西鄂尔多斯地区四种狭域特有种分布区边界形成机理的探讨
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西鄂尔多斯地区四种狭域特有种分布区边界形成机理的探讨
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淘豆网网友近日为您收集整理了关于Enhancement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Polyphenoloxidase, and Peroxidase in Cucumber Seedlings by Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） Infestation的文档，希望对您的工作和学习有所帮助。以下是文档介绍：Enhancement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Polyphenoloxidase, and Peroxidase in Cucumber Seedlings by Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） Infestation Agricultural Sciences in China ):82—87 Available online at
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January 2008 Enhancement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase,P Peroxidase in Cucumber Seedlings by Bemisia tabaci( Aleyrodidae)I nfestation ZHANG Shi—zeI.ZHANG Fan2 and HUA Bao—zhen OlyphenOlOxidaSe,and Gennadius)(Hemiptera: College of Plant Protection,N(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])orthwest A& F University,Yangling 712100,P.R.China 2 Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection,BeUing Academy ofAgricultural and Forestry Sciences,Beijing 100089,P.R.China Abstract In this study,the activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL),po1ypheno1oxidase(PPO),and peroxidase(POD)were assayed in cucumber seedlings(Cucumis sativus L.)at 0,6,1 2,24,48,72,and 96 h after they were infested by Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)using spectrophoto(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])metric analysis.The results indicated that herbivore infestation increased the activities of PAL,PPO,and POD.The enzymes showed different activity levels at different times after the infestation.The PAL activity reached the first high peak by 23.1% at 6 h and the highest peak by 29.1% at 48 pared to the contro1.The PPO activity reached the first high peak by 22.7% at 6 h and the highest peak by 52.6% at 24 h.and the POD activity reached the highest(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html]) peak by 213.2% at 6 h and another higher peak value by 135.2% at 96 h.The results suggest that the enhanced activities of the enzym es m ay contribute to bioprotection of cucum ber plants against B.tabaci infestation. Key words:phenylalanine ammonia lyase,po1ypheno1oxidase,peroxidase,Bemisia tabaci,induce response lNTRODUCTlON Plants have developed a multitude of inducible defense mechanisms against aggressive biotic and abiotic agents (Karban and(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html]) Baldwin 1 997).Herbivory—induced plant responses can negatively affect a herbivore’s physiol— ogy directly by stimulating the synthesis of toxic me— tabolites(Kahl et a1.2000).Phenolics are the most widely distributed secondary plant products(Harborne 1 980).An important first line plant defense response against infection is often suggested to be the very rapid synthesis of pounds and their polymer— ization in the cell wall fMatern an d Kneusel 1 (来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])988).Phe— nylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL),polyphenoloxidase (PPO),and peroxidase(POD)are enzymes involved in phenol oxidation and correlated with plant defense mechanisms fKarban and Kuc l 999).PAL is consid— ered to be the principal enzyme of phenylprOpanOid biosynthesis,which serves as a precursor of various secondary metabolites fGerasimova et a1.2005).PPO is an enzyme with a wide distribution among plants, and catalyzes the o-hydroxylation of mon(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])ophenols to o-diphenols and their oxidation to o—diquinones(Vaughn and Duke 1 984).POD is associated with the last step in the biosynthesis of lignins(Abeles and Biles 199l1. Bemisia mbaci(Gennadius)(Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) is a key pest of both field and greenhouse crops in man y regions of the world(Byrne and Bellows l99l1.It causes dam age through feeding and honeydew production,with resultant sooty mold an d disease tran s— mission(Jones 2003).I(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])n northern China,where host Received 4 April,2007
Accepted 13 September,2007 Correspondence ZHANG Fan,Tel:+86-10-,Fax:+86-10-,E-mail:zf6131@ @ 2008,CAAS.All rights reserved PublishedbyElsevierLtd. 维普资讯 ncement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase,Po1ypheno1o xidase,and Peroxidase in Cucumber Seedlings
