whitbybohunt school 排名排名
点击联系发帖人
时间：2016-09-09 19:53
英国中学排名 the-british-school-ranking
2014年英国寄宿合校A-Level排名
2014年英国寄宿合校A-Level排名
备注： 1. 排名来自英国Best Schools官方网站，由尼采文教市场部整编。
2. 排名中不包含学校IB成绩。
3. 转载请注明出处：
A-A* 百分比
须知:以上内容皆为「尼采文教」原创，未经允许禁止转载。
关注我们Follow Us
热门专题Follow Us
扫描二维码加入尼采留学官方微信
版权所有 &2016 尼采文教【官网】 |新西兰中小学各地区分布图
Wellington市
Amesbury School
Churton Park
Berhampore
Berhampore
Cardinal McKeefry Catholic Primary School
Cashmere Avenue
Khandallah
Regional Health School
Churton Park School
Clifton Terrace
Model School
Quay School
Downs Primary School
Wellington
Bay Intermediate School
Greenacres
Hill School
Cross School
Valley School
Bay School
Johnsonville
Johnsonville
Normal School
West Normal School
Normal School
Khandallah
Khandallah
Ora School
Bay School
Model School
Central School
Christian School
North School
South School
Wellington
Cook School
Intermediate
Johnsonville
Bay School
Margaret College
Normal Intermediate
Johnsonville
Rewa School
Heart School
Marsden Collegiate School
Wellington Intermediate
Anne's School
Anthony's School
Benedict's School
Khandallah
Bernard's School
Brigid's School
Johnsonville
Catherine's College
Francis De Sales School
Francis Xavier School
Mark's Church School
Mary's College
Wellington
Patrick's College
Patrick's School
Teresa's School
Strathmore
Community School
Strathmore
Intermediate
Aro School
Wellington
o Nga Mokopuna
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
East Girls' College
Wellington
Girls' College
Wellington
High School
Wellington
Park School
Johnsonville
Bay School
Kapi-Mana地区
Porirua City
Viard College
Intermediate
Creek School
Family School
Park School
Waitangirua
Toa School
Papakowhai
Papakowhai
Pauatahanui
Pauatahanui
Plimmerton
Plimmerton
East School
Bay School
Marsden Collegiate School
Pius X School
Theresa's School
Plimmerton
Waitangirua
Kura Maori O Porirua
Waitangirua
Bay Intermediate
Bay North School
Bay School
Wellington
Seventh-day Adventist School
Kapiti Coast District
Christian School
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Health Camp School
Paekakariki
Paekakariki
Paraparaumu
Beach School
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Beach School
South School
Reikorangi
Patrick's School
Paraparaumu
Peter Chanel School
Horo School
Kura Kaupapa Maori o Te Rito
Kura-a-iwi o Whakatupuranga Rua Mano
Ra Waldorf School
Hutt Valley
Lower Hutt City
Wainuiomata
Intermediate
St James School
Street School
Hutt School
Wainuiomata
Gracefield
Central School
Intermediate School
Valley Christian School
Wainuiomata
Valley High School
Primary School
Primary School
Wainuiomata
Christian School
Maungaraki
Maungaraki
Eastbourne
Intermediate
Normandale
Normandale
Lady of Rosary School
Central School
Primary School
Wainuiomata
House Rudolf Steiner School
Street School
Heart College
Heart School
Antonio School
Eastbourne
Bernadette's School
Bernard's College
Claudine Thevenet School
Wainuiomata
Michael's School
Oran's College
Peter and Paul School
Central School
o Te Ara Whanui
Glen School
Ora Montessori School
Wainuiomata
High School
Wainuiomata
Wainuiomata
Intermediate
Wainuiomata
Wainuiomata
Primary School
Wainuiomata
Upper Hutt City
Birchville
Birchville
Intermediate
Crescent School
Heretaunga
International Boys' School
Intermediate
Crescent School
Silverstream
Silverstream
Brendan's School
Heretaunga
Joseph's School
Patrick's College
Silverstream
Park School
Hutt College
Hutt School
Masterton District
Park School
Preparatory School
Intermediate
Primary School
Mauriceville
Mauriceville
Matthew's Collegiate
Patrick's School
o Wairarapa
Carterton District
Christian School
End School
Mary's School
South Wairarapa District
Featherston
Featherston
Martinborough
Martinborough
Featherston School
Featherston
Teresas School
Featherston
Tuturumuri
MartinboroughFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see .
Whitby is a seaside town, port and
and English county of . It is located within the
of the . Situated on the east coast of
at the mouth of the , Whitby has an established maritime, mineral and tourist heritage. Its East Cliff is home to the ruins of , where , the earliest recognised English poet, lived. The fishing port developed during the , supporting important
fleets, and was (along with the nearby fishing village of ) where
learned seamanship.
Tourism started in Whitby during the Georgian period and developed further on the arrival of the railway in 1839. Its attraction as a tourist destination is enhanced by its proximity to the high ground of the
and by its association with the horror novel .
were mined locally. Whitby Jet, which was mined by the Romans and Victorians, became fashionable during the 19th century.
The earliest record of a permanent settlement is in 656, when as Streanoehealh it was the place where , the Christian king of Northumbria, founded the first abbey, under the abbess . The
was held there in 664. In 867, the monastery was destroyed by
raiders. Another monastery was founded in 1078. It was in this period that the town gained its current name, Whitby (from "white settlement" in ). In the following centuries Whitby functioned as a fishing settlement until, in the 18th century, it developed as a port and centre for shipbuilding and whaling, the trade in locally mined alum, and the manufacture of Whitby jet jewellery.
The abbey ruin at the top of the East Cliff is the town's oldest and most prominent landmark. Other significant features include the , which crosses the
and the harbour, which is sheltered by the
East and West . The town's maritime heritage is commemorated by statues of
and , as well as the whalebone arch that sits at the top of the West Cliff. The town also has a strong literary tradition and has featured in literary works, television and cinema, most famously in 's novel .
While Whitby's cultural and historical heritage contribute to the local economy, the town does suffer from the economic constraints of its remote location, ongoing changes in the fishing industry, relatively underdeveloped transport infrastructure, and limitations on available land and property. As a result, tourism and some forms of fishing remain the mainstay of its economy. It is the closest port to a proposed
development in the , 47 miles (76 km) from
and 22 miles (35 km) from . There are transport links to the rest of North Yorkshire and North East England, primarily through national rail links to Middlesbrough and road links to Teesside, via both the
and , and Scarborough by the former.
According to the , the town had a population of 13,213, a decrease on the
figure of 13,594.
Whitby was called Streanaeshalc, Streneshalc, Streoneshalch, Streoneshalh, and Streunes-Alae in Lindissi in records of the 7th and 8th centuries. Prestebi, meaning the "habitation of priests" in , is an 11th century name. Its name was recorded as Hwitebi and Witebi, meaning the "white settlement" in , in the 12th century, Whitebi in the 13th century and Qwiteby in the 14th century.
Main article:
The picturesque ruins of
are reflected in the abbey pond
was founded at Streanoehealh in AD 657 by King
of , as an act of thanksgiving, after defeating , the
king of . At its foundation, the abbey was an Anglo-Saxon 'double monastery' for men and women. Its first abbess, the royal princess , was later venerated as a saint. The abbey became a centre of learning and here
the cowherd was "miraculously" transformed into an inspired poet whose poetry is an example of . The abbey became the leading royal nunnery of the kingdom of , and the burial-place of its royal family. The , in 664, established the
date of Easter in Northumbria at the expense of the
The monastery was destroyed between 867 and 870 in a series of raids by
under their leaders
and . Its site remained desolate for more than 200 years until after the . After the Conquest, the area was granted to
who, in 1078 donated land to found a
monastery dedicated to
and St Hilda. William de Percy's gift included land for the monastery, the town and port of Whitby and
and dependent chapels at , , , , , and , five mills including ,
with two mills and two churches. In about 1128 Henry I granted the abbey
in Whitby and permission to hold a fair at the feast of St Hilda on 25 August. A second fair was held close to St. Hilda's winter feast at . Market rights were granted to the abbey and descended with the . Whitby Abbey surrendered in December 1539 when
the monasteries.
Captain Cook's statue in front of the Royal Hotel, built by .
In 1540 the town had between 20 and 30 houses and a population of about 200. The , who had little independence under the abbey, tried to obtain self-government after the . The king ordered
to be drawn up granting their requests, but it was not implemented. In 1550 the , except for Hackness, was granted to the
who in 1551 conveyed it to
and his wife Anne who sold the lease to the Cholmleys. In the reign of , Whitby was a small fishing port. In 1635 the owners of the liberty governed the port and town where 24 burgesses had the privilege of buying and selling goods brought in by sea. Burgage tenure continued until 1837, when by an Act of Parliament, government of the town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by the ratepayers.
Whitby town from Abbey Terrace, sketched on 3 October 1861
At the end of the 16th century
works in the
where he observed that the rock being processed was similar to that under his
estate. At that time alum was important for medicinal uses, in curing leather and for fixing dyed cloths and the Papal States and Spain maintained monopolies on its production and sale. Chaloner secretly brought workmen to develop the industry in Yorkshire, and alum was produced near
3 miles (5 km) from Whitby in the reign of . Once the industry was established, imports were banned and although the methods in its production were laborious, England became self-sufficient. Whitby grew significantly as a port as a result of the alum trade and by importing coal from the Durham coalfield to process it.
Whitby grew in size and wealth, extending its activities to include
using local
timber. In 1790–91 Whitby built 11,754 tons of shipping, making it the third largest shipbuilder in England, after London and Newcastle. Taxes on imports entering the port raised money to improve and extend the town's twin piers, improving the harbour and permitting further increases in trade. In 1753 the first
ship set sail to
and by 1795 Whitby had become a major whaling port. The most successful year was 1814 when eight ships caught 172 whales, and the , the Resolution's catch produced 230 tons of oil. The carcases yielded 42 tons of
used for '' which were used in the corsetry trade until changes in fashion made them redundant.
was boiled to produce oil for use in lamps in four oil houses on the harbourside. Oil was used for street lighting until the spread of gas lighting reduced demand and the Whitby Whale Oil and Gas Company changed into the Whitby Coal and Gas Company. As the market for whale products fell, catches became too small to be economic and by 1831 only one whaling ship, the Phoenix, remained.
