / like very much He often goes to school on foot. She likes playing badminton very much. 9) 对数量提出疑问，疑问词为 How many，要注意 how many 必须跟名、代词的复数形式。11e.g. two hundred sheep → How many sheep Four of us haven’t finished the homework this weekend. 10) 对价格提出疑问，疑问词用 How much。 e.g. I paid fifty Yuan for the sweater. ________________did you pay for the sweater? 11) 对时间长度提出疑问，疑问词应用 How long。 e.g. I've worked in that factory for two years. （划线提问）96 中考 ______ ______ ________ you worked in that factory? 12) 对时间频率，如 once a year, twice a week 等提问，疑问词用 How often。 13) 对具体次数，如 once, twice, three times 等提问，疑问词用 How many times。 e.g. ________did he call you the day before yesterday? Twice. 96 中考题 A. What time B. How many times C. How much D. How long 14) 对 in＋一段时间提问，疑问词一般用 How soon。 e.g. Jane and her brother will finish the work in two hours. （划线提问） _____ _____ _____ Jane and her brother finish the work? 15) 对距离提出疑问，疑问词用 How far。 e.g. It's about two kilometers from here to the country.（划线提问） _____________ _____ _____ from here to the country? 16) 另外，对日期、星期、天气等提出疑问，则分别用 What's the date? What day is it? 如果是过去时间，就用 was 代替 is。What's the weather like? 练习 8 1) She does exercises at home in the evening.（改成否定句、一般疑问句） She ________________exercises at home in the evening. ________she _____ exercises at home in the evening? 2) He said something important at the meeting.（改为否定句, 一般疑问句） He _____ ________________important at the meeting. ________he ________________important at the meeting? 3) It’ll take them three weeks to finish the work.（划线提问） _________________________it take them to finish the work? 4) I have to wash all the plates and things after meals.（划线提问） _____ _____ you have to wash all the plates and things? 5) The woman in the red coat is her mother.（划线提问） ________________is her mother? 6) Li Ping spent twenty Yuan on the dictionary.（划线提问） _____ ____ ____ Li Ping _____ on the dictionary? 思考题 1) The worker's visited the factory already.（改成否定句、一般疑问句） The worker _____ _____ the factory ______. ____ the worker ___ the factory __? 2) Both of his parents are workers.（改成否定句） ___ of his parents ________a worker. 3) He went to the park with his sister.（划线提问） 4) We really enjoyed working on the farm.（划线提问） 5) She writes to her parents once a week.（划线提问） 6) Our P.E teacher has been at this school since he came ten years ago.（划线提问） C.选择疑问句 选择疑问句：提出两种或更多的情况，要求对方选择一种问句。 选择疑问句 它的结构是：一般疑问句＋or＋一般疑问句，但常把后一部分中和前一部分相同的成分省略。这种疑问句不用 yes 或 no 回答，而是根据选择作答。 e.g. Would you like chicken or beef?回答时用 I'd like beef. ① Are they sitting _________standing in the classroom? ② The students stopped talking _________laughing when the teacher came in.12③ Meimei likes boating. (用 swim 改成选择疑问句) ________Meimei ____ boating __________________? D.反意疑问句 反意疑问句：在陈述句后附上一个简短问句，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问的问句。 反意疑问句 1)Bill's sister is going to work in Paris next month.（改成反意疑问句） Bill's sister is going to work in Paris next month,_______________? 2)The Reads don't enjoy living in China.(改成反意疑问句) The Reads don't enjoy living in China,___ _____? 注意： 注意： 1、对于反意疑问句的回答，不管问题的提法如何，若事实是肯定的，则用 yes 来回答，事实是否定的，则要用 no 回答。 e.g. Li Lei never goes to school late, does he? 李雷上学从不迟到,是吗? 不，他迟到。 (事实是迟到的，则用 yes 回答. Yes, he does.) 是的，从不迟到。 (事实是不迟到，则用 no 回答. No, he doesn't.) 2、 当陈述部分中含有 no, no one, nobody, nothing, never, little, few, hardly, too…to 等否定词时， 附加疑问句部分用肯定 形式。 