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歌曲榜Top10From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a type of amusement ride.
For the original example, first erected in Chicago in 1893, see .
For other uses, see .
"Giant wheel" redirects here. For other uses, see .
, in , the world's tallest ferris wheel since 2014.
A Ferris wheel, named after , (sometimes called a big wheel, observation wheel, or, in the case of the very tallest examples, giant wheel) is a
consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, capsules, , or pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity.
Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright. These wheels are sometimes referred to as observation wheels, and their cars referred to as capsules, however these alternative names are also sometimes used for wheels with conventional gravity-oriented cars.
The original
was designed and constructed by
as a landmark for the 1893
in . The term Ferris wheel is used generically for all such structures, which are now the most common type of
in the United States.
Since the original 1893 Chicago Ferris Wheel, there have been nine world's tallest-ever Ferris wheels. The current record holder is the 167.6-metre (550 ft)
in , US, which opened to the public in March 2014.
Early pleasure wheels depicted in 17th-century engravings, to the left by , to the right a Turkish design, apparently for adults
Dancing the
(Spirii Hill), , Romania (1857 lithograph)
, , France, 1913
"Pleasure wheels", whose passengers rode in chairs suspended from large wooden rings turned by strong men, may have originated in 17th-century .
The travels of
in Europe and Asia,
describes and illustrates "severall Sorts of Swinginge used in their Publique rejoyceings att their Feast of Biram" on 17 May 1620 at
. Among means "lesse dangerous and troublesome" was one:
...like a Craine wheele att Customhowse Key and turned in that Manner, whereon Children sitt on little seats hunge round about in severall parts thereof, And though it turne right upp and downe, and that the Children are sometymes on the upper part of the wheele, and sometymes on the lower, yett they alwaies sitt upright.
Five years earlier, in 1615, , a Roman traveller who sent letters from , Persia, and India, attended a Ramadan festival in Constantinople. He describes the fireworks, floats, and great swings, then comments on riding the Great Wheel:
I was delighted to find myself swept upwards and downwards at such speed. But the wheel turned round so rapidly that a Greek who was sitting near me couldn't bear it any longer, and shouted out "soni! soni!" (enough! enough!)
Similar wheels also appeared in England in the 17th century, and subsequently elsewhere around the world, including India, Romania, and Siberia.
A Frenchman, Antonio Manguino, introduced the idea to America in 1848, when he constructed a wooden pleasure wheel to attract visitors to his start-up fair in Walton Spring, .
A much earlier description of a Ferris-type wheel can be seen in The Death of Arthur, a volume of the
dating from around 1220. The text describes King Arthur in a dream being approached by
and placed upon the . Although the description is fictional, it is likely to be based upon real observations of a Ferris-type wheel:
When (King Arthur) fell asleep it seemed like the most beautiful lady in the world appeared ... and there she sat him on a wheel. The wheel had seats, some of which rose as others sank. The king saw that his was in the highest position ... “This is the Wheel of Fortune," she said...
In 1892, William Somers installed three fifty-fo ; and , New York. The following year he was granted the first U.S. patent for a "Roundabout".
rode on Somers' wheel in Atlantic City prior to designing his wheel for the . In 1893 Somers filed a lawsuit against Ferris for patent infringement, however Ferris and his lawyers successfully argued that the Ferris Wheel and its technology differed greatly from Somers' wheel, and the case was dismissed.
Main article:
The original Chicago , built for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition
The original , sometimes also referred to as the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by .
With a height of 80.4 metres (264 ft) it was the largest attraction at the
in , , where it opened to the public on June 21, 1893. It was intended to rival the 324-metre (1,063 ft) , the centerpiece of the .
Ferris was a graduate of
and a , bridge-builder. He began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. Ferris understood the growing need for structural steel and founded G.W.G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads and bridge builders.
The wheel rotated on a 71-, 45.5-foot axle comprising what was at that time the world's largest hollow forging, manufactured in Pittsburgh by the
and weighing 89,320 pounds, together with two 16-foot-diameter (4.9 m) cast-iron spiders weighing 53,031 pounds.
There were 36 cars, each fitted with 40 revolving chairs and able to accommodate up to 60 people, giving a total capacity of 2,160. The wheel carried some 38,000 passengers daily and took 20 minutes to complete two revolutions, the first involving six stops to allow passengers to exit and enter and the second a nine-minute non-stop rotation, for which the ticket holder paid 50 cents.