Whitby benefited from trade between the Newcastle coalfield and London, both by shipbuilding and supplying transport. In his youth the explorer
learned his trade on , shipping coal from the port. , the ship commanded by Cook on his voyage to Australia and New Zealand, was built in Whitby in 1764 by Tomas Fishburn as a coal carrier named Earl of Pembroke. She was bought by the Royal Navy 1768, refitted and renamed.
Whitby jet mourning jewellery became popular in late Victorian England.
Whitby developed as a
when three
springs were in demand for their medicinal and tonic qualities. Visitors were attracted to the town leading to the building of "lodging-houses" and hotels particularly on the West Cliff. Then, in 1839, the
connecting Whitby to
and eventually to
was built, and played a part in the town's development as a tourism destination. , who promoted the link to York, was responsible for the development of the Royal Crescent which was partly completed. For 12 years from 1847, , son of , engineer to the Whitby and Pickering Railway, was the Conservative MP for the town promoted by Hudson as a fellow .
, the compressed remains of ancestors of the , is found in the cliffs and on the moors and has been used since the
to make beads. The Romans are known to have mined it in the area. In Victorian times jet was brought to Whitby by pack pony to be made into decorative items. It was at the peak of its popularity in the mid-19th century when it was favoured for mourning jewellery by
after the death of .
The advent of iron ships in the late 19th century and the development of port facilities on the
led to the decline of smaller Yorkshire harbours. The Monks-haven launched in 1871 was the last wooden ship built Whitby and a year later the harbour was silted up.
On 30 October 1914, the hospital ship
was sunk, hitting the rocks within sight of shore just off Whitby at Saltwick Bay. Of the 229 people on board, 85 lost their l most are buried in the
at Whitby. In a
in December 1914, the town was shelled by the German
and . In the final assault on the Yorkshire coast the ships aimed their guns at the signal post on the end of the headland. Whitby Abbey sustained considerable damage in the attack which lasted ten minutes. The German squadron responsible for the strike escaped despite attempts made by the Royal Navy.
During the early 20th century the fishing fleet kept the harbour busy and few cargo boats used the port. It was revitalised as a result of a strike at
docks in 1955 when six ships were diverted and unloaded their cargoes on the fish quay. Endeavour Wharf, near the railway station, was opened in 1964 by the local council. The number of vessels using the port in 1972 was 291, increased from 64 in 1964. Timber, paper and chemicals are imported while exports include steel, furnace-bricks and doors. The port is owned and managed by Scarborough Borough Council since the Harbour Commissioners relinquished responsibility in 1905.
was started in 1979 by dredging the upper harbour and laying pontoons. Light industry and car parks occupy the adjacent land. More pontoons were completed in 1991 and 1995. The Whitby Marina Facilities Centre was opened in June 2010.
Old Town Hall, a grade II* listed building
By an Act of 1837 government of the town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by the . A Local Board was formed in 1872, and lasted until
was formed under the . The townships of Whitby, Ruswarp and Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre were formed into a Parliamentary borough under the
returning one member until the .
Since 1974 Whitby has been administered by , one of the seven district councils in . For borough council purposes the town comprises three wards, Mayfield, Streonshalh and Whitby West Cliff. The borough council is a , responsible for housing, planning, leisure and recreation, waste collection, environmental health and revenue collection. North Yorkshire County Council is a
providing education, transport, highways, fire, waste disposal, social and library services. At the lowest level of governance Whitby has a town council which, for election and administrative purposes, is divided into six electoral wards represented by 19 councillors responsible for burial grounds, allotments, play areas and street lighting. Elections to the town council are held every four years.
In the UK parliament the town is represented by a Conservative, , who was elected member for the
in 2010. Whitby lies within the
constituency of the , which in the
elected three , two
Whitby Bridge, spanning the River Esk, opens to allow shipping access to the upper harbour.
Whitby is situated on the east coast of
facing the
in a deep valley at the mouth of the . It has been a bridging point since at least
times and several bridges have spanned the river. The current bridge, built in 1908, is a swing bridge with a 75-foot (23 m) span that separates the upper and lower harbours which have a total area of around 80.1 acres (32.40 ha). The houses are built of brick or stone, often with red
roofs, in narrow, steep streets, on both sides of the river.
The town is surrounded on its landward sides by the
National Park and the North Sea abuts it on the seaward side. The coastal areas are designated part of the North Yorkshire and Cleveland . This stretch of coast, known as the 'Dinosaur Coast', the 'Fossil Coast' or the 'Jurassic Coast', is around 35 miles (56 km) long, stretching from
in the north, to
in the . At Whitby dinosaur footprints are visible on the beach. The rock strata contain
and organic remains including jet. Fossils include the petrified bones of an almost complete crocodile and a specimen of
measuring 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) in length, and 8 feet 5 inches (2.57 m) in breadth was discovered in 1841. Smaller fossils include , or "snake stones" from the
and at Whitby Scar and
in the lower beds of the
strata. The
genus of ammonite is named in honour of St. Hilda of Whitby. The
in Scarborough has a comprehensive collection of fossils from the area.
The harbour and the mouth of the River Esk are on a . On the east side the cliff is tall, 187 feet (57 m), and consists of alternating layers of shale,
and . On the west side the cliff is much lower and has a deep capping of boulder clay over a sandstone base making it less stable and liable to slippage. Both cliffs are being eroded quite rapidly.
The area generally has warm summers and relatively mild winters. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as from season to season. Its latitude means that it is influenced by predominantly westerly winds with
and their associated , bringing unsettled and windy weather particularly in winter. Between depressions there are often small mobile
that bring periods of fine weather. In winter anticyclones bring cold dry weather. In summer the anticyclones tend to bring dry settled conditions which can lead to drought. The two dominant influences on the climate of the Whitby area are shelter against the worst of the moist westerly winds provided by the North York Moors and the proximity of the North Sea. Late, chilly springs and warm summers are a feature of the area but there are often spells of fine autumn weather. Onshore winds in spring and early summer bring mists or low
(known locally as ) to the coast and moors.
Climate data for Whitby 60m asl, , Sunshine
Average high °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
mm (inches)
Mean monthly
Source: Calculated from
raw monthly data
On 5 January 2016 the town became "virtually cut off" after flash floods.
warned on the night of 4 January that the town was only accessible through one route by 4x4 vehicles. It urged motorists to use "extreme caution" and avoid the area unless "absolutely necessary".
According to the , Whitby parish had a population of 13,213 living in 6,097 households. In the
of the total number of 5,973 homes 2,034 were rented and 3,939 were owner occupied. Of the 5,506 economically active persons aged between 16 and 74, 420 were unemployed. The number of people working in the service industry was 4,113. Approximately 2,500 people were aged under 16, 8,400 were aged 16–64, and 2,700 aged 65 and over. The mean age of the population was 41.78 years. The number of people who travel to work by motorised transport is 3,134 but 2,190 households have no cars or vans.
Population growth in Whitby from 1801 to 2011
Whitby CP/AP
Note: Between 1801 and 1925 Whitby comprised Whitby, Ruswarp and part of Hawsker civil parishes and (between 1894 and 1925) Helredale civil parish, all of which were merged on 1 April 1925 into the current Whitby area.
St Mary's Church
In the three wards that make up the Whitby district of North Yorkshire, out of a population of 13,596 there are 10,286 who stated that their religion was Christian in the 2001 UK census. There were 19 Muslims, 17 Buddhists, 12 Jews, 3 Sikhs and 499 people had no religious affiliations.
is an ancient foundation, St Ninian's opened in Baxtergate in 1778 and St John's, also on Baxtergate, was consecrated in 1850. St Michael's was opened in 1856 and St Hilda's on the West Cliff was built in 1885. The Roman Catholic Church dedicated to St Hilda was built in 1867 on Baxtergate. There are places of worship for nonconformists including a United Reformed C two Methodist chapels are no longer used. The Mission to Seafarers maintains a Christian ministry and has a chapel, reading room and recreational facilities.
, in the . The town lies within the Central Vicariate of the .
The marina was built to develop and diversify the local economy.
Tourism supported by fishing is the mainstay of Whitby's economy in an isolated community with poor transport infrastructure and restricted by building constraints in the surrounding . The economy is governed by the changing fortunes of fishing, tourism and to some extent, manufacturing.
have led to concentrations of deprivation, unemployment and benefit dependence. A narrowing employment base and dependence on low wage and low skill sectors has resulted in younger age groups leaving the area. There are few business start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises. Older people who make increasing demands on the area's health and social care capacity have moved into the area. Demographic changes, Whitby's relative isolation from the region's main growth areas and decline in traditional employment sectors pose an economic challenge.
The town has a variety of self-catering accommodation, holiday cottages, caravans and campsites, and guest houses, inns, bed & breakfast establishments and hotels. The jet industry declined at the end of the nineteenth century but eight shops sell jet jewellery, mainly as souvenirs to tourists. In 1996, Whitby West Cliff qualified for a 'Tidy Britain Group Seaside Award'. The town was awarded "Best Seaside Resort 2006", by
The harbour has a total area of about 80 acres (32 ha) and is used by commercial, fishing and pleasure craft. Inshore fishing, particularly for crustaceans and line fish, takes place along the coast. Lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery. From May to August, salmon is found in the Esk and small open boats are licensed to net these off the harbour entrance. There are around 40 licensed angling party boats. The commercial catch is no longer
but has been replaced by cod, haddock, and other fish caught within 12 miles (19 km) of the coast. A
on the quayside operates as need arises. The ready supply of fresh fish has resulted in an abundance of "" in the town, including the
has described as the best fish and chip shop in Britain.