83 plants of B.tabaci are grown in greenhouses and in open fields,B.tabaci has been an important pest of field—grown vegetables and cotto(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])n since the 1 990s (Zhang and Luo 200 1).M any attempts have been made to control B.tabaci.Because of their high reproduc— tive rate,multiple generations per year(Brown et a1. 1 995),and their ability to develop rapid resistance to insecticides(Palumbo et a1.2001),it is very difficult to control the whitefly through conventional approaches. Therefore,induction of plant resistance against the her— bivore is considered to be a potential method to red(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])uce and control whitefly infestation(Bellotti an d Arias 200 1 1. However,little attention has been directed paid toward the development of resistant plants,particularly for veg— etable crops. Induction of defense enzyme activities in plants be— cause of herbivore damage has received great attention in recent years fKarban and Baldwin 1 997;Allison and Schultz 2004;Maffei et a1.2006).Plants can manifest these herbivore..induced responses as defense(来源：淘豆网[/p-.html])s by a1.. tering their structural defenses(Agrawal 1 999)and by modifying or increasing the chemical defenses(Baldwin and Ohnmeiss 1 994).To our knowledge,however, little is known about the activity dynamics of PAL,PPO, and POD in cucumber plants under B.tabacf attack. In this study,we have assayed the changes in de— fense enzyme activities(PAL,PPO,and POD)in cu— cumber(Cucumis sativus L.)leaf tissue after an at— tack by B.tabaci adults.The objective is to determine the correlation between defense enzymes and th e resis— tance of hosts MATERlALS AND METHODS Host plants and insect culture Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.,cY.Nongcheng 4)was grown from seeds and germ inated in sterile sand[(26&#177; 2)。C,relative humidity 50—70%].After full expansion of the two cotyledons,the plants were tran splanted into 6.5 cm pots.Th e cucumber seedlings were then trans— ferred to insect—proof,screened cages(1 m &#215;1 m &#215;1 m) within a polyethylene covered greenhouse(25—35。C, relative humidity 50—70%,natural light).The plants were m onitored daily。to ensure that they were not in— fested by 1nsects.The plants were initially treated with fungicides to control diseases and were fertilized weekly. Lack of external symptoms on the plants indicated that the colony was free of pathogenic viruses. B.tabaci was collected from a natural population on poinsettia(Euphorbia pulcherrima W illd)and reared in insect—proof cages on poinsettia plants in a separate greenhouse(25—35。C,relative humi dity 50—70%,natural light). Trealment Cucumber seedlings(four expanded leaves)were used in the experiment.Intact healthy cucumber plants were kept as control(without wound or insect infestation), and plants of al1 treatments were infested with adult whiteflies fapproximately 40—60 cm。leaf)until the end of the experiment.For enzyme assays,four expanded leaves of cucumber were excised at 6,1 2,24,48,72, and 96 h,respectively.After the treatment,the leaves were immediately cryopreserved at一80。C.Five plants from each treatment group and control group were in— dividually assayed at each time point.The 1eaves.with m idribs rem oved,were used for crude enzym e extraction.The content of soluble protein was deter— mi ned using the dye—binding method of Bradford(1 976), with bovine seru m albumin as a standard.Each of the treatments was tested six tim es.All spectrophotomet— ric analyses were conducted in a Shimadzu UV一2550 spectrophotometer at room temperature(25&#177;2)。C. Enzyme assay The PAL activity was assayed following the method of Gao(2000).Leaves(0.5 g)were homogenized in 0.05 M sodium borate buffer(pH 8.3),containing 5.0 mM B—mercaptoethano1 and 1.0 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA).The homogenate was filtered through four 1ayers of muslin cloth and the filtrates were centrifuged at 10 000 r/min for 1 5 m in at 4。C. The supernatant was recentrifuged again at 1 0 000 r/min for 15 min at 4。C.The reaction mixture contained 0.5 mL enzymatic extract.2 mL 0.05 M
borate buffer(pH 8.8).and 1 mL 0.02 M
L—phenylalanine.The sam ples were incubated at 30。C for 1 h.In the control samples. @ 2008.CM S All rights reserved Published byElse vierLtd 维普资讯
ZHANG Shi.ze et al the extract was replaced bv l mL borate buffer.The reaction was stopped by adding 0.2 mL 6 M
trichloro— acetic acid (TCA). One activity unit is defined as a change in absorbance of 0.01 at 290 nm h一 g~protein. The results were presented as A,qn h一 g protein. The PPO activity was determined according to the method of Zhu Pf a1.(1 990). Leaves(0.5 g)were hom ogenized in a cold mortar with a pestle in 0.05 M
phosphate buffer solution(PBS)pH 5.8 containing 5% (w/v)polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP).The homogenate was filtered through fo ur layers of muslin cloth and the filtrates were centrifuged at 1 0 000 r/m in for l 5 min at 4。C. The supernatant was recentrifuged again at 1 0 000 r/min for l 5 m in at 4。C for determ ination of PPO activity.The reaction m ixture contained 3.9 m L 0.05 M PBS (pH 5.5),1 mL 0.1 M
catechol,and 0.5 m L enzymatic extract,following the absorbance varia. tion at 525 nm.The results were presented as A , min一 g~protein. The POD activity was tested using the method of Li (2000).Leaves(0.5 g)were homogenized in a cold mortar with a pestle in 0.05 M