The Exposition ended in October 1893, and the wheel closed in April 1894 and was dismantled and stored until the following year. It was then rebuilt on Chicago's North Side, near Lincoln Park, next to an exclusive neighborhood. This prompted , then a local resident, to file a Circuit Court action against the owners of the wheel to have it removed, but without success. It operated there from October 1895 until 1903, when it was again dismantled, then transported by rail to
and finally destroyed by controlled demolition using dynamite on May 11, 1906.
, Vienna, built in 1897, originally had 30 passenger cabins but was rebuilt with 15 cabins following a fire in 1944
( for "Viennese Giant Wheel") is a surviving example of nineteenth-century Ferris wheels. Erected in 1897 in the
section of
public park in the
district of , , to celebrate Emperor 's , it has a height of 64.75 metres (212 ft) and originally had 30 passenger cars. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack to funds with which to carry out the destruction, it survived.
Following the demolition of the 100-metre (328 ft)
in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel. In 1944 it burnt down, but was rebuilt the following year with 15 passenger cars, and remained the world's tallest extant wheel until its 97th year, when the 85-metre (279 ft)
was constructed for , at , .
Still in operation today, it is one of Vienna's most popular , and over the years has featured in numerous films (including Madame Solange d`Atalide (1914),
(1995)) and novels.
at Earls Court, London, world's tallest Ferris wheel
The 100 m , world's tallest Ferris wheel
Chronology of world's tallest-ever wheels
1893: the original
was 80.4 metres (264 ft) tall. Built for the
in , , it was moved to , in 1904 for the , and demolished there in 1906.
was built for the Empire of India Exhibition at , , , and was 94 metres (308 ft) tall. Construction began in March 1894 and it opened to the public on July 17, 1895. It stayed in service until 1906 and was demolished in 1907, having carried over 2.5 million passengers.
was built for the , a world's fair held in , . It was demolished in 1920, but its 100-metre (328 ft) height was not surpassed until almost 90 years after its construction.
was built to celebrate the
of Emperor , at the entrance of the
amusement park in 's capital . Constructed in 1897, when the Grande Roue de Paris was demolished in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel with 64.75-metre (212 ft), and it remained so for the next 65 years until 1985, its 97th year.
was built for the
at , , . Originally constructed with a height of 107.5 metres (353 ft), it was dismantled in 1997 and then in 1999 relocated onto a taller base which increased its overall height to 112.5 metres (369 ft).
1997: the , in , , opened to the public on July 12, and is 112.5 metres (369 ft) tall.
at Palette Town in , , is 115 metres (377 ft) tall.
2000: the , in , , is 135 metres (443 ft) tall. Although officially opened on December 31, 1999, it did not open to the public until March 2000, because of technical problems.
2006: the , in , , , opened for business in May and is 160 metres (525 ft) tall.
2008: the , in , is 165 metres (541 ft) tall. It started rotating on February 11 and officially opened to the public on March 1, 2008.
2014: the , in , , US, is 167.6 metres (550 ft) tall. It opened to the public on March 31, 2014, and is currently the world's tallest Ferris wheel.
Coordinates
167.6 (550)
World's tallest since 2014
World's tallest
World's tallest
World's tallest
Yongle Bridge,
Century Amusement Park,
Evergreen Marinoa, ,
Closed September 2009
Palette Town, ,
World's tallest
(2nd installation)
112.5 (369)
112.5 (369)
World's tallest
(1st installation)
107.5 (353)
World's tallest
World's tallest
World's tallest
Technocosmos renamed/relocated
World's tallest extant
The original
80.4 (264)
(1904–06)
World's tallest
64.8 (212)
World's tallest extant
Following the huge success of the 135-metre (443 ft)
since it opened in 2000, giant Ferris wheels have been proposed for many other world-class cities, however a large number of these projects have stalled or failed.
The 210 m (689 ft) Dubai Eye (or Dubai-I) at
was announced in February 2013. At that time construction was planned to begin in June 2013 and completion expected sometime during 2015, at an estimated cost of US$1.6 billion, and
and Starneth Engineering were appointed as the primary design and construction contractors. Construction eventually began almost two years behind schedule in May 2015.