The Whitby Marina project, jointly funded by Scarborough Borough Council,
and the , was developed to diversify the local economy. The remaining shipbuilding firm, Parkol Marine, is a family-run business on the east side of the river. Founded in 1988, the boatyard has two berths for new build and a dry dock for repairs. St Hilda's Business Centre provides office space for a range of businesses. Whitby Business Park is a 49-acre (20 ha) site located by the A171 road, 2 miles (3 km) from the harbour on the southern outskirts of the town. Companies on the park include Supreme Plastics, Whitby Seafoods and Botham's of Whitby alongside major retailers,
The east coast has limited conventional energy generation capacity, but Whitby is the closest port to a proposed development on , ideally placed to provide the
industry with support vessel operations and logistics. The Dogger Bank wind farm could include up to 2,600 giant 400-foot (120 m) turbines covering more than 3,300 square miles (850,000 ha).
From 2007, Whitby railway station has been used by steam and heritage diesel locomotives from the
Whitby is situated on the
from Scarborough to Guisborough which originally passed over the . A high level bridge over the Esk Valley was built in 1980 to avoid the bridge and ease congestion in the town centre. The
accesses coastal towns to the north and the
crosses the moors to Pickering. Whitby is served by the
bus line, operating from , , York, Scarborough, , Pickering and
with connections beyond Yorkshire.
runs bus services connecting Whitby to Scarborough and Middlesbrough. The nearest airport, about 45 miles (72 km) from Whitby, is , which has a regular service from , .
The town is served by
which is the terminus of the
operated by . It was formerly the northern terminus of the Whitby,
Line, and in 2007 the
began a summer service between Pickering and Whitby operated by steam locomotives. The
following a scenic route along the coast was built in 1885 requiring construction of the red brick
across the Esk Valley into Whitby. The line closed as a result of the
in 1965 and the trackbed is used as a footpath, bridleway and by cyclists. The
had a station at
and ran close to the cliffs to the north of the town. It opened in 1883 and closed in 1958.
The coastal section of the 110-mile (180 km)
National Trail passes through Whitby.
The Port of Whitby is strategically placed for shipping to Europe, especially Scandinavia, and is capable of handling cargoes of grain, steel products, timber and . Vessels of up to 3,000 tonnes
are received at the wharf, which can load or unload two ships simultaneously. As of
square feet (5,000 m2) of dock space is used to store all-weather cargo and there is a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) warehouse for weather-critical cargoes.
Whitby lifeboat station before it was replaced in 2007.
A wide range of health care services is provided by Whitby Community Hospital, run by the Scarborough and North East Yorkshire Health Care . There are five
and five dentists in the area.
provides hospital transport throughout Yorkshire.
Whitby fire station, run by , is crewed between 8 am and 6 pm. The town's two police stations are provided by the North Yorkshire . The lifeboat station built in 2007, on the east bank, is operated by the . The crew members are unpaid volunteers and the station has two , an inshore
the OEM Stone III and an all-weather , the George and Mary Webb.
North Yorkshire County Council waste management services provide a household waste recycling centre at Whitby Industrial Estate, and operates an alternate weekly collection of household waste, whereby the type of waste collected alternates between recyclables and landfill waste. The water supply, predominantly from the River Esk, is treated at Ruswarp Water Treatment Works and distributed from there by
who also deal with the town's sewerage.
is responsible for delivering electricity and Northern Gas Networks supply piped gas.
Whitby has a three tier school system, primary, middle (11–14) and
(11–19), which was formed in 2014 from the merger of Caedmon School (11–14) and
continues to operate as a middle school, but is currently consulting on raising its age range to 16.
The primary schools are St Hilda's Roman Catholic Primary School, Stakesby Community Primary School, , Airy Hill Community Primary School and East Whitby Community Primary School. North Yorkshire County Council provides education services.
The Whitby and District Fishing Industry Training School offers training for new entrants to the fishing industry and experienced fishermen.
The swing bridge spanning the Esk divides the upper and lower harbours and joins the east and west sides of the town. Whitby developed as an important bridging point of the River Esk and in 1351 permission was granted for
to be taken on the bridge for its maintenance. In 1609 a survey for a new bridge was commissioned while in 1628 it was described as a drawbridge where men raised planks to let vessels pass and tolls were collected. The bridge posts were rebuilt in stone at a cost of ?3,000 in 1766. This structure was replaced by a four-arched bridge between 1833 and 1835, one arch made of
swivelled to allow vessels to pass. This bridge was replaced between 1908 and 1909 by the current electric swing bridge.
The bridge allowed the town to spread onto the west bank, whilst the east bank, the Haggerlythe, is dominated by St Mary's Church and the ruins of Whitby Abbey which is owned by . St Mary's Church is a grade I
on the site of a Saxon church. The church's ancient foundation dates from the 12th century. Over time it has been extensively altered and enlarged but retains several features including . The East Cliff is quite a distance by road from the church, the alternative is to climb the 199 steps of the "Church Stairs" or use the footpath called "Caedmon's Trod". The stone stairs, which replaced the original wooden steps, were built about 200 years old ago and renovated between 2005 and 2006. There are landings to assist coffin bearers on their journey to the graveyard on the cliff top.
The harbour is sheltered by the grade II listed east and west
each with a lighthouse and beacon. The west lighthouse, of 1831, is the taller at 84 feet (25.5 m) and the east lighthouse, built in 1855, is 54 feet (16.5 m) high. On the west pier extension is a foghorn that sounds a blast every 30 seconds during fog. New lights were fitted to both the lighthouse towers and the beacons in 2011. , operated by , is located outside the town, to the south east, on Ling Hill.
The whalebone arch on the West Cliff commemorates Whitby's historic link with the whaling industry.
On the West Cliff is a statue of Captain
who served his apprenticeship in the town, and a
arch, commemorates the whaling industry. It is the second such arch, the original is preserved in Whitby Archives Heritage Centre. By the inner harbour is a statue commemorating , designer of the .
On the outskirts of town to the west is the 19th-century Sneaton Castle built by James Wilson who sold his sugar plantation where he had over 200 slaves and moved to Whitby. Alongside it is St Hilda's Priory, the mother house of the . The castle was used as a school and is now a conference centre and hotel in association with the priory.
Whitby Pavilion Complex houses the Pavilion Theatre.
left a photographic record of the town, harbour, fishing and residents in late-Victorian times. His most famous photograph entitled "Water Rats" was taken in 1886. He became famous internationally as a great exponent of pictorial photography. He exhibited his work in Tokyo, Vienna, France, the USA and Great Britain winning over 60 gold, silver and bronze medals. He retired in 1922 and became curator of Whitby Museum. The Royal Photographic Society made him an honorary member in 1935. A gallery of his work is located on Flowergate.
Pannett Park was built on land purchased by a local philanthropist and politician
Robert Pannett in 1902. After his death in 1928, the trust he set up created a
and art gallery. In 1931
was built behind the gallery by the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society. It holds a collection of the archaeological and social history of jet and has on display a "". The Friends of Pannett Park, formed in 2005, successfully bid for a
grant to refurbish the park. There has been a lifeboat in Whitby since 1802 and the old boathouse, built in 1895 and used until 1957, is a museum displaying the Robert and Ellen Robson lifeboat, built in 1919.
in place in the harbour.
The ancient
ceremony is performed on the eve of
commemorating a penance imposed by the abbot on miscreant hunters in the . The hunters using a knife costing a penny had to cut wood in Eskdaleside and take it to Whitby harbour where it was made into a hedge that would survive three tides. This tradition is carried out annually on the east side of the upper harbour.
was founded in 1854 by Ralph Horne, a local printer. The first issues were records of visitors and lodgings rather than a newspaper. The publication became a weekly newspaper in 1858, with a short spell of being published twice weekly between 2000 and 2012. Local radio stations are
The Pavilion Theatre built in the 1870s in West Cliff hosts a range of events during the summer months. For over four decades the town has hosted the Whitby Folk Week, and since 1993 the bi-annual
for members of the . "Whitby Now" is an annual live music event featuring local bands in the Pavilion which has taken place since 1991. Since 2008, the Bram Stoker Film Festival has taken place in October.
Whitby Regatta Boat Race 2009 (photograph taken from the safety boat).
Wind surfing, sailing and surfing take place off the beaches between Whitby and
and the area is visited by divers. Whitby has various sports facilities including the town cricket and football pitches and tennis courts. The Cleveland Way Long Distance Footpath follows the coast between Saltburn and Filey running along the developed frontage of Whitby.
The Whitby Regatta takes place annually over three days in August. The competition between three
clubs – Whitby Friendship ARC, Whitby Fishermen's ARC and Scarborough ARC – forms the backbone of the weekend. The event has expanded to include a fair on the pier, demonstrations, fireworks and military displays – including the spectacle of the
display team of the .
, formed in 1892, is a semi-professional
club which plays in the
at the 3,200 capacity Turnbull Ground on Upgang Lane. Golfing facilities range from "pitch and putt" to Whitby Golf Club whose 18-hole golf course is situated on the cliff tops to the north west of the town.
The abbey ruins sit atop the East Cliff with the old town below on the east bank of the .
The town has a strong literary tradition and can even be said that the earliest English literature comes from Whitby as , the first known
poet was a monk at the order that used
during the abbacy of St. Hilda (657–680). Part of 's novel
was set in Whitby, incorporating pieces of local folklore, including the beaching of the Russian ship Dmitri. Stoker discovered the name "Dracula" at the old public library. One scholar has suggested that Stoker chose Whitby as the site of Dracula's first appearance in England because of the , given the novel's preoccupation with timekeeping and calendar disputes.
set her novel
partly in the town which she visited in 1859 and
stayed at 5, East Terrace between July and September 1854: his first publications may have been published in the Whitby Gazette.
is known to have visited Whitby and in a letter of 1861 to his friend Wilkie Collins, who was at the time in Whitby, Dickens says:
In my time that curious railroad by the Whitby Moor was so much the more curious, that you were balanced against a counter-weight of water, and that you did it like Blondin. But in these remote days the one inn of Whitby was up a back-yard, and oyster-shell grottoes were the only view from the best private room.
stayed in Whitby to work on his novel, No Name. He was accompanied by Caroline Graves, the inspiration for .
was born in a small house at Blackburn's Yard in 1840. She reached a wide readership when her second novel, Between the Heather and the Northern Sea, was published in 1884. Her last novel For Pity's Sake, was published posthumously in 1891. , the American writer, visited Whitby while ambassador in London 1880–85, staying at 3 Wellington Terrace, West Cliff. On his last visit in 1889, he wrote:
This is my ninth year at Whitby and the place loses none of its charm for me.