PBS pH 5.8 containing 5% (w/v)PVP.The homogenate was filtered through fo ur layers of muslin cloth and the filtrates were centri. fuged at 10000 r/min for 15 m in at 4。C.The superna— tant was recentrifuged again at 1 0 000 r/min for 1 5 min at 4。C for determination of POD activity.The reaction mixture contained 2.9 mL 0.05 M PBS(pH 5.5),1.0 mL 0.05 M guaiacol,1 mL 2% H,O,(v/v),and 0.1 mL enzymatic extract.The absorbance variation at 470 nm was m easured for 4 min at 20.s intervals and the obtained value was calculated per m in.The results were presented as A470 rain一 g~protein. Statistical analyses Student’s t-test was applied to all parameters to evalu— ate the differences between control and B.tabacf infestation.The experim ental data were analyzed using the statistical package software SPSS 1 0.0(2000). RESULTS The PAL activity was greatly induced by B.tabaci in— festation in cucumber seedlings(Fig.1).The specific activity of PAL in cucumber seedlings increased by 23.1% at 6 h.9.2% at 12 h.15.8% at 24 h,29.1% at 48 h.5.4% at 72 h.and 17.9% at 96 h,respectively, compared to the contro1.PAJL activity reached the first higher peak at 6 h and then declined,and reached the highest peak after 48 h.Throughout the test period of 96 h.the values of the PAL activity showed a higher level than the contro1.however.there was no signifi. cant difference between B.tabaci and control seed. 1ings(P&0.05).On the other hand,the PAL activity remained sfighfly changed in the control cucumber plan ts throughout the experiment. After being treated with B.tabaci infestation.PPO activity in cucumber seedlings increased bv 22.7% at 6 h,3.7% at 12 h,52.6% at 24 h,8.2% at 48 h,35.6% at 72 h,and 23.4% at 96 h,pared to the activity in control(Fig.2).The PPO activity reached the first higher peak at 6 h and then declined to the control value.and suddenly reached the maximum value after 24 h.Thereafter.the PPO activity gradually de. creased and reached the m inim um value after 72 h. There was no significant difierence between B.tabaci and the control fP&0.051. After being treated with B.tabaci infestation.the POD activity in cucumber seedlings increased by 213.2% at 6 h.140.0% at 12 h,1l2.0% at 24,21.7% at 48 h,4.7% at 72 h,and 1 35.2% at 96 h,respectively, compared to the activity in the control(Fig.3). The l l 00
96 Time after treatment(h) Fig.1 Induction of the PAL activity in leaves of cucumber seedlings by B.tabaci infestation.The data are expressed as mean&#177;standard errors(n=6). @ 2008 CAAS All rights rE6en恻 PublishedbyElsevierLtd —E百 0Jd 詈 0基基 E昌维普资讯 ncement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase,POlyphenOlOxidase,and Peroxidase in Cucum ber Seedlings
85 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 —●一 CK —_.._- B.tabaci infestation 0
96 Time after treatment fh Fig.2 Induction of the PPO activity in leaves of cucum ber seedlings by B.tabaci infestation.The data are expressed as mean&#177; standard errors(n=6). 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 —50 Tim e after treatment(h) Fig.3
Induction of the POD activity in leaves of cucumber seedlings by B.tabaci infestation.The data are expressed as m ean &#177;standard errors(n=6).
shows it is significantly different from controls at 0.05 leve1. POD activity showed a sharp increase in the cucum ber seedlings after B.tabacf infestation and reached the maximum value at 6 h,and then gradually decreased and reached the minim um value at 48 h. The POD activity showed a significant difference between B. tabacf and the control at 6 h f尸&0.05). DISCUSSION Plants generated a lot of inducible defense responses against herbivore attacks.Defense enzymes were in— volved in these defense responses rKarban and Kuc 1 999).The results in this case showed that there was a higher level of the PAL activity in cucumber plants after being infected by B.tabaci(Fig.1).The PAL activity manifested two pared to the activity inthe controlduringthetestperiod of96h.at 6 and48 h respectively。and reached the maximum value at 48 h.It was found that the activity of PAL in many plants was affected by herbivore infestation(Hartley and Fim 1989).Chaman et a1.(2003)revealed that there was a much higher PAL activity after barley was attacked by aphid.Qin et a1.(2005)declared that PAL activity in— creased in aphid infested cotton seedlings. PPO has been related to defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens because it can oxidize phe. pounds when the tissue is damaged.At the sites where PPO is 1ocated.it leads to the . ing into contact with the pounds released by rupture of the vacuole,the main anelle of pounds fM ayer and Harel 1979).In addition. PPO is also a major anti.nutritive protein.known to be induced by the iasmonic acid pathway and to cause resistance against herbivores(Felton et a1.1 992).In several studies。