e.g.1) His aunt ate nothing for breakfast this morning. (改为反意疑问句) His aunt ate nothing for breakfast this morning, ____ ____? 2) There's nothing wrong with the computer.（改为反意疑问句） There's nothing wrong with the computer, _____________？ 3、反意问句中要注意到有些词的缩略形式。 e.g. 's 既是 has 也是 is 的缩略形式。 'd 既是 would 也是 had 的缩略形式。 e.g. ①He's already finished his homework.(改成反意问句) He's already finished his homework, _____________? ②He's already a little weak in English. (改成反意疑问句) He's already a little weak in English, _____________? ③He's often told to come here. (改成反意疑问句) He's often told to come here, _____ ____? 4、 当陈述部分带有 that 从句作宾语时， 附加问句的主谓一般应与主句 主句保持一致。 但是如果主句主语是第一人称， 主 主句 句动词是 think, believe, suppose etc.时，附加问句的主谓一般应与从句主谓保持一致，如果 think 是否定形式，附加问 句的谓语应是肯定形式。 e.g. 1.They said that they would call us.(改成反意疑问句) They said that they would call us, _______________? 2.I don't think he will come. (改成反意疑问句) I don't think he will come, _____ ______? You think he will come, _________ _________? 5、陈述部分主语是 everyone, someone, no one, something, anything 等不定代词时，指人的不定代词，附加部分主语多 用 he 来代替，指物的不定代词主语多用 it 来代替。 6、当陈述部分为 there be 句型时，附加问句部分用 be there 结构的肯定或否定形式。 There are 32 students in our class, ________ ______? *特殊形式的反意疑问句 特殊形式的反意疑问句 1. 祈使句 + will you / won't you/ can't you? 这种结构严格的说是形式上的反意疑问句或叫 &类反意疑问句& 。这种结构使祈使句听起来比较婉转、客气. will you 多表示请求, 表示告诉某人做某事,附加部分多用 will, would , can 使语气更婉转. won't you 多表示邀请或 提醒对方注意。 e.g. Go to the cinema now, will/won't you? Look at the blackboard, will/won't you? e.g. Come here, would you? Stop talking, can you? 注意: A). 否定式祈使句后面的附加部分不可用 won't you, 一般用 will you , 也可用 can you . e.g. Don't make a noise, will /can you? B). Let's...., shall/ shan't we? Let's... 含义是 &咱们...& 包括说话的对方, 所以人称代词要用 we. e.g. Let's go home, shall we? Let's go home, shan't we?13但 Let us/ me/him ...., will/ won't you ? Let me ....除了可用 will you 外还可用 may I, 要注意意义 Let me help you, may I? 我可以....吗? Let me help you, will you? 你让我....吗? 2. 感叹句的反意疑问句附加部分用 to be 的一般现在时的否定式。 e.g. What fine weather, isn't it? How hard she works, isn't she? 3. 陈述部分含有 need, dare 的反意疑问句 A). 当 need , dare 为普通动词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用助动词 do 的某种形式。 e.g. He needs help, doesn't he? B).当 need , dare 为情态动词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用其本身。 e.g. We need do it again, needn't we? He dare not say so, dare he? 当陈述部分有 needn't 时, 反意疑问句附加部分一般用 need 有时可用 must. e.g. He needn't do that, need he? He needn't do that, must he? 4. 当陈述部分有 used to...时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 didn't/ usedn't/ used + 主语 + not? e.g. She used to visit her uncle on holidays, didn't she? She used to visit her uncle on holidays, usedn't she? He used to play football when he was young, used he not? 5. 当陈述部分有 I am ...时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 aren't I / ain't I 或 am I not? e.g. I am interested in English, aren't I? I am interested in English, ain't I? I am working now, am I not? 例外: I'm very thirsty, aren't you? 我很渴,你呢? 这句中的 aren't you? === how about you? 6. 当陈述部分有 ought to 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 ought 或 should. e.g. We ought to start at once, oughtn't we? We ought to start at once, shouldn't we? Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? Such things ought not to be allowed, should they? 7. 