, a former
curate in Whitby, is now a celebrated author. His best-selling book
was set in Whitby. , a writer of historical and other fiction for children and young adults, has retired to the town.
by , set in the town, was adapted into a 2002 feature film called
starring .
A crime novel series by
is set in Whitby. The first two novels are Death's Disciple and The Eve of Murder.
A trilogy of young adult novels, , makes much of the town's setting and history, embellishing local traditions whilst incorporating them into the narrative. The author, , recalls "The first time I visited Whitby, I stepped off the train and knew I was somewhere very special. It was a grey, drizzling day but that only added to the haunting beauty and lonely atmosphere of the place. Listening to Carmina Burana on my headphones, I explored the ruined abbey on the clifftop. The place was a fantastic inspiration. In the Whitby Witches I have interwoven many of the existing local legends, such as the frightening Barguest, whilst inventing a few of my own, most notably the aufwaders."
Other literary works referencing Whitby include:
The Hundred and Ninety Nine Steps by
Never the Bride, Something Borrowed, Conjugal Rites, Hell's Belles by
with a number of towns across the globe. Most were either visited by Captain Cook in ships that were built in Whitby – and one was named after Whitby by settlers from England.
, United States
, New Zealand
, United States
There was no United Kingdom census in 1941.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. whitbyonline.co.uk. .
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
Page, William, ed. (1923). . A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2. . British History Online. pp. 506–528 2010.
(1994). McClure, J.; Collins, R., eds. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–151.
Lapidge, M et al., eds. (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. pp. 155, 472.
Hinson, Colin.
Dugdale, William, Sir ().
(PDF). Monasticon Anglicanum: a History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Frieries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with their Dependencies, in England and Wales 2011.
. Whitby Sights 2009.
Page, William, ed. (1923). . A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2. . British History Online. pp. 502–505 2010.
Balston, John. . John Balston 2009.
. Where I Live – North Yorkshire. BBC. 21 July .
Lloyd, Chris (26 July 2008). . The Northern Echo 2011.
. East Yorkshire Coast – Geology and Geomorphology 2011.
White, Andrew (1993). A History of Whitby. Chichester: Phillimore & co. p. 69.  .
Young, George (1824). . Whitby: R. Rogers. p. 199.
. Whitby Sights 2011.
Simpson, David (2009). . England's North East 2011.
McLintock, A.H., ed. (1966). . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manatū Taonga, Government of New Zealand 2009.
. Where I Live – North Yorkshire. BBC. 29 September .
Seatrobe, JB (29 October 2010). . Total Politics 2011.
. Whitby Museum. 6 April .
. Access to Archives. The National Archives. .
. Whitby Sights 2011.
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Yorkshire Forward. Archived from
on 25 August .
. Scarborough. Borough Council 2011.
. Whitby Town Council. .
. BBC News. May .
Lewis, Samuel, ed. (1848). . A Topographical Dictionary of England. British History Online. pp. 543–551 2010.
. naturalengland.org.uk. .
Kent, Sir Peter (1980). British Regional Geology. Eastern England from the Tees to the Wash. London: HMSO. pp. 52–60.  .
Buhaenko, Helen (28 March 2009). . . London: .  .   2011.
White, Andrew (1993). A History of Whitby. Phillimore. p. 1.  .
. The Met Office 2011.
. The Telegraph. 5 January .
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. GenUKI 2011.
. charitycommission.gov.uk. .
Crockford's Clerical Directory
(100th edition). Church House Publishing.  .
. middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk. .
. Whitby Town Council. December 2010.
. Yorkshire Forward. 2011. Archived from
on 29 September .
Campbell, Sophie (17 February 2010). . . London: .  .   2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 12 May .
(PDF). Mouchel Consulting Limited. September .
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
Richardson, Belinda (23 September 2006). . Daily Telegraph 2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 27 March .
. The Business Coast. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Whitby and Scarborough Offshore Wind. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
Hayes, Julie (21 July 2010). . York Press 2011.
Jeeves, Paul (26 May 2011). . Yorkshire Post 2011.
. getdown.org.uk. .
. Disused Stations 2011.
. Moor to Sea Cycle 2011.
. Disused Stations 2011.
. National Trails. Natural England 2011.
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. About Whitby 2011.
. nhs.uk. .
. nhs.uk. .
. nhs.uk. .
. yas.nhs.uk. .
. northyorksfire.gov.uk. 2011. Archived from
on 17 July .
. northyorkshire.police.uk. .
. Whitby Lifeboat 2011.
. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Yorkshire Water. .
. northerngasnetworks.co.uk. .
. maps.northyorks.gov.uk. .
. whitbyfishingschool.co.uk. .
The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 7 May 2016
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. English Heritage 2009.
. Whitby Sights 2011.
, Open2 2011
. British Listed Buildings Online 2011.
Hiley, Michael. . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press 2011.(subscription required)
. Frank Sutcliffe-Photographs of Whitby 2011.
(PDF). Friends of Pannett Park, Whitby Town Council, Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. The Whitby Seagull 2011.
. Pannett Park 2011.
. Royal National Lifeboat Institution 2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 30 April .
. North York Moors National Park Authority 2011.
. The Whitby Seagull 2011.
. British Newspapers 2011.
. BBC Tees. BBC. 11 August .
. Yorkshire Coast Radio 2011.
. Discover Yorkshire Coast. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
Scales, Jean (28 April 2008). . Whitby Gazette 2011.
. Whitby Regatta 2011 2011.
. napit.co 2011.
. Whitby Golf Club 2011.
The twelve named Anglo-Saxon poets are , , , , , , Caedmon, , , , , and
(or perhaps Wulfsige). Most of these are considered by modern scholars to be spurious—see . The three for whom biographical information and documented texts survive are Alfred, Bede, and Caedmon. Caedmon is the only Anglo-Saxon poet known primarily for his ability to compose vernacular verse, and no vernacular verse survives that is known to have been written by either Bede or Alfred. There are a number of verse texts known to have been composed by , but we know nothing of his biography. (No study appears to exist of the "named" Anglo-Saxon poets—the list here has been compiled from
(: Roberta Frank), ,
Website Whitby Abbey on , visited 12 September 2012
"Killing Time: Dracula and Social Discoordination" in Economics of the Undead Eds. Glen Whitman and James Dow (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), chapter 23
Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition by
(McFarland, 2008), pp. 244–46.
. Darlington and Stockton Times. 7 December .
. Whitby Gazette. 25 November .
. opencorrespondence.org. .[]
. acc.wilkiecollinssociety.org. .
. orlando.cambridge.org. .
. nq.oxfordjournals.org. .
. xroads.virginia.edu. . Whitby
Russell Lowell, James (2011). . p. 376 2011.
. whitbyonline.co.uk. .
(1990). Caedmon's Song. Viking Press.  .
Faber, Michael (2001). The Hundred and Ninety-nine Steps. Canongate Books Ltd.  .
Meredith (2007).
. Whitby Gazette. 17 December .
. Porirua City Council 2011.
. Scarborough Borough Council. 6 February .
. . London: .  .   2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 4 June .
Barker, Malcolm (2006). Essence of Whitby.  .
Barker, Rosalin (1990). The Book of Whitby.  .
Platt, Colin (1985). Whitby Abbey.  .
Robinson, F. K. (). A Glossary of Words used in the neighbourhood of Whitby. English Dialect Society [Publications]; Series C: Original G !V. London: N. Trübner. Robinson was also the compiler of A Glossary of Yorkshire Words and Phrases Collected in Whitby and the Neighbourhood; by an I 1855.
Stamp, Cordelia (2006). Whitby Pictorial Memories.  .
Waters, Colin (1992). A History of Whitby's Pubs, Inns and Taverns.  .
Waters, Colin (1992). Whitby, a Pictorial History.  .
Waters, Colin (2004). Whitby Then and Now.  .
Waters, Colin (2011). Whitby Then and Now IN COLOUR.  .
Waters, Colin (2011). A History of Whitby & its Place Names.  .
White, Andrew (2004). A History of Whitby.  .
Williams, Michael Aufrère (2012). The Whitby-Loftus Line.  .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for .