Las Vegas Super Wheel (or SkyVue—the official website uses both), was originally announced as being 145 m (476 ft) tall, but later reported to be 150 m (492 ft) and 152.4 m (500 ft). It was approved by
in March 2011, and announced at a media event and groundbreaking ceremony in May 2011 by Howard Bulloch of Compass Investments, who stated "We expect it to be up and running in time for New Year's 2012". The completion date for its construction on the
has since been put back several times. In July 2012 it was reported that the opening was scheduled for New Year's Eve, 2013. By September 2013, the projected opening had been delayed until mid-2015.
The 89-metre (292 ft)
has been under construction in , , China, since 2009. The 84-metre (276 ft) diameter structure could supersede the 60-metre (197 ft) , in Tokyo, Japan, as the world's tallest centreless Ferris wheel, but completion has been repeatedly delayed.
The 190.5 m (625 ft) , first reported in June 2012 and officially announced by mayor
in September 2012, is to be constructed at , , alongside the planned
retail complex. Construction was originally planned to begin early in 2014, and completion was originally expected to be in 2015, but this has since been put back several times. In October 2014 it was reported that construction would not begin until 2015, with completion delayed until 2017.
Incomplete, delayed, stalled, cancelled, failed, or abandoned proposals:
The 220 m (722 ft) Moscow View, proposed in 2011, was to have featured 48 monorail-mounted passenger capsules, each able to carry 48 passengers, travelling around a centreless non-rotating rim. At that time the timeframe for its construction was unknown and its site within
had yet to be selected, though candidates were said to include the , , , and . In December 2011 the project was reported to be stalled due to lack of City Hall approval.
The 208 m (682 ft)
was originally due to begin construction in 2007 and to open in 2008, but went into
in 2010. It was one of at least five
giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
The 198 m (650 ft) Baghdad Eye was proposed for , , in August 2008. At that time, three possible locations had been identified, but no estimates of cost or completion date were given. In October 2008, it was reported that Al-Zawraa Park was expected to be the site, and a 55 m (180 ft) wheel was installed there in March 2011.
The 185 m (607 ft) Great Dubai Wheel proposed for , , , was granted planning permission in 2006 and expected to open in 2009, but it was subsequently confirmed that it would not be built. It was one of at least five
giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
The 183 m (600 ft) Voyager was proposed several times for , Nevada.
The 176 m (577 ft) Bangkok Eye, to be located near the
in , , was announced by the
on 13 October 2010, at which time the actual site and means of funding the 30-billion
project had yet to be determined.
Artist's impression of the 175 m , a project originally due for completion in 2008, but which stalled after encountering financial obstacles
The 175 m (574 ft)
was originally planned to open in 2008 but the project encountered financial obstacles. It was one of at least five
giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
The 150 m (492 ft) Jeddah Eye was proposed in 2008, as part of a development scheduled to open in 2012 in . Construction was to have begun in 2009, but there were no subsequent announcements. It was one of at least five
giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
A 137.2 m (450 ft) Ferris wheel project involving
was considered for 's
in 2004, but was never built.
The 122 m (400 ft)
was announced in June 2008 but then suspended in early 2009 after losing its funding. It was one of at least five
giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
The 120 m (394 ft)
was first proposed in 2011 for construction on the banks of
in , , . Favoured by ,
of , the project was originally valued at 100 crore rupees. This had risen to 300 crore rupees by May 2014 when Banerjee tweeted "[it] is expected to be ready in a year's time." In January 2015 The Times of India reported that the project was "still a pipe dream".
A 120 m (394 ft) wheel for , , was proposed by
in 2010 as a replacement for the transportable 60 m (197 ft)
installation, with
the possible site and completion expected by Christmas 2011.
The 101-metre (331 ft) , a Chinese-manufactured wheel with 54 passenger gondolas, was scheduled to begin operating in April 2013 at , . In November 2012, Chief Minister of the state of
Datuk Seri
stated that the installation of piles had brought the RM40 million wheel to 15 per cent of completion, and that "the installation of the wheel structure will begin in February [2013]." Mohd Ali Rustam had previously announced the Malaysia Eye, which conflicting reports stated would be 85 metres (279 ft) or 88 metres (289 ft) tall, also to be sourced from China and located at Malacca Island, and to have 54 air-conditioned gondolas, each able to carry six people. It was scheduled to open on December 1, 2011, but was never built.
A 91.4 m (300 ft) wheel planned for , , for 2008, was never constructed.
The 87 m (285 ft) Pepsi Globe was proposed for the planned
in February 2008 and originally due to open in 2009, then put on hold until 2010. It has since been further delayed, and construction of the host complex, originally due to be completed in 2007, has been stalled since 2009 due to financing problems.