当陈述部分含有 must 时, 要注意 must 的含义。 表示 &一定要, 必须&时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 mustn't 或 needn't e.g. He must work hard at physics, mustn't he? You must renew the book, needn't you? 表示推测 &一定是, 必定是&时, 反意疑问句附加部分有下列情况: A). 当陈述部分有 must be ...时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 be 的现在时态。 e.g. He must be very tired, isn't he? He must be working hard at the office, isn't he? B). must have + 过去分词 表示对过去的推测 a). 单纯表示对过去的推测, 与现在无关, 反意疑问句附加部分用过去式。 b). 表示对过去的推测且影响到现在或持续现在, 反意疑问句附加部分用现在完成式。 e.g. He must have come yesterday, didn't he? You must have studied English for years, haven't you? He must have lived here at least ten years, hasn't he? 8. can't 表示推测 作&不可能&解时, 反意疑问句附加部分根据后的动词选用相应的形式。 e.g. He can't be a doctor, is he? The workers can't have finished their work, have they? 9. 当陈述部分有 have to 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用助动词 do 的某种形式。 e.g. Jack has to go there on foot, doesn't he? We have to get up early, don't we? 但: have got to..., have ...? We have got to work hard, haven't we? 10. 当陈述部分谓语有 had better 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 shouldn't / hadn't e.g. You'd better put on your coat, shouldn't you? You'd better put on your coat, hadn't you? We had better go right now, shouldn't we? We had better go right now, hadn't we? 11. 当陈述部分谓语有 would rather 或 would like to 时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 wouldn't + 主语。14e.g. He would rather read the text ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? You'd like to have some bananas, wouldn't you? 12. 当陈述部分主语是 I wish ...时, 反意疑问句附加部分用 may I? 注意: 前后均需用肯定式 e.g. I wish to go home, may I? I wish I were you, may I? 13. 当陈述部分含有主从复合句时, a). 注意观察主句的主语。 主句的主语是第一人称(we, I) 时。 反意疑问句附加部分的主语与从句主语一致。 否则与主句主语一致。 b). 注意否定转移! 当主句谓语动词是 suppose, think, expect, belive, imagine 时, 只要出现否定词 Not 反意疑问句附加部分就用肯定形式。 e.g. I think he will be back in an hour, won't he? We don't suppose he cares, does he? You don't suppose he cares, do you? c). 含有主从复合句的反意疑问句附加部分与句子的重心一致. e.g. It is said that he is a teacher, isn't he? 14. 当陈述部分是并列句时, 反意疑问句附加部分用与最接近( 最后一个)分句的主语、谓语一致。 e.g. We must study English hard or we can't be good at it, can we? He is a doctor but his wife is a teacher, isn't she? 15. 当陈述部分有下列否定词时, 反意疑问句附加部分用肯定结构。 ( neither 等) e.g. There is little ink in your pen, is there? He can hardly write his name, can he? 然而 1)如果陈述部分的否定词是通过加前缀或后缀而构成的, 附加部分依然用否定式。 e.g. It's unfair, isn't it? You are hopeless, aren't you? She dislike doing housework, didn't she? She had a dislike for housework, didn't she? 2). no one, nobody, none, nothing, neither 在陈述部分作动词的宾语时,反意疑问句附加部分一般用肯定结构间或也 可用否定结构。 e.g. You got nothing from him, did(n't) you? He has nothing to say, does(n't) he? 16. 以引导词 there 开始的句子(不包括作地点状语的 there ), 反意疑问句附加部分主语也用 there. e.g. There'll be enough for everybody, won't there? There seems to be no question about it, doesn't there? 17. A). 陈述部分的主语是 everything, nothing, anything 或 something 时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it. e.g. Something is wrong with my radio, isn't it? Nothing is serious, is it? B). 陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody,someone, nobody, no one, none, neither ( 注意这些代词一般指人)时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语一般用 they, 也可用 he. e.g. Everyone is here, aren't they? Neither side could win, could they? No one knows about it, do they? None of the students are absent, are they? Everyone knows this, don't they? Everyone knows this, doesn't he? 