has the text of
Live 180-degree high resolution view of Whitby
: the history of Whitby, presented by
() ( format)
Tide times for Whitby from the
: Hidden categories:}
2014年英国寄宿合校A-Level排名
2014年英国寄宿合校A-Level排名
备注： 1. 排名来自英国Best Schools官方网站，由尼采文教市场部整编。
2. 排名中不包含学校IB成绩。
3. 转载请注明出处：
A-A* 百分比
须知:以上内容皆为「尼采文教」原创，未经允许禁止转载。
关注我们Follow Us
热门专题Follow Us
扫描二维码加入尼采留学官方微信
版权所有 &2016 尼采文教【官网】 |新西兰中小学各地区分布图
Wellington市
Amesbury School
Churton Park
Berhampore
Berhampore
Cardinal McKeefry Catholic Primary School
Cashmere Avenue
Khandallah
Regional Health School
Churton Park School
Clifton Terrace
Model School
Quay School
Downs Primary School
Wellington
Bay Intermediate School
Greenacres
Hill School
Cross School
Valley School
Bay School
Johnsonville
Johnsonville
Normal School
West Normal School
Normal School
Khandallah
Khandallah
Ora School
Bay School
Model School
Central School
Christian School
North School
South School
Wellington
Cook School
Intermediate
Johnsonville
Bay School
Margaret College
Normal Intermediate
Johnsonville
Rewa School
Heart School
Marsden Collegiate School
Wellington Intermediate
Anne's School
Anthony's School
Benedict's School
Khandallah
Bernard's School
Brigid's School
Johnsonville
Catherine's College
Francis De Sales School
Francis Xavier School
Mark's Church School
Mary's College
Wellington
Patrick's College
Patrick's School
Teresa's School
Strathmore
Community School
Strathmore
Intermediate
Aro School
Wellington
o Nga Mokopuna
Wellington
Wellington
Wellington
East Girls' College
Wellington
Girls' College
Wellington
High School
Wellington
Park School
Johnsonville
Bay School
Kapi-Mana地区
Porirua City
Viard College
Intermediate
Creek School
Family School
Park School
Waitangirua
Toa School
Papakowhai
Papakowhai
Pauatahanui
Pauatahanui
Plimmerton
Plimmerton
East School
Bay School
Marsden Collegiate School
Pius X School
Theresa's School
Plimmerton
Waitangirua
Kura Maori O Porirua
Waitangirua
Bay Intermediate
Bay North School
Bay School
Wellington
Seventh-day Adventist School
Kapiti Coast District
Christian School
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Health Camp School
Paekakariki
Paekakariki
Paraparaumu
Beach School
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Paraparaumu
Beach School
South School
Reikorangi
Patrick's School
Paraparaumu
Peter Chanel School
Horo School
Kura Kaupapa Maori o Te Rito
Kura-a-iwi o Whakatupuranga Rua Mano
Ra Waldorf School
Hutt Valley
Lower Hutt City
Wainuiomata
Intermediate
St James School
Street School
Hutt School
Wainuiomata
Gracefield
Central School
Intermediate School
Valley Christian School
Wainuiomata
Valley High School
Primary School
Primary School
Wainuiomata
Christian School
Maungaraki
Maungaraki
Eastbourne
Intermediate
Normandale
Normandale
Lady of Rosary School
Central School
Primary School
Wainuiomata
House Rudolf Steiner School
Street School
Heart College
Heart School
Antonio School
Eastbourne
Bernadette's School
Bernard's College
Claudine Thevenet School
Wainuiomata
Michael's School
Oran's College
Peter and Paul School
Central School
o Te Ara Whanui
Glen School
Ora Montessori School
Wainuiomata
High School
Wainuiomata
Wainuiomata
Intermediate
Wainuiomata
Wainuiomata
Primary School
Wainuiomata
Upper Hutt City
Birchville
Birchville
Intermediate
Crescent School
Heretaunga
International Boys' School
Intermediate
Crescent School
Silverstream
Silverstream
Brendan's School
Heretaunga
Joseph's School
Patrick's College
Silverstream
Park School
Hutt College
Hutt School
Masterton District
Park School
Preparatory School
Intermediate
Primary School
Mauriceville
Mauriceville
Matthew's Collegiate
Patrick's School
o Wairarapa
Carterton District
Christian School
End School
Mary's School
South Wairarapa District
Featherston
Featherston
Martinborough
Martinborough
Featherston School
Featherston
Teresas School
Featherston
Tuturumuri
MartinboroughFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see .
Whitby is a seaside town, port and
and English county of . It is located within the
of the . Situated on the east coast of
at the mouth of the , Whitby has an established maritime, mineral and tourist heritage. Its East Cliff is home to the ruins of , where , the earliest recognised English poet, lived. The fishing port developed during the , supporting important
fleets, and was (along with the nearby fishing village of ) where
learned seamanship.
Tourism started in Whitby during the Georgian period and developed further on the arrival of the railway in 1839. Its attraction as a tourist destination is enhanced by its proximity to the high ground of the
and by its association with the horror novel .
were mined locally. Whitby Jet, which was mined by the Romans and Victorians, became fashionable during the 19th century.
The earliest record of a permanent settlement is in 656, when as Streanoehealh it was the place where , the Christian king of Northumbria, founded the first abbey, under the abbess . The
was held there in 664. In 867, the monastery was destroyed by
raiders. Another monastery was founded in 1078. It was in this period that the town gained its current name, Whitby (from "white settlement" in ). In the following centuries Whitby functioned as a fishing settlement until, in the 18th century, it developed as a port and centre for shipbuilding and whaling, the trade in locally mined alum, and the manufacture of Whitby jet jewellery.
The abbey ruin at the top of the East Cliff is the town's oldest and most prominent landmark. Other significant features include the , which crosses the
and the harbour, which is sheltered by the
East and West . The town's maritime heritage is commemorated by statues of
and , as well as the whalebone arch that sits at the top of the West Cliff. The town also has a strong literary tradition and has featured in literary works, television and cinema, most famously in 's novel .
While Whitby's cultural and historical heritage contribute to the local economy, the town does suffer from the economic constraints of its remote location, ongoing changes in the fishing industry, relatively underdeveloped transport infrastructure, and limitations on available land and property. As a result, tourism and some forms of fishing remain the mainstay of its economy. It is the closest port to a proposed
development in the , 47 miles (76 km) from
and 22 miles (35 km) from . There are transport links to the rest of North Yorkshire and North East England, primarily through national rail links to Middlesbrough and road links to Teesside, via both the
and , and Scarborough by the former.
According to the , the town had a population of 13,213, a decrease on the
figure of 13,594.
Whitby was called Streanaeshalc, Streneshalc, Streoneshalch, Streoneshalh, and Streunes-Alae in Lindissi in records of the 7th and 8th centuries. Prestebi, meaning the "habitation of priests" in , is an 11th century name. Its name was recorded as Hwitebi and Witebi, meaning the "white settlement" in , in the 12th century, Whitebi in the 13th century and Qwiteby in the 14th century.
Main article:
The picturesque ruins of
are reflected in the abbey pond
was founded at Streanoehealh in AD 657 by King
of , as an act of thanksgiving, after defeating , the
king of . At its foundation, the abbey was an Anglo-Saxon 'double monastery' for men and women. Its first abbess, the royal princess , was later venerated as a saint. The abbey became a centre of learning and here
the cowherd was "miraculously" transformed into an inspired poet whose poetry is an example of . The abbey became the leading royal nunnery of the kingdom of , and the burial-place of its royal family. The , in 664, established the
date of Easter in Northumbria at the expense of the
The monastery was destroyed between 867 and 870 in a series of raids by
under their leaders
and . Its site remained desolate for more than 200 years until after the . After the Conquest, the area was granted to
who, in 1078 donated land to found a
monastery dedicated to
and St Hilda. William de Percy's gift included land for the monastery, the town and port of Whitby and
and dependent chapels at , , , , , and , five mills including ,
with two mills and two churches. In about 1128 Henry I granted the abbey
in Whitby and permission to hold a fair at the feast of St Hilda on 25 August. A second fair was held close to St. Hilda's winter feast at . Market rights were granted to the abbey and descended with the . Whitby Abbey surrendered in December 1539 when
the monasteries.
Captain Cook's statue in front of the Royal Hotel, built by .
In 1540 the town had between 20 and 30 houses and a population of about 200. The , who had little independence under the abbey, tried to obtain self-government after the . The king ordered
to be drawn up granting their requests, but it was not implemented. In 1550 the , except for Hackness, was granted to the
who in 1551 conveyed it to
and his wife Anne who sold the lease to the Cholmleys. In the reign of , Whitby was a small fishing port. In 1635 the owners of the liberty governed the port and town where 24 burgesses had the privilege of buying and selling goods brought in by sea. Burgage tenure continued until 1837, when by an Act of Parliament, government of the town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by the ratepayers.
Whitby town from Abbey Terrace, sketched on 3 October 1861
At the end of the 16th century
works in the
where he observed that the rock being processed was similar to that under his
estate. At that time alum was important for medicinal uses, in curing leather and for fixing dyed cloths and the Papal States and Spain maintained monopolies on its production and sale. Chaloner secretly brought workmen to develop the industry in Yorkshire, and alum was produced near
3 miles (5 km) from Whitby in the reign of . Once the industry was established, imports were banned and although the methods in its production were laborious, England became self-sufficient. Whitby grew significantly as a port as a result of the alum trade and by importing coal from the Durham coalfield to process it.
Whitby grew in size and wealth, extending its activities to include
using local
timber. In 1790–91 Whitby built 11,754 tons of shipping, making it the third largest shipbuilder in England, after London and Newcastle. Taxes on imports entering the port raised money to improve and extend the town's twin piers, improving the harbour and permitting further increases in trade. In 1753 the first
ship set sail to
and by 1795 Whitby had become a major whaling port. The most successful year was 1814 when eight ships caught 172 whales, and the , the Resolution's catch produced 230 tons of oil. The carcases yielded 42 tons of
used for '' which were used in the corsetry trade until changes in fashion made them redundant.
was boiled to produce oil for use in lamps in four oil houses on the harbourside. Oil was used for street lighting until the spread of gas lighting reduced demand and the Whitby Whale Oil and Gas Company changed into the Whitby Coal and Gas Company. As the market for whale products fell, catches became too small to be economic and by 1831 only one whaling ship, the Phoenix, remained.
Whitby benefited from trade between the Newcastle coalfield and London, both by shipbuilding and supplying transport. In his youth the explorer
learned his trade on , shipping coal from the port. , the ship commanded by Cook on his voyage to Australia and New Zealand, was built in Whitby in 1764 by Tomas Fishburn as a coal carrier named Earl of Pembroke. She was bought by the Royal Navy 1768, refitted and renamed.
Whitby jet mourning jewellery became popular in late Victorian England.
Whitby developed as a
when three
springs were in demand for their medicinal and tonic qualities. Visitors were attracted to the town leading to the building of "lodging-houses" and hotels particularly on the West Cliff. Then, in 1839, the
connecting Whitby to
and eventually to
was built, and played a part in the town's development as a tourism destination. , who promoted the link to York, was responsible for the development of the Royal Crescent which was partly completed. For 12 years from 1847, , son of , engineer to the Whitby and Pickering Railway, was the Conservative MP for the town promoted by Hudson as a fellow .
, the compressed remains of ancestors of the , is found in the cliffs and on the moors and has been used since the
to make beads. The Romans are known to have mined it in the area. In Victorian times jet was brought to Whitby by pack pony to be made into decorative items. It was at the peak of its popularity in the mid-19th century when it was favoured for mourning jewellery by
after the death of .
The advent of iron ships in the late 19th century and the development of port facilities on the
led to the decline of smaller Yorkshire harbours. The Monks-haven launched in 1871 was the last wooden ship built Whitby and a year later the harbour was silted up.