Nippon Moon, described as a "giant observation wheel" by its designers, was reported in September 2013 to be "currently in development". At that time, its height was "currently undisclosed", but "almost twice the scale of the wheel in London." Its location, an unspecified Japanese city, was "currently under wraps", and its funding had "yet to be entirely secured." Commissioned by Ferris Wheel Investment Co., Ltd., and designed by UNStudio in collaboration with Arup, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Experientia, it was expected to have 32 individually themed capsules and take 40 minutes to rotate once.
The Shanghai Star, initially planned as a 200-metre (656 ft) tall wheel to be built by 2005, was revised to 170 metres (558 ft), with a completion date set in 2007, but then cancelled in 2006 due to "political incorrectness". An earlier proposal for a 250-metre (820 ft) structure, the Shanghai Kiss, with capsules ascending and descending a pair of towers which met at their peaks instead of a wheel, was deemed too expensive at ?100m.
Rus-3000, a 170-metre (558 ft) wheel planned to open in 2004 in , has since been reported cancelled. Subsequently, an approximately 180-metre (591 ft) wheel was considered for , and a 150-metre (492 ft) wheel proposed for location near . Another giant wheel planned for
for 2002 was also never built.
air-conditioned passenger capsules, each able to carry 28 people
air-conditioned passenger capsules each weigh 10 tonnes (11 short tons) and can carry 25 people
Observation wheel is an alternative name for Ferris wheel. In 1892, when the incorporation papers for the Ferris Wheel Company (constructors of the original 1893 Chicago Ferris Wheel) were filed, the purpose of the company was stated as: [construction and operation of] "...wheels of the Ferris or other types for the purpose of observation or amusement".
Some Ferris wheels are marketed as observation wheels, any distinction between the two names being at the discretion of the operator, however the wheels whose operators reject the term Ferris wheel are often those having most in common with the original 1893 Chicago Ferris Wheel, especially in terms of scale and being an iconic landmark for a city or event.
Wheels with passenger cars mounted external to the rim and independently rotated by electric motors, as opposed to wheels with cars suspended from the rim and kept upright by gravity, are those most commonly referred to as observation wheels, and their cars are often referred to as capsules. However, these alternative names are also sometimes used for wheels with conventional gravity-oriented cars.
Only four Ferris wheels with motorised capsules have ever been built.
The 167.6 m (550 ft) , world's tallest since March 2014, has externally mounted motorised capsules of a
design, and is described as both a Ferris wheel and an observation wheel by the media.
The 165 m (541 ft)
externally mounted motorised capsules and is described as an observation wheel by its operators, but was also credited as "world's largest Ferris wheel" by the
when it opened in 2008.
The 135 m (443 ft) , typically described as a "giant Ferris wheel" by the media, has
externally mounted motorised capsules and is the "world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel" according to its operators, who claim "The London Eye is often mistakenly called a Ferris wheel. This is not the case: first, the passenger capsules are completely enclosed and ar secondly, the capsules are positioned on the outside of the wheel structure and and third, the entire structure is supported by an A-frame on one side only." However the Singapore Flyer subsequently billed itself as the "world's largest observation wheel", despite being supported on both sides, and the
website also refers to the London Eye as "Europe's tallest Ferris wheel".
Southern Star (now ), tallest in the , in 2008
The 120 m (394 ft)
(previously the Southern Star) in
externally mounted motorised capsules and is described by its operators as "the only observation wheel in the southern hemisphere", but also as a Ferris wheel by the media.
Official conceptual renderings of the proposed 190.5 m (625 ft) , due to begin construction in 2015, also show a wheel equipped with externally mounted motorised capsules.
Transportable Ferris wheels are designed to be operated at multiple locations, as opposed to fixed wheels which are usually intended for permanent installation. Small transportable designs may be permanently mounted on , and can be moved intact. Larger transportable wheels are designed to be repeatedly dismantled and rebuilt, some using water ballast instead of the permanent foundations of their fixed counterparts.
Fixed wheels are also sometimes dismantled and relocated. Larger examples include the original , which operated at two sites in , , and a third in , ; , which moved to , , after , , for which it was built, and , which added 5 metres (16 ft) onto its original 107.5-metre (353 ft) height when erected for the second time at , , in 1999.
