关于Meta分析的写作的些许经验之谈
关于Meta分析的写作的些许经验之谈
关于Meta分析的写作的些许经验之谈关于Meta分析的写作的些许经验之谈
&& 过去一年一直没开始做实验，期间除了在医院实习、美国交流外，就是写写case report、review以及meta分析之类的文章攒攒写作经验，鉴于不少同学、同事以及朋友都有写作意向，但因为时间关系一直没有很好交流，所以写成日志供大家参考。本身文章就是千变万化的，而且自己本身不是meta高手，相当于介绍一些入门的方法。1.首先要明白什么是meta分析，以及自己写meta的目的是什么。meta分析中文叫荟萃分析，是利用统计学方法对现有的研究资料进行分析的一种方法。举个简单的例子，如术前血糖控制与手术并发症的关系，假设现有RCT 12个，每篇文章的结果不尽相同，你通过量化分析等到的就是一个样本量更大、理论上更为可靠的结论。当然，这个分析绝对不是死板的，比如你分析的时候可以从手术种类、原先血糖范围、控制后血糖分为、并发症种类进一步分析，这样得到的结果是单篇研究所不具有的。明白了什么是meta，于是大家都发现，这是一种不用“做实验”的写作方式，并且主题源源不断，于是有人把他当成了一种发文章的手段，据说上海某神人曾今一年发过100多分文章，其中不少都是meta。但是话说回来，无论你目的是什么，如果没有对自己的meta分析进行严格的质量控制，或是为了发文章而发文章，没有很好的想法，是很难写出一篇较好的meta分析的。所以，我更主张那些有想法（无论会不会写meta，哪怕是什么都不会写也没关系）去写有意义的meta分析，而不建议那些meta分析熟手、能手大量刷这类文章，这类文章，写一两篇便已足够。2.idea永远都是meta分析的灵魂，选题是最重要的！我想，所有准备写meta分析的同学有这样的困惑：为什么我想写的话题都有人发了，而自己找的一些都很难写，或者干脆文章不够？这其实是有多方面原因的，一是meta分析作为一种近几年稳步发展的分析方法，目前已经有很多人写了，所以重要的主题、又有很多RCT的基本都被写了，二是现在不少医学生文献检索能力还没有达到熟练的等级，一个同样的话题，一个人只能搜到三四篇，而有些人可能可以搜到十几篇。但是以上两个都还是次要的，主要的还是对自己学科和领域缺乏持续性的关注，想突击出一个好想法是很难的；而且对自己的领域学习不够深入，就算是有好想法，往往思考到一半就放弃了。我的第一篇也是目前唯一发表的meta其实是自己事先略有关注的，并且发表的还是骨科的Top杂志，而其他一些突击寻找的主题，都被杂志拒稿了。10年开始，当时还在住紫金港，没事逛逛丁香园、JBJSA，了解一些学术动向，但是被两篇新英格兰的文章吸引，就是质疑椎体成形术（PVP）效果的两篇RCTs，后来在Lancet上找到一篇类似的RCT，搜了一下，大概总共有六七篇篇文献，这些文章的结论都是支持PVP的，直到后来11年6月份接触了meta分析，突然想到，以前这么好的话题怎么没有人写meta，我后来查了美国骨外科学会（AAOS）的Guideline，仔细对照了它的参考文献，觉得这是一个很好的争议话题，于是着手搜集资料、写作。因为担心别人抢先，真正的写作修改只花了我两个月时间，但前期搜集资料的时间其实是很长的。11月投稿，今年5月份接受，6月份电子版刊出，期间经历两次修改，peer reviewer的问题非常多，不过态度都还好。刊出以后，令人惊奇的是AAOS则在Research版块首页进行回应&（Headline News 7/27/12&)，坚持Guideline的正确性，虽然是作为反方，但竟然能上美国骨科学会reseach版块的版面还是让我觉得很有成就感。其实回过头来看，我的第一篇meta能被接受的最主要原因不是写作这些次要的，而是选了一个很好的题，引起主编的兴趣，而选择好题目，对以后引用率的影响也是非常有意义的。3.如何进行文献搜索？上面提到了，有个好的想法很重要，那么接下去就是做了，第一步便是搜索。常用的数据库应该在4个以上，其中本人推荐一下四个：Pubmed， Web of science，Embase，Cochrane。