On 30 October 1914, the hospital ship
was sunk, hitting the rocks within sight of shore just off Whitby at Saltwick Bay. Of the 229 people on board, 85 lost their l most are buried in the
at Whitby. In a
in December 1914, the town was shelled by the German
and . In the final assault on the Yorkshire coast the ships aimed their guns at the signal post on the end of the headland. Whitby Abbey sustained considerable damage in the attack which lasted ten minutes. The German squadron responsible for the strike escaped despite attempts made by the Royal Navy.
During the early 20th century the fishing fleet kept the harbour busy and few cargo boats used the port. It was revitalised as a result of a strike at
docks in 1955 when six ships were diverted and unloaded their cargoes on the fish quay. Endeavour Wharf, near the railway station, was opened in 1964 by the local council. The number of vessels using the port in 1972 was 291, increased from 64 in 1964. Timber, paper and chemicals are imported while exports include steel, furnace-bricks and doors. The port is owned and managed by Scarborough Borough Council since the Harbour Commissioners relinquished responsibility in 1905.
was started in 1979 by dredging the upper harbour and laying pontoons. Light industry and car parks occupy the adjacent land. More pontoons were completed in 1991 and 1995. The Whitby Marina Facilities Centre was opened in June 2010.
Old Town Hall, a grade II* listed building
By an Act of 1837 government of the town was entrusted to a board of Improvement Commissioners, elected by the . A Local Board was formed in 1872, and lasted until
was formed under the . The townships of Whitby, Ruswarp and Hawsker-cum-Stainsacre were formed into a Parliamentary borough under the
returning one member until the .
Since 1974 Whitby has been administered by , one of the seven district councils in . For borough council purposes the town comprises three wards, Mayfield, Streonshalh and Whitby West Cliff. The borough council is a , responsible for housing, planning, leisure and recreation, waste collection, environmental health and revenue collection. North Yorkshire County Council is a
providing education, transport, highways, fire, waste disposal, social and library services. At the lowest level of governance Whitby has a town council which, for election and administrative purposes, is divided into six electoral wards represented by 19 councillors responsible for burial grounds, allotments, play areas and street lighting. Elections to the town council are held every four years.
In the UK parliament the town is represented by a Conservative, , who was elected member for the
in 2010. Whitby lies within the
constituency of the , which in the
elected three , two
Whitby Bridge, spanning the River Esk, opens to allow shipping access to the upper harbour.
Whitby is situated on the east coast of
facing the
in a deep valley at the mouth of the . It has been a bridging point since at least
times and several bridges have spanned the river. The current bridge, built in 1908, is a swing bridge with a 75-foot (23 m) span that separates the upper and lower harbours which have a total area of around 80.1 acres (32.40 ha). The houses are built of brick or stone, often with red
roofs, in narrow, steep streets, on both sides of the river.
The town is surrounded on its landward sides by the
National Park and the North Sea abuts it on the seaward side. The coastal areas are designated part of the North Yorkshire and Cleveland . This stretch of coast, known as the 'Dinosaur Coast', the 'Fossil Coast' or the 'Jurassic Coast', is around 35 miles (56 km) long, stretching from
in the north, to
in the . At Whitby dinosaur footprints are visible on the beach. The rock strata contain
and organic remains including jet. Fossils include the petrified bones of an almost complete crocodile and a specimen of
measuring 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) in length, and 8 feet 5 inches (2.57 m) in breadth was discovered in 1841. Smaller fossils include , or "snake stones" from the
and at Whitby Scar and
in the lower beds of the
strata. The
genus of ammonite is named in honour of St. Hilda of Whitby. The
in Scarborough has a comprehensive collection of fossils from the area.
The harbour and the mouth of the River Esk are on a . On the east side the cliff is tall, 187 feet (57 m), and consists of alternating layers of shale,
and . On the west side the cliff is much lower and has a deep capping of boulder clay over a sandstone base making it less stable and liable to slippage. Both cliffs are being eroded quite rapidly.
The area generally has warm summers and relatively mild winters. Weather conditions vary from day to day as well as from season to season. Its latitude means that it is influenced by predominantly westerly winds with
and their associated , bringing unsettled and windy weather particularly in winter. Between depressions there are often small mobile
that bring periods of fine weather. In winter anticyclones bring cold dry weather. In summer the anticyclones tend to bring dry settled conditions which can lead to drought. The two dominant influences on the climate of the Whitby area are shelter against the worst of the moist westerly winds provided by the North York Moors and the proximity of the North Sea. Late, chilly springs and warm summers are a feature of the area but there are often spells of fine autumn weather. Onshore winds in spring and early summer bring mists or low
(known locally as ) to the coast and moors.
Climate data for Whitby 60m asl, , Sunshine
Average high °C (°F)
Average low °C (°F)
mm (inches)
Mean monthly
Source: Calculated from
raw monthly data
On 5 January 2016 the town became "virtually cut off" after flash floods.
warned on the night of 4 January that the town was only accessible through one route by 4x4 vehicles. It urged motorists to use "extreme caution" and avoid the area unless "absolutely necessary".
According to the , Whitby parish had a population of 13,213 living in 6,097 households. In the
of the total number of 5,973 homes 2,034 were rented and 3,939 were owner occupied. Of the 5,506 economically active persons aged between 16 and 74, 420 were unemployed. The number of people working in the service industry was 4,113. Approximately 2,500 people were aged under 16, 8,400 were aged 16–64, and 2,700 aged 65 and over. The mean age of the population was 41.78 years. The number of people who travel to work by motorised transport is 3,134 but 2,190 households have no cars or vans.
Population growth in Whitby from 1801 to 2011
Whitby CP/AP
Note: Between 1801 and 1925 Whitby comprised Whitby, Ruswarp and part of Hawsker civil parishes and (between 1894 and 1925) Helredale civil parish, all of which were merged on 1 April 1925 into the current Whitby area.
St Mary's Church
In the three wards that make up the Whitby district of North Yorkshire, out of a population of 13,596 there are 10,286 who stated that their religion was Christian in the 2001 UK census. There were 19 Muslims, 17 Buddhists, 12 Jews, 3 Sikhs and 499 people had no religious affiliations.
is an ancient foundation, St Ninian's opened in Baxtergate in 1778 and St John's, also on Baxtergate, was consecrated in 1850. St Michael's was opened in 1856 and St Hilda's on the West Cliff was built in 1885. The Roman Catholic Church dedicated to St Hilda was built in 1867 on Baxtergate. There are places of worship for nonconformists including a United Reformed C two Methodist chapels are no longer used. The Mission to Seafarers maintains a Christian ministry and has a chapel, reading room and recreational facilities.
, in the . The town lies within the Central Vicariate of the .
The marina was built to develop and diversify the local economy.
Tourism supported by fishing is the mainstay of Whitby's economy in an isolated community with poor transport infrastructure and restricted by building constraints in the surrounding . The economy is governed by the changing fortunes of fishing, tourism and to some extent, manufacturing.
have led to concentrations of deprivation, unemployment and benefit dependence. A narrowing employment base and dependence on low wage and low skill sectors has resulted in younger age groups leaving the area. There are few business start-ups and small and medium-sized enterprises. Older people who make increasing demands on the area's health and social care capacity have moved into the area. Demographic changes, Whitby's relative isolation from the region's main growth areas and decline in traditional employment sectors pose an economic challenge.
The town has a variety of self-catering accommodation, holiday cottages, caravans and campsites, and guest houses, inns, bed & breakfast establishments and hotels. The jet industry declined at the end of the nineteenth century but eight shops sell jet jewellery, mainly as souvenirs to tourists. In 1996, Whitby West Cliff qualified for a 'Tidy Britain Group Seaside Award'. The town was awarded "Best Seaside Resort 2006", by
The harbour has a total area of about 80 acres (32 ha) and is used by commercial, fishing and pleasure craft. Inshore fishing, particularly for crustaceans and line fish, takes place along the coast. Lobsters, brown and velvet crabs are important to the local fishery. From May to August, salmon is found in the Esk and small open boats are licensed to net these off the harbour entrance. There are around 40 licensed angling party boats. The commercial catch is no longer
but has been replaced by cod, haddock, and other fish caught within 12 miles (19 km) of the coast. A
on the quayside operates as need arises. The ready supply of fresh fish has resulted in an abundance of "" in the town, including the
has described as the best fish and chip shop in Britain.
The Whitby Marina project, jointly funded by Scarborough Borough Council,
and the , was developed to diversify the local economy. The remaining shipbuilding firm, Parkol Marine, is a family-run business on the east side of the river. Founded in 1988, the boatyard has two berths for new build and a dry dock for repairs. St Hilda's Business Centre provides office space for a range of businesses. Whitby Business Park is a 49-acre (20 ha) site located by the A171 road, 2 miles (3 km) from the harbour on the southern outskirts of the town. Companies on the park include Supreme Plastics, Whitby Seafoods and Botham's of Whitby alongside major retailers,
The east coast has limited conventional energy generation capacity, but Whitby is the closest port to a proposed development on , ideally placed to provide the
industry with support vessel operations and logistics. The Dogger Bank wind farm could include up to 2,600 giant 400-foot (120 m) turbines covering more than 3,300 square miles (850,000 ha).
From 2007, Whitby railway station has been used by steam and heritage diesel locomotives from the
Whitby is situated on the
from Scarborough to Guisborough which originally passed over the . A high level bridge over the Esk Valley was built in 1980 to avoid the bridge and ease congestion in the town centre. The
accesses coastal towns to the north and the
crosses the moors to Pickering. Whitby is served by the
bus line, operating from , , York, Scarborough, , Pickering and
with connections beyond Yorkshire.
runs bus services connecting Whitby to Scarborough and Middlesbrough. The nearest airport, about 45 miles (72 km) from Whitby, is , which has a regular service from , .
The town is served by
which is the terminus of the
operated by . It was formerly the northern terminus of the Whitby,
Line, and in 2007 the
began a summer service between Pickering and Whitby operated by steam locomotives. The
following a scenic route along the coast was built in 1885 requiring construction of the red brick
across the Esk Valley into Whitby. The line closed as a result of the
in 1965 and the trackbed is used as a footpath, bridleway and by cyclists. The
had a station at
and ran close to the cliffs to the north of the town. It opened in 1883 and closed in 1958.