The world's tallest transportable wheel today is the 78-metre (256 ft)
One of the most famous transportable wheels is the 60-metre (197 ft) , originally installed on the
for the 2000
celebrations. Roue de Paris left
in 2002 and in 2003–04 operated in
and , . In 2005 it visited first
then , , before returning to England to operate at . In 2006 it was erected at the
in , , and by 2008 had made its way to , .
Roue de Paris is a
series R60 design using 40,000 litres (8,800 11,000 US gallons) of water ballast to provide a stable base. The R60 weighs 365 tonnes (402 short tons), and can be erected in 72 hours and dismantled in 60 hours by a specialist team. Transport requires seven 20-foot container lorries, ten open trailer lorries, and one closed trailer lorry. Its 42 passenger cars can be loaded either 3 or 6 at a time, and each car can carry 8 people. Bussink R60 wheels have operated in Australia (), Canada (), France (), Malaysia (), UK (, , , ), US (), and elsewhere.
Other notable transportable wheels include the 60-metre (197 ft) , which was the world's tallest transportable wheel when it began operating in 1980. It has 42 passenger cars, and weighs 450 tons. On October 11, 2010, it collapsed at the Kramermarkt in , , during deconstruction.
R60 transportable wheel, at
in the Netherlands in 2005
Notable transportable Ferris wheel installations
Coordinates
see article
various 
various 
various 
multiple locations - see article
various 
multiple locations - see article
, a double wheel
, a triple wheel
Hermann Eccentric Ferris Wheel with sliding cars, from US patent 15; forerunner of the 1920 Wonder Wheel, there is no record of it ever being built
, a 45.7-metre (150 ft) tall eccentric wheel at , , was built in 1920 by the Eccentric Ferris Wheel Company
's Mickey's Fun Wheel, an eccentric wheel modelled on Wonder Wheel, was built in 2001 as Sun Wheel and became
, a 60-metre (197 ft) tall centreless wheel at
In March 1966, Thomas Glen Robinson and Ralph G. Robinson received a patent for a ride they developed, called a Planetary Amusement Ride. Robinson sold two of these rides - the Astrowheel, which operated at the former , , , from 1968 until 1980, and Galaxy, which operated at , .
Swiss manufacturer
produced a similar series of rides comprising a vertical column supporting multiple horizontal arms, with each arm supporting a Ferris wheel. The first Intamin produced was
in . Others include Zodiac (, ), and Scorpion (, ).
A triple variant was custom designed for the , each ride had three main components: the wheels with
a se and a single central supporting column. Each wheel rotated about the end of its own supporting arm. The arms in turn would either pivot or rotate together as a single unit about the top of the supporting column. The axis about which the rotating arms turned was offset from vertical, so that as the arms rotated, each arm and its corresponding wheel was raised and lowered. This allowed one wheel to be horizontal at ground level, and brought to a standstill for simultaneous loading and unloading of all its passenger cars, while the other wheel(s) continued to rotate vertically at considerable height.
was the world's first triple Ferris wheel, debuting at both Marriott's Great America parks (now , , and , ) in 1976. Also known as a triple Ferris wheel, Triple Giant Wheel, or Triple Tree Wheel, it was 33 metres (108 ft) in height. The Santa Clara ride, renamed Triple Wheel in post-Marriott years, closed on 1 September 1997. The Gurnee ride closed in 2000.
, world's tallest wheel 1989 to 1997
Ruota dei Pionieri, Minitalia Leolandia Park, Italy (manufactured by )
A ride similar to a Ferris wheel, but which inverts its cars and passengers
Four-car 30 m tall
Ferris wheel at , Toronto, Canada, in 2004
A wheel constructed by the Swedish contingent at the
Passenger-powered 2-seat
wheel at the 2007
festival in
An eccentric wheel (sometimes called a sliding wheel or coaster wheel) differs from a conventional Ferris wheel in that some or all of its passenger cars are not fixed directly to the rim of the wheel, but instead slide on rails between the rim and the hub as the wheel rotates.
The two most famous eccentric wheels are , at , , US, and
(previously Sun Wheel), at , US. The latter is a replica of the former. There is a second replica in .
is 48.8 metres (160 ft) tall and has 24 fully enclosed passenger cars, each able to carry 6 passengers. 16 of the cars slide inward and outward as the wheel rotates, the remainder are fixed to the rim. There are separate boarding queues for sliding and fixed cars, so that passengers may choose between the two. Inspired by 's 1920 Wonder Wheel, it was designed by
and , completed in 2001 as the Sun Wheel, and later refurbished and reopened in 2009 as Mickey's Fun Wheel.
was built in 1920, is 45.7 metres (150 ft) tall, and can carry 144 people.