例外: none of + 表示物的名词或代词,就是说 none 不指人或是不可数名词时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it. e.g. None of it is hers, is it? None of his money is left, is it? C). 陈述部分的主语是指示代词 this 或 that 时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用 陈述部分的主语是 these 或 those 时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语用 they. e.g. This is a beautiful picture, isn't it? Those are Japanese, aren't they? D). 陈述部分的主语是不定代词 one 时, 反意疑问句附加部分主语可以用 one, 也可以用 you. (美国英语中 还可以用 he) e.g. One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one? One can't be too careful, can you? E). 当 neither ... both ... and 连接两个主语时, 附加部分的主语常用复数。 e.g. Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? Both you and he are students, are you? Both Xiao Li and Xiao Wang are students, are they? 18. 陈述部分的主语是 主语从句, 不定式短语, 或动名词短语时,反意疑问句附加部分主语用 it. e.g. What you need is more practice, isn't it? To learn English well isn't easy, is it? Swimming is great fun, isn't it? 19. 在口语对话中, 表示讥讽或怀疑时, 往往先简略重复之后再反问, 回答时陈述部分与反意疑问句附加部分一致。 (同时否定或肯定。 这种句式叫同向反意疑问句) e.g. ----- Tom told me he saw a ghost last night. ----- He did, did he? e.g.15----- You mustn't listen to his story. ----- Oh, I mustn't, mustn't I? 若回答时先用了 yes 或 no , 便不强求一致。 e.g. ---- We might be able to beat them. ---- Yes, we might, mightn't we? 20. 陈述部分以 so 开头时, 反意疑问句附加部分用同向疑问句,表示惊讶,怀疑或不满等情绪。 e.g. So you are getting married, are you? So you don't like my cooking, don't you? 三、感叹句：用来表达喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句，句末用感叹号。 感叹句：用来表达喜、 乐等强烈感情的句子叫做感叹句，句末用感叹号。 1、一般用感叹词 how 或 what 引导，how 修饰形容词或副词，what 修饰名词。 2、how 引导的感叹句，基本结构：How＋形容词 副词＋主语＋谓语！ 副词＋ （主谓可省略） ＋形容词/副词 主语＋谓语！ e.g. How beautiful the park is! 3、What 引导的感叹句：基本结构是： ①What＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词（单数）＋主语＋谓语 ）＋主语 ＋ ＋形容词＋可数名词（单数）＋主语＋谓语! e.g. She is a very nice girl.→What a nice girl (she is)! ②What＋形容词＋可数名词复数（或不可数名词）＋主语＋谓语！ ）＋主语 ＋形容词＋可数名词复数（或不可数名词）＋主语＋谓语！ e.g. What beautiful flowers they are! What lovely weather it is today! 注意：1. What 感叹不可数名词时，名词前面不能加不定冠词 a/an 。 e.g. What good news it is! 类似的有：What bad weather! What hard work! What delicious food! 等 2. 如果感叹部分是可数名词的单数形式，也可用 how 表达。如：How nice a girl she is! 练习 9 1)_____________kind girl she is! A. How B. What a C. What D. How a 2)___________bad weather! I hope it won’t last long. A. How B. What C. What a D. How a 3)_____________they are listening to the teacher! A. How careful B. What careful C. How carefully D. What carefully 4) He had lunch at home. （用 at school 改选择问句） ____ he _____ lunch at home _____ at school? 5) He's never late for class. （改反意疑问句） He's never late for class, ____ _____? He’s never been to the Great Wall, _____ _______? 6) Mr. Brown has few friends in this town.（改反意疑问句） Mr. Brown has few friends in this town, ____ ____? 选择 How 或 What（a/an）填空： 7). _____ good news for all of us! 8). ___________interesting book he has in his hand! 9). ________badly he hurt himself! 10). _____friendly she is to everyone! 思考题 1) Is Bruce an American ____________an Australian? 2)___________wonderful time we have had! 3)___________modern a cinema the workers are building! 4) The twins could swim when they were four, ____ ___? 