The coastal section of the 110-mile (180 km)
National Trail passes through Whitby.
The Port of Whitby is strategically placed for shipping to Europe, especially Scandinavia, and is capable of handling cargoes of grain, steel products, timber and . Vessels of up to 3,000 tonnes
are received at the wharf, which can load or unload two ships simultaneously. As of
square feet (5,000 m2) of dock space is used to store all-weather cargo and there is a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2) warehouse for weather-critical cargoes.
Whitby lifeboat station before it was replaced in 2007.
A wide range of health care services is provided by Whitby Community Hospital, run by the Scarborough and North East Yorkshire Health Care . There are five
and five dentists in the area.
provides hospital transport throughout Yorkshire.
Whitby fire station, run by , is crewed between 8 am and 6 pm. The town's two police stations are provided by the North Yorkshire . The lifeboat station built in 2007, on the east bank, is operated by the . The crew members are unpaid volunteers and the station has two , an inshore
the OEM Stone III and an all-weather , the George and Mary Webb.
North Yorkshire County Council waste management services provide a household waste recycling centre at Whitby Industrial Estate, and operates an alternate weekly collection of household waste, whereby the type of waste collected alternates between recyclables and landfill waste. The water supply, predominantly from the River Esk, is treated at Ruswarp Water Treatment Works and distributed from there by
who also deal with the town's sewerage.
is responsible for delivering electricity and Northern Gas Networks supply piped gas.
Whitby has a three tier school system, primary, middle (11–14) and
(11–19), which was formed in 2014 from the merger of Caedmon School (11–14) and
continues to operate as a middle school, but is currently consulting on raising its age range to 16.
The primary schools are St Hilda's Roman Catholic Primary School, Stakesby Community Primary School, , Airy Hill Community Primary School and East Whitby Community Primary School. North Yorkshire County Council provides education services.
The Whitby and District Fishing Industry Training School offers training for new entrants to the fishing industry and experienced fishermen.
The swing bridge spanning the Esk divides the upper and lower harbours and joins the east and west sides of the town. Whitby developed as an important bridging point of the River Esk and in 1351 permission was granted for
to be taken on the bridge for its maintenance. In 1609 a survey for a new bridge was commissioned while in 1628 it was described as a drawbridge where men raised planks to let vessels pass and tolls were collected. The bridge posts were rebuilt in stone at a cost of ?3,000 in 1766. This structure was replaced by a four-arched bridge between 1833 and 1835, one arch made of
swivelled to allow vessels to pass. This bridge was replaced between 1908 and 1909 by the current electric swing bridge.
The bridge allowed the town to spread onto the west bank, whilst the east bank, the Haggerlythe, is dominated by St Mary's Church and the ruins of Whitby Abbey which is owned by . St Mary's Church is a grade I
on the site of a Saxon church. The church's ancient foundation dates from the 12th century. Over time it has been extensively altered and enlarged but retains several features including . The East Cliff is quite a distance by road from the church, the alternative is to climb the 199 steps of the "Church Stairs" or use the footpath called "Caedmon's Trod". The stone stairs, which replaced the original wooden steps, were built about 200 years old ago and renovated between 2005 and 2006. There are landings to assist coffin bearers on their journey to the graveyard on the cliff top.
The harbour is sheltered by the grade II listed east and west
each with a lighthouse and beacon. The west lighthouse, of 1831, is the taller at 84 feet (25.5 m) and the east lighthouse, built in 1855, is 54 feet (16.5 m) high. On the west pier extension is a foghorn that sounds a blast every 30 seconds during fog. New lights were fitted to both the lighthouse towers and the beacons in 2011. , operated by , is located outside the town, to the south east, on Ling Hill.
The whalebone arch on the West Cliff commemorates Whitby's historic link with the whaling industry.
On the West Cliff is a statue of Captain
who served his apprenticeship in the town, and a
arch, commemorates the whaling industry. It is the second such arch, the original is preserved in Whitby Archives Heritage Centre. By the inner harbour is a statue commemorating , designer of the .
On the outskirts of town to the west is the 19th-century Sneaton Castle built by James Wilson who sold his sugar plantation where he had over 200 slaves and moved to Whitby. Alongside it is St Hilda's Priory, the mother house of the . The castle was used as a school and is now a conference centre and hotel in association with the priory.
Whitby Pavilion Complex houses the Pavilion Theatre.
left a photographic record of the town, harbour, fishing and residents in late-Victorian times. His most famous photograph entitled "Water Rats" was taken in 1886. He became famous internationally as a great exponent of pictorial photography. He exhibited his work in Tokyo, Vienna, France, the USA and Great Britain winning over 60 gold, silver and bronze medals. He retired in 1922 and became curator of Whitby Museum. The Royal Photographic Society made him an honorary member in 1935. A gallery of his work is located on Flowergate.
Pannett Park was built on land purchased by a local philanthropist and politician
Robert Pannett in 1902. After his death in 1928, the trust he set up created a
and art gallery. In 1931
was built behind the gallery by the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society. It holds a collection of the archaeological and social history of jet and has on display a "". The Friends of Pannett Park, formed in 2005, successfully bid for a
grant to refurbish the park. There has been a lifeboat in Whitby since 1802 and the old boathouse, built in 1895 and used until 1957, is a museum displaying the Robert and Ellen Robson lifeboat, built in 1919.
in place in the harbour.
The ancient
ceremony is performed on the eve of
commemorating a penance imposed by the abbot on miscreant hunters in the . The hunters using a knife costing a penny had to cut wood in Eskdaleside and take it to Whitby harbour where it was made into a hedge that would survive three tides. This tradition is carried out annually on the east side of the upper harbour.
was founded in 1854 by Ralph Horne, a local printer. The first issues were records of visitors and lodgings rather than a newspaper. The publication became a weekly newspaper in 1858, with a short spell of being published twice weekly between 2000 and 2012. Local radio stations are
The Pavilion Theatre built in the 1870s in West Cliff hosts a range of events during the summer months. For over four decades the town has hosted the Whitby Folk Week, and since 1993 the bi-annual
for members of the . "Whitby Now" is an annual live music event featuring local bands in the Pavilion which has taken place since 1991. Since 2008, the Bram Stoker Film Festival has taken place in October.
Whitby Regatta Boat Race 2009 (photograph taken from the safety boat).
Wind surfing, sailing and surfing take place off the beaches between Whitby and
and the area is visited by divers. Whitby has various sports facilities including the town cricket and football pitches and tennis courts. The Cleveland Way Long Distance Footpath follows the coast between Saltburn and Filey running along the developed frontage of Whitby.
The Whitby Regatta takes place annually over three days in August. The competition between three
clubs – Whitby Friendship ARC, Whitby Fishermen's ARC and Scarborough ARC – forms the backbone of the weekend. The event has expanded to include a fair on the pier, demonstrations, fireworks and military displays – including the spectacle of the
display team of the .
, formed in 1892, is a semi-professional
club which plays in the
at the 3,200 capacity Turnbull Ground on Upgang Lane. Golfing facilities range from "pitch and putt" to Whitby Golf Club whose 18-hole golf course is situated on the cliff tops to the north west of the town.
The abbey ruins sit atop the East Cliff with the old town below on the east bank of the .
The town has a strong literary tradition and can even be said that the earliest English literature comes from Whitby as , the first known
poet was a monk at the order that used
during the abbacy of St. Hilda (657–680). Part of 's novel
was set in Whitby, incorporating pieces of local folklore, including the beaching of the Russian ship Dmitri. Stoker discovered the name "Dracula" at the old public library. One scholar has suggested that Stoker chose Whitby as the site of Dracula's first appearance in England because of the , given the novel's preoccupation with timekeeping and calendar disputes.
set her novel
partly in the town which she visited in 1859 and
stayed at 5, East Terrace between July and September 1854: his first publications may have been published in the Whitby Gazette.
is known to have visited Whitby and in a letter of 1861 to his friend Wilkie Collins, who was at the time in Whitby, Dickens says:
In my time that curious railroad by the Whitby Moor was so much the more curious, that you were balanced against a counter-weight of water, and that you did it like Blondin. But in these remote days the one inn of Whitby was up a back-yard, and oyster-shell grottoes were the only view from the best private room.
stayed in Whitby to work on his novel, No Name. He was accompanied by Caroline Graves, the inspiration for .
was born in a small house at Blackburn's Yard in 1840. She reached a wide readership when her second novel, Between the Heather and the Northern Sea, was published in 1884. Her last novel For Pity's Sake, was published posthumously in 1891. , the American writer, visited Whitby while ambassador in London 1880–85, staying at 3 Wellington Terrace, West Cliff. On his last visit in 1889, he wrote:
This is my ninth year at Whitby and the place loses none of its charm for me.
, a former
curate in Whitby, is now a celebrated author. His best-selling book
was set in Whitby. , a writer of historical and other fiction for children and young adults, has retired to the town.
by , set in the town, was adapted into a 2002 feature film called
starring .
A crime novel series by
is set in Whitby. The first two novels are Death's Disciple and The Eve of Murder.
A trilogy of young adult novels, , makes much of the town's setting and history, embellishing local traditions whilst incorporating them into the narrative. The author, , recalls "The first time I visited Whitby, I stepped off the train and knew I was somewhere very special. It was a grey, drizzling day but that only added to the haunting beauty and lonely atmosphere of the place. Listening to Carmina Burana on my headphones, I explored the ruined abbey on the clifftop. The place was a fantastic inspiration. In the Whitby Witches I have interwoven many of the existing local legends, such as the frightening Barguest, whilst inventing a few of my own, most notably the aufwaders."
Other literary works referencing Whitby include:
The Hundred and Ninety Nine Steps by
Never the Bride, Something Borrowed, Conjugal Rites, Hell's Belles by
with a number of towns across the globe. Most were either visited by Captain Cook in ships that were built in Whitby – and one was named after Whitby by settlers from England.
, United States
, New Zealand
, United States
There was no United Kingdom census in 1941.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. whitbyonline.co.uk. .