(merged with
Seattle Wheel (debuted 1962): 16 cars, 2 passengers per car
Sky Wheel (debuted 1939; also manufactured by ): a double wheel, with the wheels rotating about opposite ends of a pair of parallel beams, and the beams rotating 8 cars per wheel, 2 passengers per car
/ Chance Wheels / Chance American Wheels
Astro Wheel (debuted 1967): 16 cars (8 facing one way, 8 the other), 2 passengers per car
Century Wheel: 20 m (66 ft) tall, 15 cars, 4-6 passengers per car
Giant Wheel: 27 m (89 ft) tall, 20 cars, 6-8 passengers per car
(2006): 53.3 m (175 ft) tall, 42 air-conditioned cars, 8 passengers per car
(2011): 57 m (187 ft) tall, 42 air-conditioned cars, 6 passengers per car
Contemporary models include:
Signature Series: 16 cars, 3 transportable
Eagle Series: 16 cars, 3 transportable
HY-5 Series: 12 cars, 3 transportable
Aristocrat Series: 16 cars, fixed site
Standard Series: 12 cars, fixed site
Lil' Wheel: 6 cars, 3 transportable and fixed site models
(merged with World Tourist Attractions in 2009 to form )
: 165 m (541 ft) tall, completed 2008; world's tallest 2008 to 2014
: 208 m (682 ft) tall, under construction since 2007, now in receivership
: 185 m (607 ft) tall, planning permission granted in 2006, was supposed to open in 2009
: 175 m (574 ft) tall, was supposed to open in 2008
: 122 m (400 ft) tall, project halted in 2009
(Rides brokered by Intamin — manufactured by Waagner-Biro)
, a 73-metre (240 ft) tall wheel in R Europe's tallest extant wheel when completed in 1997, until 1999
, a 90-metre (300 ft) tall wheel in I Europe's tallest extant wheel when completed in 1999, until the end of that year
(formerly Nauta B then Ronald Bussink Professional R then Bussink Landmarks since 2008)
Wheels of Excellence range (sold to
in 2008) has included:
R40: 40-metre (131 ft) tall fixed or transportable wheel, 15 or 30 cars, 8 passengers per car
R50: 50-metre (164 ft) tall fixed or transportable wheel, 18 or 36 cars, 8 passengers per car
R60: 60-metre (197 ft) tall transportable wheel, 21 or 42 cars, 8 passengers per car
R80: 80-metre (262 ft) tall fixed wheel, 56 cars, 8 passengers per car
: 78-metre (256 ft) tall fixed or transportable wheel, 27 16-person cars, or 54 8-person cars
(has built more than 80 Ferris wheels)
: 120 m (394 ft) tall, completed 2008, rebuilt
Senyo Kogyo Co, Ltd.
: 107.5 m (353 ft) tall, completed 1989; world's tallest 1989 to 1997; 112.5 m (369 ft) tall when re-erected in 1999
: 117 m (384 ft) tall, world's second tallest when completed in 2001
: 112.5 m (369 ft) tall, completed 1997; world's tallest 1997 to 1999
World Tourist Attractions /
/ Freij Entertainment International
The Death of Arthur, chap 23 para 227
Cahan, Richard (2002).
([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. p. 45.  .
(archived August 14, 2007)
(Japanese)
(Japanese)
August 20, 2004 at the
(Japanese)
Trejos, Nancy. . USA TODAY. USA TODAY 2014.
(Japanese)
October 15, 2007 at the
11 July 2010 at the
17 August 2010 at the
Yacoub, Sameer. . Associated Press.
29 June 2011 at the
McGinley, Shane (5 January 2012). . Arabian Business
10 October 2008 at the
28 June 2011 at the
(archived March 28, 2010)
April 30, 2008 at the
Anker, Jens (4 Nov 2004). .
Online (in German).
Klessmann, Michael (30 August 2010). . HafenCity News (in German) 2011.
. Kreiszeitung (in German). 12 October 2010.
7 July 2010 at the
Chance, Harold (2004). The Book of Chance. Wichita, Kansas: Wichita Press. p. 31.  .
11 June 2010 at the
(Japanese)
1 April 2010 at the
Media related to
at Wikimedia Commons
For other quiescent (incomplete, delayed, stalled, cancelled, failed, or abandoned) proposals, see:
: Hidden categories:}