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Academia & 2015From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the state motto.
For other uses, see .
"Live Free or Die" is the official motto of the U.S. state of , adopted by the state in 1945. It is possibly the best-known of all , partly because it speaks to an assertive
historically found in
and partly because of its contrast to the milder sentiments found in other state mottos.
The phrase comes from a toast written by General , New Hampshire's most famous soldier of the , on July 31, 1809. Poor health forced Stark to decline an invitation to an anniversary reunion of the . Instead, he sent his toast by letter:
Live free or die: Death is not the worst of evils.
Stark may not have been the original author of the phrase. Vivre Libre ou Mourir ("Live free or die") was a popular motto of the , which the politician
had engraved on his buttons.
The motto was enacted at the same time as the , on which it appears.
In 1971, the
mandated that the phrase appear on all non-commercial , replacing "Scenic."
In 1977, the
ruled in the case of , 430 U.S. 705, that the State of New Hampshire could not prosecute motorists who chose to hide part or all of the motto. That ruling came about because George Maynard, a , covered up "or die" from his plate. "By religious training and belief, I believe my 'government' – Jehovah's Kingdom – offers everlasting life. It would be contrary to that belief to give up my life for the state, even if it meant living in bondage." Pursuant to these beliefs, the Maynards began early in 1974 to cover up the motto on their license plates.
He was convicted of breaking a state law against altering license plates.
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 in his favor and likened Maynard's refusal to accept the state motto with the Jehovah's Witness children refusing to salute the American flag in public school in the 1943 decision .
"We begin with the proposition that the right of freedom of thought protected by the First Amendment against state action includes both the right to speak freely and the right to refrain from speaking at all," Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote for the majority in Maynard.
"Here, as in Barnette, we are faced with a state measure which forces an individual, as part of his daily life indeed constantly while his automobile is in public view to be an instrument for fostering public adherence to an ideological point of view he finds unacceptable.
"The fact that most individuals agree with the thrust of New Hampshire's m most Americans also find the flag salute acceptable," Burger wrote.
The Supreme Court concluded that the state's interests paled in comparison to individuals' free-expression rights.
Live Free or Die, as seen in , Scotland
A possible source of such mottoes is 's famed March 23, 1775, speech to the
(the legislative body of the
colony), which contained the following phrase: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what co but as for me, !"
A medal struck at 's , as tokens of exchange for the Paris firm of Monneron Freres, 1791–92, has on its obverse the motto Vivre libres ou mourir ("Live free or die" in French). A mention of "vivre libre ou mourir" occurs in 1754 Memoires by Chalopin.
During the
(25 August 1713 – 11 September 1714) the
used black flags with the motto "Live free or die", in Catalan "Viurem lliures o morirem". Now it is used as a symbol of .
The phrase "Antes morrer livres que em Paz sujeitos" (English: Rather die free than in peace be subjugated) is contained in a 1582 letter reply to King
from the Portuguese Corregidor (Governor) of the Azores, , still faithful to the Portuguese King-in-Exile, . It has been adopted as the
motto and is present in the autonomous region's .
"Ελευθερ?α ? Θ?νατο?" ( – " or ") is the national motto of
and comes from the motto of the
"??? ??? ???????????" ("Mah kam Azatutiun" - "Freedom or death") was the motto of the
during the movement for Armenia's independence.
"Слобода или Смрт" – "Sloboda ili smrt" – "Liberty Or Death" is the national motto of the
and is derived from the
"Libertad o Muerte" – "Liberty or Death" is the national motto of .
"Independência, ou morte!" – "Independence or death", was the national motto of the .
"Ya istiklal ya ?lüm" - "Independence or death", was the motto of the Turkish resistance during the
and the Turkish .
"" – "Rise up, Free ", according to Tilemann Dothias Wiarda (1777) spoken at the Upstalsboom in
in Later Middle Ages. Since the middle of the 19th century Frisian nationalists tend to answer it with "Lewwer duad üs Slaav", or "Better dead than a slave."
"Liberté, ?galité, Fraternité, ou la mort" – "Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood, or Death" was the early motto of the . Later versions dropped "ou la mort". The full motto is still displayed above the entrance of the Hotel de Ville in .
"Better to die than to be a coward" (????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? – Kaayar hunnu bhanda marnu ramro) (Nepali). This is a motto in Nepal and is the motto of the British Army regiment the , which coincidentally used to have its UK base in the county of Hampshire.