5) There is little meat in the fridge, ___ ____? 祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句 或劝告等的句子叫祈使句， 通常省略。 四、祈使句：表示请求、命令、建议或劝告等的句子叫祈使句，主语 you 通常省略。 1、祈使句的肯定形式：一般以动词原形开头。 Open the door, please. 2、祈使句的否定形式：在句首谓语动词前加 Don't。 Don't be late for class. 3、说话对象是第一人称和第三人称时，表示建议做某事。 Let me/us do… Let him/her/them16e.g. Let's go to school. 注意：“Don’t speak in class,” he said to us. He asked us not to speak in class. He told us not to speak in class. 1) 祈使句 ＋ and/or ＋ 简单句是常用句型 祈使句 + and + 简单句 表示“如果…，就…” 祈使句 + or + 简单句 表示“…否则…” e.g. 1.Go down the street, and you'll see a hospital. = If you go…, you’ll… 2.Be quick, or we'll be late. = If you are not quick, you’ll be late. 2) 在祈使句后面，常常附加一个问句，使语气更加委婉。 e.g. ①Tell me about it, will you/won't you? ②Don't tell anyone, will you? ③Let's go to school, shall we? ④Let us go out to play for a while, will you? 练习 10 1) _____ on the thin ice. It's dangerous. A. Don't skate B. Don't skating C. Skate D. Not skate 2) Let us start cleaning the house, ____ ____? 3) Let's fly the kite on the playground, _____ ______? （附加问句） 4) Please turn down the radio a bit, ____ _____? （附加问句） 1. A 祈使句：Will you? (2,4) 提建议：Shall we?(3) 2. 并列句： （1）定义：用并列连接词连接起来的两个或两个以上简单句叫做并列句。 （2）并列句的构成：简单句+连接词+简单句 （3）连接并列句常用的连接词：and , but , or , so , not only … but also , however , neither…nor , either…or , still 等。 Eg.: I help her and she helps me . 我帮她， 她帮我。 is very old but he is in good health . 他年纪很大了， He 但他身体很好。 We must hurry or we’ll be late . 我们得赶快走，不然就晚了。 This girl did her work carefully , so she never made any mistakes . 这个姑娘工作认真，从不出差错。 Jim not only wrote to me last week but also (he) came to see me yesterday . 吉姆上星期不但写信给我，而且昨天还来看过 我。= Not only did Jim write to me…but also he came… Neither could theory do without practice, nor could practice do without theory . 理论没有实践不行，实践没有理论也不行。 Either he is to blame or I am . 不是他该受责备，就是我该受责备。 注意：连接词 so 除起连接并列句作用外，兼有结果意味；有时 so 在后一句中代替前一句中某一句中成分。例如： He can swim , so can I . 他会游泳，我也会。 代替 swim） （so Iron is a kind of matter , so are water and air . 铁是一种物质，水和空气也是物质。 在后一句中起表语作用） （so 并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法； 并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法 （注意 while, when 和 for 等作并列连词的用法。 ） *并列关系 并列关系 (联合关系)and, not only…but(also), neither…nor,等 I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他，他也帮助我。 Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her. 我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。 Neither would I consult him nor would he ask me for advice. 我不想与他商量，他也不会征求我的意见。 转折关系 but, yet, still, while, however, when 等 He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。 She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress. 她学习英语有困难，然而她 学习努力，进步很快。 选择关系 or, otherwise, or else, either…or We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。 Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。17因果关系 for, so, thus, therefore, and so We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在 下雨。 He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。 有时也可不用连词，而用逗号，分号或冒号 Hurry up, it’s getting dark. 快点，天要黑了。 Let’s start early, we have a long way to go. 我们要早动身，因为路很远。 注意： 注意： （1）yet 和 still 是连接副词， 也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用， 但不如 and, but, or 等强， 用了 yet 或 still， 前面还可加 and 或 but。 