其中浙大的同学可能发现Embase学校没买，所以要用别的方法，如淘宝上买或是别校同学代为搜索。合理运用搜索语言或是搜索方法，如布尔逻辑赋、Mesh、Limits等等，增加精度。搜到的文献，就要进行筛选，从标题到摘要到全文，一步步精简。具体搜索文献的方法就不赘述了，有问题的同学可自行翻看当年医学院胡晓君副教授的课件。这里推荐两个好网站（1）读秀，IP识别，浙大的同学可直接登录，里面可以留下邮箱，就会有工作人员帮你搜索文献然后发到你邮箱（2）康健世讯，某附属医院购买的数据库，需要密码（需要可发短信问我哈），不过今年9月份好像会过期搜索时及时保存搜索结果（如Pubmed可以注册一下，就能保存了）。搜索步骤就要在文章中体现成下表
4.文献质量评估及数据提取。这个部分其实没什么具体可以介绍的，也是最烦人的一点，仔细阅读文章，找到能用的所有数据。学会转化数据，如：直接从图中测量Mean和SD，将四分位数据转化为Mean+SD，只有Mean的时候如何估计SD等等。实在不行，可以联系原作者，有礼貌地索要数据。事先做好表格，数据往里填，一个格子只用一个数据，等到你把他往分析软件里面搬的时候，就发现有多方变了。文献的质量评价方面，阅读别人的文章，学习别人的评价方式对自己引入的研究进行质量评价，还有别忘了引入文献的基本信息也是要写进去的。文献的质量评价是很重要的，决定了meta的可可信程度，对于低质量的文献，甚至可以在分析中直接删除。
我采用的是腰背部手术文献的质量分析表，由十二项组成（具体的见图，不翻译了），每一项质量评价如果该研究有做到就打Y，得一分，累计下来，按从高到低划分质量档次。5.数据分析数据分析是meta分析的重点。目前常用的软件不多，推荐Stata和RevMan。RevMan比较好上手，图片比较好看，而且是Cochrane出品的，被各类杂志认可，缺点是缺少某些复杂的功能。下面以Revman为例：
数据栏采用“傻瓜式”输入法
上面是输出结果（已经被我PS成比较好看的了）。具体操作不想赘述，详见
但是有几点需要说明：（1）异质性：可以用I2来评价，异质性的意思是不同研究间差异太大。如果异质性太大，分析结果就会不可信，解决方法有回归分析和亚组分析（2）随机模型和固定模型：这个很难理解，简单记住：I2大于50%，用随机模型，否则反之。（3）回归分析：Revman中无法直接实现回归分析，可以使用Stata。如果引入文章数量小于10篇，则不能（或无需）进行回归分析。（4）亚组分析：根据不同因素分不同亚组，分开进行分析，如是否是随机性研究，从而可以：1.减少异质性；2.发现因素对结果的影响
6.各分析的质量评估这个和前面的文献质量评估是不一样的，是对你的每一个分析的质量进行评估，常用的标准是GRADE（Google就能查到，还有软件，里面有说明，其实这个软件完全是多余的，不过有了确实方面点）
还有就是漏斗图，这个我想大家都知道，评价发表偏倚的，也是要的，Revman就可以实现，很好用
7.成文与投稿于是，具备以上一些要素，然后你再写点引言、分析就行了，投稿方面与一般的文章无差别，但有以下几点需注意：（1）投稿的杂志选择，是否都接受meta分析。投稿的杂志是不是符合你的心理预期，另外可以结合学校/医院特点，如学校订的Top期刊首先考虑。（2）文章类型的选择。Meta分析在不同杂志被认为是不同类型的文章，一些是Review，也就是综述，而有些则是Article有些是Systemtic review但在ISI中查询可以发现是Article。Article的文章在毕业、晋升等方面与review有很大的不同，所以如果有这个需要的可以用ISI查一下用类型的文章在ISI中显示的类型，因为晋升的话，你就要拿着在学校图书馆开ISI检索证明，所以那个显示什么就是什么。（3）最后一点，meta分析不像实验性研究，很可能被人抢先而你的努力白费了，所以一定要非常快！切记！&
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: 164-173&&&&DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.