"?ожалла я маршо" ("") - "", The national anthem and slogan of the , .
"Bolje grob nego rob, Bolje rat nego pakt" – "Better the grave than a slave, better a war than the pact" was the motto of Yugoslav demonstrators during the Yugoslav coup d'état of 1941, which started when King Peter II of Yugoslavia signed a pact with the Axis powers.
"Воля Укра?ни або смерть" – "Volya Ukrayiny abo smert" – "Freedom of Ukraine or death" was a motto of Ukrainian rebels of Kholodny Yar republic during
and later one of the mottos adopted by the protesters of .
On January 1, 1804,
proclaimed
(Ayiti), then a French slave colony, to be free and independent. Dessalines is said to have torn the white section from the
while shouting, "Vivre libre ou mourir!", which means "live free or die."
The phrase "Vivre Libre ou Mourir" ("live free or die") was used in the . It was the subtitle of the journal by , titled , written during the winter of 1793–4.
The first Convention of the Delegates of the Scottish Friends of the People in
on 11–13 December 1792 used the phrase "live free or die" and referred to it as a "French oath".
Original NH-style DEC UNIX license plate facsimile
"Live Free or Die" is popular among
users, a group which also cherishes its independence. The popularity dates to the 1980s, when
(DEC) had a set of Unix license plates printed up and given away at a
conference. They were modeled on the license plates in New Hampshire, where DEC's Unix Engineering Group was headquartered. Stettner lived in New Hampshire at the time and used the
UNIX. When DEC came out with its own Unix version, , they printed up Ultrix plates that were distributed at trade shows. More recently,
novelty plates have been produced following the same pattern.
"Brew Free or Die" is the name of an
in , California.
Live Free or Die is the title of a 1990 novel by New Hampshire writer .
Live Free Or Die is the first book in 's Troy Rising
Live Free or Die is the title of a book of essays by .
In the early 2000s,
comics had a storyline called "Live Kree or Die". It featured the alien race called the .
"" is the title of the sixth episode of the sixth season of the TV show . It concerns a captain in the New Jersey mafia who hides in New Hampshire after being outed as a .
jokes that Wisconsin's state motto is "Live
or Die." In another episode the character
joked: "New Hampshire. Live free or cheap."
On , the apathetic Neutral Planet has the motto: "Live free or don't."
"" is the title of the first episode of the fifth season of .
"" is the title of a
show premiering on September 30, 2014.
, a 2000 documentary about abortion
, a 2006 comedy movie
, a 2007 movie, the fourth in the
Live Free or Die, 2004 album by Vancouver punk group
wrote a song titled "Live Free or Die" about the irony of a prisoner serving time in New Hampshire's jails and hand-stamping license plates with the state motto. The song appeared on his first single. It was covered by
on his 2002 album Flowers and Liquor.
The song "Live Free", by Jay Farrar, begins with the line "Lookin' for the right kind of live free or die". It appears on the Son Volt album "Trace".
("Better to be dead than a slave")
. Gencourt.state.nh.us.
Simon Schama. Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage Books, 1989. p. 557
State of New Hampshire. . State of New Hampshire.
Doug Linder. . Law.umkc.edu.
. freedomforum.org.
Robinson, Randall, , 2007, Basic Civitas Books
Dorestant, Noe, "A Look at Haitian History ; 200 Years of Independence", Heritage Kompa Magazine, Special Independence Edition, 2001
, , 1989, Vintage Books, pg 557
Bewley, Christina, Muir of Huntershill, Oxford University Press, 1981, p.47
according to
The motto is one of the 101 reasons cited by the
for the choice of New Hampshire as their destination.Fighting for health, privacy, and safety
When ‘Smart’ Meters Kill: The Story of Larry Nikkel
Details Emerge of Vacaville, CA Smart Meter Fire Death
Larry Nikkel
By Joshua Hart, Director StopSmartMeters.Org
Details have come to light of a man killed by a Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) Smart Meter that caught fire in Vacaville, CA on July 9th, 2010.
Larry Nikkel of 230 Arbor St. died from a suspicious electrical fire that consumed his home the day after Wellington Energy, contractors for PG&E, installed a Landis & Gyr “smart” electric meter.
A wrongful death suit lawsuit filed by the family against the utility, subcontractor, and meter manufacturer has now been settled for an undisclosed sum.