He is tired, (but) still he will make another experiment. 他很累，但他仍然要做另一个实验。 I got up very early, (and) yet I failed to catch the first bus. 我起得很早，然而还是没有赶上头班车。 （2）while 意义本相当于 at the same time 表示相反和对照: “而” 常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。 I like football, while my sister likes basketball. 我喜欢足球，而我姐姐喜欢篮球。 when = and then, just then 或 at that time, during the time. We were ready to rush away, when the snake moved. 我们正准备离开，这时蛇移动了。 We hadn’t left long when thr earthquake occurred. while 和 when 作为并列连词使用时常是放在第二个分句前边，并有逗号和第一分句隔开。 3、for 表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore 比 so 更正式，and so 比较口语化。 【专项训练】 ： 一、用适当的并列连词填空： 1、He couldn’t know the truth about me, he wouldn’t treat me like this. 2、The bell is ringing the lesson is over. 3、Although he was ill, he kept on working. 4、I can’t make up my mind we will go to Shanghai we will stay in our city. 5、He doesn’t talk much, he thinks a lot. 6、It must have rained last night the ground is still wet. 7、The president will visit the town in May he will open the new hospital. 8、Jane was dressed in green Mary was dressed in blue. 9、 he did not speak distinctly I did not hear it clearly. 10、He is clever, , he often makes mistakes. 11、 Did we write to her we called her up. 12、He hasn’t any money I’m going to lend him some. 13、T he, , didn’t go to school. 14、Mary was neither happy, was she sad. 15、Put on more clothes, you’ll catch cold. 二、选择最佳答案： 16、Some are reading magazines, others are playing cards. A．or B．for C．so D．while we’ll miss the first bus to the Great Wall. 17、We must get up early tomorrow. A．so B．or C．but D．however 18、――I don’t like chicken fish. ――I don’t like chicken, I like fish very much. A．and, and B．and, but C．or, and D．or, but 19、We want high speed good quality. A．both, and B．either, or C．neither, nor D．not, but also 20、In spring it is hot cold here. A．both, and B．either, or C．neither, nor D．not only, but does he writes well, he also speaks well. 21、 A．Not only, but B．Not, but C．Either, or D．Both, and 22、Use your head, you’ll work it out.18A．so B．or C．and D．for 23、I want to buy the jacket, I have not enough money with me. A．but B．so C．or D．for 24、 you I am going to help Tom. A．Either, or B．Not, but C．Not only, and D．Each, and 25、The soldier was wounded, he pushed on. A．for B．and C．so D．yet 26、――Do you know Jim quarrelled with his classmate? ――I don’t know, . A．nor don’t I came B．nor do I care C．I don’t care neither D．I don’t care also a singer as well. 27、He is a teacher, A．but B．or C．nor D．and 28、 should a man have courage, he should have wisdom and knowledge. A．Not only, but B．Neither, nor C．Either, or D．Both, and 29、We have studied English for only one year, we can perform English short plays already. A．yet B．for C．and D．or 30、She had escaped, the ring had fallen off and been damaged in the great heat of the fire. A．so B．or C．but D．and 31、The work was difficult, , he finished it on time. A．but B．however C．otherwise D．therefore 32、The sky was cloudless the sun was shining. A．but B．and C．for D．so 33、 many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. A．Having been told B．Though he had been told C．He was told D．Having told 34、I was walking along the street I heard someone calling my name. A．when B．while C．and D．for 35、To be healthy, you must have a meal too big too small. A．