higher levels of PPO activity have been associated with the resistance of plants to insects rBi f以f.1994;Peter Constabel et a1.2000;Baldwin 2001: Haruta et a1.2001:Chen et a1.2006).The results of our study further confitin that there is a higher level of PPO activity in cucumber plants after being infected by B.tabaci(Fig.2).The activity of PPO sharply in— creases after the leaves of the cucumber seedlings are attacked by B.tabacf and manifests two . pared to the activity in the control during the test period at 6 and 24 h respectively.and reaches the maximum value at 24 h. The POD activity was considerably higher in the in. duced 1eaves of the cucumber plants(Fig.3).The in— duced increases in lignification because of enhanced POD activity can increase the toughness of leaves. which can deter herbivore feeding(Cipollini 1997).In addition,the activity of POD on some phenolics can produce phenoxy and other oxidative radicals that can directly deter feeding by insect herbivores and/or pro. duce toxins that reduce plant digestibility(Felton et a1. 1989).POD is known to exhibit increases in activity in many plants with herbivore damage(Bi et a1.1 997; @2008 CAAS All rights reserved Published by Elsevier Ltd —uI。_2
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ZHANG Shi—ze et al Cipollini 1 997:Tscharntke et a1.200 1:Allison and Schultz 2004). In conclusion.the findings indicate that B.tabac infestation can significantly increase the activities of PAL,PP0,and POD in cucumber plants,which in turn can lead to the biosynthesis of pheny1propanoid and related secondary metabolites,reflecting higher resis— tance or tolerance to herbivore attacks.The increase of the defense enzymes may be one action mode of the cucumber plant against B.tabaci.Furtherm ore,these experiments suggest that the enzymes show different activity levels at different times after infestation.Hav— ing different changing time courses,these enzymes may have different molecular bases for the expression of regulation mechanism s of the corresponding genes. Acknowledgements W e are particularly grateful to Dr.Lovei G L for his critical suggestions on a previous version of the manuscript.W e also extend our thanks to the anony— mous reviewers and the editor for providing num erous suggestions for the improvement of this manuscript. This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of M inistry of Science and Technology,China(973 Program,2006CB ). References Abeles F B,Biles C L.1991.Characterization ofperoxidases in lignifying peach fruit endocarp.Plant Physiology,95,269— 273. Agrawal A A.1999.Induced responses to herbivory in wild radish:Effects on several herbivores and plant fitness. Ecology,8O,. Allison S D,Schul￣ J C.2004.Differential activity of peroxidase isozymes in response to wounding,gypsy moth,and plant hormones in northern red oak(Quercus rubra L.).Journal of Chemical Ecology,30,. Baldwin I T.Ohnmeis s T E.1 994.COOrdinatiOn Of photosyn[hetic and alkaloidal responses to dam age in uninducible and inducible Nicotiana sylvestris.Ecology,75, 1003一lOl4. Baldwin I T.200 1.An ecologically motivated analysis of plant— herbivore interactions in native o.Plant Physiology, 127,. Bellotti A C,Arias B.2001.Host plant resistance to whiteflies with emphasis on cassava as a case study.Crop Protection, 20.813—823. Bi J L,Felton G W ,M ueller A J.1 994.Induced resistance in soybean to Helicoverpa zea:Role of plant protein quality. Journal of Chemical Ecology.20.183—198. Bi J L.M urphy J B.Felton G W .1997.Antinutritive and ponents as mechanisms of induced resistance in cotton to Helicoverpa zea.Journal of Chemical Ecology,23,97一 l17. Bradford M M .1976.A rapid and sensitive m ethod for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein—dye binding.Analytical Biochemistry, 72,248—254. Brown J K,Frohlich D R,Rosell R C.1995.The sweetpotato or silverleaf whiteflies:biotypes of Bemisia tabaci or a plex?Annual Review Entomology,40,5 l 1-534. Byrne D N.Bellows Jr T S.199 1.W hitefly biology.Annual Review Entomology,36,43 1-457. Chaman M E,Copaja C V,Argandona V H.2003.Relationships between salicylic acid content,phenylalanine amm onia—lyase (PAL)activity,and resistance of barley to aphid infestation. Journal ofAgricultural and Food Chemistry,51,. Chen W,Zhou Q,Li X,He G F.2006.Physiological responses of different rice cultivars under herbivore stress.Acta Ecologica Sinica,26,.(in Chinese) Cipollini Jr D F.1997.W ind—induced mechanical stimulation increases pest resistance m on bean.Oecologia,111, 84—90. Felton G W ,Donato K K,Broadway R M ,Duffey S S.1992. Impact of oxidized plan t phenolics on the nutritional quality of dietary protein to a noctuid herbivore Spodoptera exiggo. Journal ofInsect
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Enhancement of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, Polyphenoloxidase, and Peroxidase in Cucumber Seedlings by Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius） （Hemiptera： Aleyrodidae） Infestation Agricultural Sciences in China ):82—87 Available online at
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January 2008 Enhancement of Phenylalanine ...
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