The circumstances surrounding Mr. Nikkel’s death add a grave and tragic chapter to the growing human cost of the ‘smart grid.’ The following account is based on interviews with his brother Walter, as well as details obtained by the fire incident report, investigation, and coroner’s report.
Larry Nikkel worked for more than 30 years as the groundskeeper at Solano Community College, and was well liked in Vacaville by those who knew him.
He was in a rock band in the Seventies called The Panties who played gigs all over the East Bay.
Larry loved his rock music and he loved his 1958 Gretsch guitar (the same kind as Chuck Berry played).
The guitar- worth thousands- was given to Larry by a co-worker at the College, underscoring how much he was loved and admired by those who knew him.
Larry was diagnosed with throat cancer in early 2010 and had just finished his chemotherapy treatment at the time of his death.
The day before he was killed, he had submitted the paperwork to retire from his job at the Community College.
On July 8th, 2010, according to neighbors,
came through and deployed electric smart meters all along the street, including on Larry’s house.
Less than 48 hours later, Larry was dead- killed by smoke inhalation and burns from an unexplained electrical fire that consumed his home.
According to his brother Walter, who had spent time with Larry at his house the morning before the fire (and only hours after the smart meter was installed), there were serious electrical problems in the house that day.
Larry had tried to boot up his laptop to watch a DVD that evening, but the computer would not function.
The cable box did not work either.
Walter and Larry both heard a very loud, high pitched “snap” coming from the wall.
Later that night, after Walter had returned home, he received a call from Larry, who said that the ‘house was humming.’ He regrets to this day not coming over immediately to investigate what was wrong.
At about 10:30pm on July 9th, a man walking down Arbor St. saw flames coming out of Larry’s house.
The man opened the garage door to see if anyone was inside but this caused the fire to “flash” and so he was forced to retreat and call the fire department.
By 10:40, fire fighters were on the scene.
After battling the fire, crews entered the house and found Larry’s body in the hallway bathroom, under a dresser (which Walt speculates he may have pulled on top of himself to shield against the heat).
He had shoved towels under the door, and the water was running in the sink.
He was on the floor, having succumbed to smoke inhalation and burns.
Larry had placed his beloved guitar in the bathtub, where perhaps he hoped it would survive the flames (it did).
Walter remembers hearing a lot of fire engine sirens that night and wondering whether there was a large grass fire in the area.
He received a call from Larry’s neighbor at about the same time, and immediately got a bad feeling.
He got in his car and when he arrived at his brother’s house, the house was charred and blackened and Larry’s body was already in a bag.
Walter was distraught and started to open the bag but was stopped by the police. “Why aren’t you working on him??” he remembers yelling at the emergency responders.
The official Pathology Report notes that the cause of death was smoke inhalation and thermal injuries (burns):
Larry Nikkel was officially pronounced dead at 11:04pm on July 9th, 2010.
The official cause of the fire- according to the Vacaville Fire Department’s Investigation was “undetermined, but was most likely caused by an electrical problem”
Young Larry Nikkel
About a month after the fire, Walter met Ken Burton at the house.
Ken was the former bass player in Larry’s band, a friend of the family and also a retired fire fighter.
Walter had noticed that his brother’s swamp cooler had fallen to the ground from the window, and was not burned except that the motor was charred, and the belt was melted to the pulley.
The two speculated that something had caused the power cord to become so hot that it caught the plywood that fit in the window on fire, and this quickly spread throughout the house.
While they were talking, a fire truck pulled up and Vacaville Fire Dept. Battalion Chief Jansen came up to them.
He asked how they were doing, and walked back to the charred breaker box, where two of the breakers were found tripped right after the fire.
He asked them if they were aware that the “smart” meter was installed on Larry’s house the day before the fire.
It turned out that PG&E had hurriedly removed the meter following the fire.
A month later, Walter was clearing the neighbor’s grape vine out of his tree.
That night he started hearing loud buzzing and humming sounds coming from his wall.
He immediately called PG&E, who sent a lineman out and discovered that the neutral wire was off the pole.
(Walt figures he accidentally pulled the wire off).
As a result, 2 TV’s, and a DISH DVR player were fried because of over voltage.
Suddenly, it clicked for Walter.
The humming and popping noises.
The electrical problems.
The “smart” meter having been installed the day before the fire.
His brother Larry had died because of PG&E’s smart meter.
He did an internet search for “smart meter hazards” and put two and two together, finally grasping what likely killed his brother.