either, or B．neither, nor C．not only, but also D．not, but 36、Both Jane and Ellen, Mary, are studying at the same college. A．too B．and C．as well D．as well as 37、He has never studied English before, we should give him more help. A．and B．or C．therefore D．but 38、I se , I don’t agree with you. A．or B．but C．so D．still 39、They must stay in the water they will die. A．but B．so C．otherwise D．and 40、We played outside till sunset it began to rain. A．when B．while C．yet D．so 三、改错： 41、Although he has great learning, but he always works far into the night. 42、Because the boy is very naughty, so I’m angry with him. 43、Not only he himself works hard but he often helps others. 44、It must have rained much of late, because the river is so high. 45、They didn’t tell me whether I should write to him nor whether I should see him personally. 46、If there were no plants, we would have no animals or no meat. 47、Now of course I don’t want to say anything bad about anyone however have you noticed his strange manners? 48、 “I’m more thankful to you, sir, than I can say” I said, “ and but I must make things clear.” 49、He neither knows nor cares what happened. 50、He did not like your suggestion, and but he raised no objection(反对).19【答案】 ： 一、 1、or 2、and 3、still / yet 4、whether, or 5、but 6、for 7、and 8、while 9、Either, or 10、however 11、Not only, but 12、so 13、therefore 14、nor 15、or 二、 16、D 17、B 18、D 19、A 20、C 21、A 22、C 23、A 24、A 25、D 26. B 27. D 28、A 29、A 30、C 31、B 32、B 33、C 34、A 35、B 36、D 37 、 C 38、D 39、C 40、A 四、 41、去掉 but 或改为 yet 42、去掉 so 43、he 前加 does；works－work 44、because－for 45 、 nor － or 46．or―and 47、however―but 48、去掉 and 49、去 for 50、去掉 and 或把 but 改为 yet 或 still 3. 主从复合句 （1） 定义： 主从复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的。主句是句子的主体，从句可视作句子的一个 成分。从句在主从复合句中可起主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语作用。从句在全句中起什么作用，就叫什 么从句。 （2）状语从句：状语从句在句中起状语作用，修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词。在初中阶段我们主要学习了 以下几种状语从句： ① 时间状语从句：常见引导词：when（当……时） ，as（一边……一边，当……时） ，while（在……过程中） ，before （在……以前） after 在……之后） since ， （ ， （自从……以来） till until） ， （ （直到……， 直到……才） as soon as ， （一…… 就……）等。 进入高中阶段之后，我们还会再见到另外一些常用的连接词。在由以上连接词或词组连接的主从复合句中，主句谓 语动词所表示的动作和从句谓语动词所表示的动作有时是同时发生、有时是先后发生。因此，在理解和运用带时间 状语从句的主从复合句时，要根据连接词所表示的不同时间意义，特别注意主句和从句的谓语动词的时态。这是掌 握时间状语从句的关键。 ② 原因状语从句：常由 because（因为） ，since（既然） ，as（由于）等连接词引导。也包括 for. Eg:. He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio . 他没听见敲门声， 因为他正在听收音机。 Since you are free today , you had better help me with my English . 既然你今天休息，你最好帮我学习英语。 As the day was fine , they decided to go on a trip . 由于天气好，他们决定作一次短途旅行。 ③ 地点状语从句： 常由 where （在……地方） wherever ， （无论……在哪儿） 等连接词引导。 I’ go where work conditions are difficult . 如： ll 我愿意到工作条件困难的地方去。 Wherever you are , you should work for the people heart and soul . 无论你在哪里工作，你都应该全心全意为人民服务。 ④ 条件状语从句： 常由 if 假如， （ 如果）unless 除非） ， （ 等连接词或连接词组引导。 If I go to the Great Wall tomorrow , 如： would you like to come along ? 如果明天我去长城，你会和我一起去吗？ He is sure to come unless he has some urgent work to do at home . 除非他家里有急事要办，不然他一定会来的。 ⑤ 比较或方式状语从句：常由 as…as（像…一样） ，than（比） ，the more…the more（越……就越） ，as（正如） if ，as （似乎，好象）等引导。如：I know you better than she does . 我比她更了解你。 The more you practice , the more knowledge you will get . 你实践得越多，你得到的知识就越多。 You should study English as hard as Mary does . 你应该像玛丽那样努力学习英语。 The old man runs}