对运动心理学研究文献中的趋近&回避成就目标与绩效相关性的Meta分析综述
Marc Lochbaum, Jarrett Gottardy
Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
A meta-analytic review of the approach-avoidance achievement goals and performance relationships in the sport psychology literature
Marc Lochbaum, Jarrett Gottardy
Department of Health, Exercise, and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
(301 KB) &
摘要&目的:综述运动心理学研究文献中的趋近&回避成就目标与绩效。方法:查询到17篇公开发表的研究文献(其中2篇论文各提供2个样本), 采用公认的Meta分析程序, 以Hedges g作为效应量标准, 从这17篇文章中计算出73个效应量。结果:根据随机效应模型, 结果显示成绩目标比较对伴随掌握和成绩趋向目标的绩效产生最大促进作用。回避目标表现和掌握对成绩无显著影响甚至有负面影响。趋近和回避成绩目标的同质性统计检验结果呈现显著不同。用类别调节变量检验研究性别构成(男、女、混合)、样本平均年龄 (& 18岁或& 18岁)、研究情景(实验室或自然性)、成绩变量类型(主观型或客观型)。结论:成绩目标比较对运动绩效研究具有价值。与趋近&回避的预测相反, 掌握趋近目标与绩效水平同成绩趋向目标和绩效水平一样显著且程度相当。因此, 未来研究应着重研究掌握和成绩比较对运动任务成绩的作用。最后, 本综述的显著效应量完全不同于当代教育领域的Meta分析结果。应进一步研究运动和教育中与成绩相关的趋近&回避目标的区别。
<INPUT type=hidden value="我在《《运动与健康科学》（英文版）》上发现了关于“掌握趋向目标|成绩趋向目标|成绩提高|成绩目标比较”几篇好文章，特向您推荐。请点击下面的网址：" name=neirong>
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Abstract：
Purpose: To summarize the approach-avoidance achievement goal and performance in the sport psychology literature.
Methods: A total of 17 published studies, two of which provided two samples, were located. Accepted meta-analytic procedures were used with Hedges g as the effect size metric. From the 17 studies, 73 effect sizes were calculated.
Results: Results based on a random effects model indicated that the performance goal contrast had the largest facilitative impact on performance followed by the mastery and performance approach goals. Both of the avoidance goals performance and mastery had small non-significant and detrimental effects on performance. The homogeneity statistics revealed significant heterogeneity for the approach and avoidance performance goals. Categorical moderator variables were examined for study sex composition (male, female, or mixed), mean age of sample (&18 years or ≧ 18 years), study setting (lab or naturalistic), and nature of performance variable (objective or subjective).
Conclusion: The performance goal contrast holds value for sport performance research. Contrary to approach-avoidance predictions, the mastery-approach goal and performance effect size was significant and of equal magnitude as the performance approach goal and performance effect size. Thus, future research should closely test the efficacy of both the mastery- and performance contrasts in impacting performance of sport tasks. Last, the significant effect sizes reported in this review are in stark contrast to contemporary meta-analytic findings in education. Differences in the approach-avoidance goals in sport and education relative to performance should be researched further.
Key words：
收稿日期: ;
通讯作者: Marc Lochbaum&&&
&E-mail: marc.lochbaum@ttu.edu
引用本文: &&
. 对运动心理学研究文献中的趋近&回避成就目标与绩效相关性的Meta分析综述[J]. 《运动与健康科学》（英文版）, ): 164-173.
. A meta-analytic review of the approach-avoidance achievement goals and performance relationships in the sport psychology literature[J]. Journal of Sport and Health Science, ): 164-173.
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