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
Page, William, ed. (1923). . A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2. . British History Online. pp. 506–528 2010.
(1994). McClure, J.; Collins, R., eds. The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. Oxford University Press. pp. 150–151.
Lapidge, M et al., eds. (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell. pp. 155, 472.
Hinson, Colin.
Dugdale, William, Sir ().
(PDF). Monasticon Anglicanum: a History of the Abbies and other Monasteries, Hospitals, Frieries, and Cathedral and Collegiate Churches, with their Dependencies, in England and Wales 2011.
. Whitby Sights 2009.
Page, William, ed. (1923). . A History of the County of York North Riding: Volume 2. . British History Online. pp. 502–505 2010.
Balston, John. . John Balston 2009.
. Where I Live – North Yorkshire. BBC. 21 July .
Lloyd, Chris (26 July 2008). . The Northern Echo 2011.
. East Yorkshire Coast – Geology and Geomorphology 2011.
White, Andrew (1993). A History of Whitby. Chichester: Phillimore & co. p. 69.  .
Young, George (1824). . Whitby: R. Rogers. p. 199.
. Whitby Sights 2011.
Simpson, David (2009). . England's North East 2011.
McLintock, A.H., ed. (1966). . An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manatū Taonga, Government of New Zealand 2009.
. Where I Live – North Yorkshire. BBC. 29 September .
Seatrobe, JB (29 October 2010). . Total Politics 2011.
. Whitby Museum. 6 April .
. Access to Archives. The National Archives. .
. Whitby Sights 2011.
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Yorkshire Forward. Archived from
on 25 August .
. Scarborough. Borough Council 2011.
. Whitby Town Council. .
. BBC News. May .
Lewis, Samuel, ed. (1848). . A Topographical Dictionary of England. British History Online. pp. 543–551 2010.
. naturalengland.org.uk. .
Kent, Sir Peter (1980). British Regional Geology. Eastern England from the Tees to the Wash. London: HMSO. pp. 52–60.  .
Buhaenko, Helen (28 March 2009). . . London: .  .   2011.
White, Andrew (1993). A History of Whitby. Phillimore. p. 1.  .
. The Met Office 2011.
. The Telegraph. 5 January .
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. Neighbourhood Statistics.
. GenUKI 2011.
. charitycommission.gov.uk. .
Crockford's Clerical Directory
(100th edition). Church House Publishing.  .
. middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk. .
. Whitby Town Council. December 2010.
. Yorkshire Forward. 2011. Archived from
on 29 September .
Campbell, Sophie (17 February 2010). . . London: .  .   2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 12 May .
(PDF). Mouchel Consulting Limited. September .
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
Richardson, Belinda (23 September 2006). . Daily Telegraph 2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 27 March .
. The Business Coast. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Whitby and Scarborough Offshore Wind. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
Hayes, Julie (21 July 2010). . York Press 2011.
Jeeves, Paul (26 May 2011). . Yorkshire Post 2011.
. getdown.org.uk. .
. Disused Stations 2011.
. Moor to Sea Cycle 2011.
. Disused Stations 2011.
. National Trails. Natural England 2011.
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. About Whitby 2011.
. nhs.uk. .
. nhs.uk. .
. nhs.uk. .
. yas.nhs.uk. .
. northyorksfire.gov.uk. 2011. Archived from
on 17 July .
. northyorkshire.police.uk. .
. Whitby Lifeboat 2011.
. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. Yorkshire Water. .
. northerngasnetworks.co.uk. .
. maps.northyorks.gov.uk. .
. whitbyfishingschool.co.uk. .
The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 7 May 2016
. Yorkshire Ports. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. English Heritage 2009.
. Whitby Sights 2011.
, Open2 2011
. British Listed Buildings Online 2011.
Hiley, Michael. . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press 2011.(subscription required)
. Frank Sutcliffe-Photographs of Whitby 2011.
(PDF). Friends of Pannett Park, Whitby Town Council, Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
. The Whitby Seagull 2011.
. Pannett Park 2011.
. Royal National Lifeboat Institution 2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 30 April .
. North York Moors National Park Authority 2011.
. The Whitby Seagull 2011.
. British Newspapers 2011.
. BBC Tees. BBC. 11 August .
. Yorkshire Coast Radio 2011.
. Discover Yorkshire Coast. Scarborough Borough Council 2011.
Scales, Jean (28 April 2008). . Whitby Gazette 2011.
. Whitby Regatta 2011 2011.
. napit.co 2011.
. Whitby Golf Club 2011.
The twelve named Anglo-Saxon poets are , , , , , , Caedmon, , , , , and
(or perhaps Wulfsige). Most of these are considered by modern scholars to be spurious—see . The three for whom biographical information and documented texts survive are Alfred, Bede, and Caedmon. Caedmon is the only Anglo-Saxon poet known primarily for his ability to compose vernacular verse, and no vernacular verse survives that is known to have been written by either Bede or Alfred. There are a number of verse texts known to have been composed by , but we know nothing of his biography. (No study appears to exist of the "named" Anglo-Saxon poets—the list here has been compiled from
(: Roberta Frank), ,
Website Whitby Abbey on , visited 12 September 2012
"Killing Time: Dracula and Social Discoordination" in Economics of the Undead Eds. Glen Whitman and James Dow (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), chapter 23
Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition by
(McFarland, 2008), pp. 244–46.
. Darlington and Stockton Times. 7 December .
. Whitby Gazette. 25 November .
. opencorrespondence.org. .[]
. acc.wilkiecollinssociety.org. .
. orlando.cambridge.org. .
. nq.oxfordjournals.org. .
. xroads.virginia.edu. . Whitby
Russell Lowell, James (2011). . p. 376 2011.
. whitbyonline.co.uk. .
(1990). Caedmon's Song. Viking Press.  .
Faber, Michael (2001). The Hundred and Ninety-nine Steps. Canongate Books Ltd.  .
Meredith (2007).
. Whitby Gazette. 17 December .
. Porirua City Council 2011.
. Scarborough Borough Council. 6 February .
. . London: .  .   2011.
. Whitby Gazette. 4 June .
Barker, Malcolm (2006). Essence of Whitby.  .
Barker, Rosalin (1990). The Book of Whitby.  .
Platt, Colin (1985). Whitby Abbey.  .
Robinson, F. K. (). A Glossary of Words used in the neighbourhood of Whitby. English Dialect Society [Publications]; Series C: Original G !V. London: N. Trübner. Robinson was also the compiler of A Glossary of Yorkshire Words and Phrases Collected in Whitby and the Neighbourhood; by an I 1855.
Stamp, Cordelia (2006). Whitby Pictorial Memories.  .
Waters, Colin (1992). A History of Whitby's Pubs, Inns and Taverns.  .
Waters, Colin (1992). Whitby, a Pictorial History.  .
Waters, Colin (2004). Whitby Then and Now.  .
Waters, Colin (2011). Whitby Then and Now IN COLOUR.  .
Waters, Colin (2011). A History of Whitby & its Place Names.  .
White, Andrew (2004). A History of Whitby.  .
Williams, Michael Aufrère (2012). The Whitby-Loftus Line.  .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for .
has the text of
Live 180-degree high resolution view of Whitby
: the history of Whitby, presented by
() ( format)
Tide times for Whitby from the
: Hidden categories:}
我要回帖
更多关于 美国party school排名 的文章
更多推荐
- ·想给孩子报陕西优艺墨堂西安青少年心理咨询排名机构，关注了3个月，感觉他们靠谱的，有人给孩子选的这个机构做辅导吗？
- ·新疆石河子大学研究生开学时间2021秋季2020年9月具体哪天开学？
- ·壮五福国福建武术学院一年学费多少是干嘛的？如何？
- ·怎么查小学生学籍信息在哪里查询的学籍号是多少？
- ·2012年8月出生的孩子买北京环球影城小孩买票标准门票能买儿童票吗？
- ·除了显卡分公版和显卡非公版和公版区别，其他硬件有这样的区分吗？ 比如cpu缩水什么的 还有就是显卡公版和非公
- ·英特尔cpu超频软件aU
- ·壳聚糖有肾病的肾病综合征可以吃什么吗
- ·带姜柳两个字的网名带符号
- ·有适合新手的股票学习么？
- ·当你在工作或学习方面遇到带你的师傅动不动就给你提出一些无理的要求才能让你过关怎么办？
- ·华科启明班考试结束什么时候出来
- ·今年买多少明年送多少在深读六年你明年到惠阳读初一该要什么手续
- ·冲床机器人旁边哪些机器不能放
- ·2016年温州市七中艺术学校2016艺术录取分数线线
- ·门面可以摆铜大象摆放位置图吗
- ·教师节和985又是一年教师节作文吗
- ·三台常州外国语学校任课表兴趣课
- ·我男朋友是美国人，我是中国人，但是莫磊年轻的时候相片以前未婚先育有一女儿
- ·My Dear, One has only to open their eyes to see the endless 辐射4theeyesofbeautyy around them...Vibrant flower
- ·whitbybohunt school 排名排名
- ·圆的一次性快子手机后面的圆环两个槽有什么用?
- ·在工程里外墙保温计算建筑面积算占地面积还是装修面积
- ·注塑机加大注射行程不平打活能行不
- ·三相电机变频器变频器线路中接三只电阻热保护
- ·心理学的问题问题
- ·世界上什么东西最大的割双眼皮医院提示是眼皮括号里加字
- ·高2.3米宽2.5米是几90平米客厅电视背景墙呀是背景墙
- ·宜城教育体育信息网东路至归径有多少公里路?
- ·深圳做巨乳症缩胸手术手术贵不贵
- ·老年痴呆症能治愈吗去那里治我在德阳
- ·指黄肝病危害对人的危害大不？
- ·感昌感冒灵胶囊囊和利君沙同服行吗
- ·打架后急诊的医生说不要失眠症医院住院费,但对方失眠症医院住院费了,我们要赔失眠症医院住院费费吗
- ·前天做了乳腺癌保乳手术，今天尿液白带呈淡绿色色，是怎么回事？
- ·酸枣仁泡水喝,乌枣,百合,桂圆肉,用来泡水对肠胃有害吗