According to electrical engineers, the popping, humming, and appliance damage are all telltale signs of an electrical problem caused by arcing, possibly from a meter that was not installed properly.
Arcing can lead to fires and explosions.
(As we documented in late 2010 in our
from Wellington Energy, workers were encouraged to ignore safety hazards and only had 20 hours of training, violating
that smart meters be installed by a professional electrician).
Larry’s death appears to be a direct result of the kind of violations uncovered by the whistleblower, whose reports were summarily ignored by the CA Public Utilities Commission.
On June 10th, 2012, the Nikkel family filed a
against Pacific Gas and Electric, Wellington Energy, and Landis & Gyr meter manufacturers, alleging negligence and wrongful death.
The case was settled out of court earlier this year, showing that the utilities and meter manufacturers were alarmed about the potential to lose the case, as well as more terrible publicity related to their meter program.
The settlement- though not ideal as it avoids a verdict that might force the utilities to compensate others who have suffered smart meter fires or even recall the meters- has nonetheless provided a sense of closure to the family, who would have had to live through the pain of Larry’s loss once again during a trial.
A Stamford CT house fire where 5 people died. The evidence leads to a smart meter as the culprit.
Meanwhile, the number of smart meter fires has continued to grow.
Last year, a
after a fire likely started by their ‘smart’ meter.
Twenty-four hours later, her home was bulldozed, eliminating any evidence that could have been collected showing why the deadly fire started (and preventing future fires) In August 2012, Peco Energy of Pennsylvania was forced to suspend its deployment after at least 26 separate incidents where newly installed smart meters had caught fire or exploded.
The EMF Safety Network has tracked many of these fires , and we have documented a number of these incidents at StopSmartMeters.Org.
by the Ontario Fire Marshal analyzes the numerous smart meter fires being reported in Canada and abroad and states:
“We encountered an unusual amount of fire incidents involving smart meters…prior to any proper investigation the utility company had removed and replaced the meters from the affected areas…New meters may have defects that cause electrical failures (or they may be caused by) careless installation during change over…”
It’s fairly clear by now that there is another major safety problem with smart meters- aside from RF radiation pulses.
Hundreds of fires, explosions, and other electrical problems have been documented.
Pre-market safety testing simply did not happen in the rush to harvest stimulus funds and corporate profits.
The process of third party safety testing might have uncovered these problems before they ended up killing people, but unfortunately .
In cases of fire, the utility’s strategy has been to blame faulty household wiring, a candle, hot ashes, anything to take the focus away from the smart meter.
Homes with old or vulnerable wiring seem to be especially at risk, and surely the utilities know this by now.
But they do not warn, and they do not inspect.
If we had responsible utility companies that prioritized health and safety, smart meter deployments could have included a safety check of the socket and wiring.
Unfortunately such caution would have required professional technicians to work longer hours- a cost the utility company refused to bear.
They can’t seem to have anything get in the way of their guaranteed 11.5% annual returns on shareholder investments (in the case of PG&E).
Sadly, for whatever reason most fire departments have failed to investigate smart meter fires as a systemic problem that requires a systemic solution. Meanwhile more homes burn and more people die.
When the Nikkel case came to the attention of Stop Smart Meters! we immediately connected the family with a lawyer and started to try and obtain documents from the Vacaville Fire Dept.
Unfortunately, multiple attempts to get a copy of the investigation failed, even when requested by members of Larry’s own family.
The attorney for the case- David Kyle- who
against SCE- said he’s never seen such reluctance to release these kinds of documents.
It finally took a subpoena and legal threats to obtain the investigation, something that a bereaved family should not have to go through simply in order to understand why their loved one died.
Unfortunately despite pledges of safety and reform from PG&E and the CPUC following the horrific explosion in San Bruno that killed a dozen people and razed an entire neighborhood, the same decisions are still being made- trading people’s lives for shareholder profit.
You needn’t live near a gas pipeline to be at risk.
This time it is a device that is being installed on most everyone’s home, in every neighborhood.
While PG&E and other utilities install unsafe devices that are costing some their homes and their lives, the CPUC- led by the industry itself in the form of Mr. Michael Peevey- looks the other way.
Such inaction in the face of overwhelming evidence of mortal risk is truly criminal.
Let’s make sure that Larry, and others who have lost their lives in the name of the ‘smart grid’ are not forgotten, and that we honor their memory with action and political change.
Larry’s obituary can be found .
Larry’s guitar pick survived the fire
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