refer to 和 turn totoo much concern about the result_____his failure请问空处是用 refers to 还是turns to 呢 还有2个选项是 contributes to 和 intends to我觉得是用turns to 如果是refers to 请问句子应该怎么翻译turn tov._百度作业帮
refer to 和 turn totoo much concern about the result_____his failure请问空处是用 refers to 还是turns to 呢 还有2个选项是 contributes to 和 intends to我觉得是用turns to 如果是refers to 请问句子应该怎么翻译turn tov.
refer to 和 turn totoo much concern about the result_____his failure请问空处是用 refers to 还是turns to 呢 还有2个选项是 contributes to 和 intends to我觉得是用turns to 如果是refers to 请问句子应该怎么翻译turn tov.转向,变成,致力于,开始行动refer tov.查阅,提到,谈到,打听
用contributes torefers to 有参考的意思turns to 是变成,求助于的意思intends to 是意欲做某事的意思.而Contribute to 用在此句是“促成,导致”的意思.句子大意：过度在意结果导致了他的失败.
应选 contributes to 有“导致”的意思过于注重结果导致了他的失败。
导致，转变成的意思，后面跟结果refers to 正好反过来，后面多跟原因这句话的意思就是“他太看重结果，以至于失败了“
填turns to，翻译为“过分顾虑结果导致了他的失败”~正如你所查到的turn to有比较多的含义～有一个“引起...（什么事情）发生”的意思～refer to通常用在“引用，提到”的意思上，如提到：Don't refer to this matter again, please.请别再提这件事。引用：You may refe...
用turns to，相当于leads to。dfwNichols----> Ifeelitisyour
Ifeelitisyour
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高中英语分词用法练习题及答案&&&&★清华大学★英语系测试：为中小学生英语量身定做.官方网站：/清华大学英语教授研究组提供习题精选---分词用法:1.Theboywenttotheball,＿likeaprettygirl.A.dressingB.wearingC.woreD.dressed&&&&&&&&2.＿inawhiteuniform,helooksmorelikeacookthanadoctor.A.DressedB.TodressC.DressingD.Havingdressed&&&&&&&&3.Thefilmwasmade＿onatrueoldstory.A.baseB.tobebasedC.basedD.basing&&&&&&&&4.When＿,pletedcompleted5.＿tohisresearch,healmostforgoteverything.A.DevotingB.DevotedC.pletingC.beingcompletedD.tobe&&&&&&&&6.＿hisattentiononhisnovel,hedidn’tnoticetheteachercoming.A.FixedB.FixingC.FixD.Tofix&&&&&&&&7.＿onhisnovel,hedidn’tnoticetheteachercoming.A.FixedB.FixingC.FixD.Tofix&&&&&&&&8.Theoldengineertalkedofthedifficultythey＿thetower.A.builtB.hadbuildingC.hadbuiltD.build&&&&&&&& 9.＿suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered&&&&&&&&10.＿thepast,paredwith11.Theboywaslastseen＿neartheEastLake.A.playingB.playC.playedD.toplayB.BecomparedwithC.Tocomparewith&&&&&&&&12.Tomwasveryunhappyfor＿totheparty.A.havingnotbeeninvitedC.havingnotinvitedB.nothavinginvitedD.nothavingbeeninvited&&&&&&&&13.WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor＿“Swillcalllater.”A.readB.readsC.readingD.toread&&&&&&&&14.Wewenttoseehimyesterdayevening,＿himaway.A.findingB.findC.onlytofindD.found&&&&&&&&15.＿ofplastics,themachinesareeasytocarry.A.TomakeB.HavingmadeC.BeingmadeD.Made&&&&&&&&Suggestedanswers:1-5DACAB6-10BABAD&&&&&&&& 高中英语被动语态总结一、被动语态的构成形式1.被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1)am/is/are+done(过去分词)一般现在时例Visitorsarerequestednottotouchtheexhibits.2）has/havebeendone现在完成时例Allthepreparationsforthetaskhavebeencompleted,andwerereadytostart.3）am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时例Anewcinemaisbeingbuilthere．4）was/weredone一般过去时例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldrejecttheoffer.5）hadbeendone过去完成时例Bytheendoflastyear,anothernewgymnasiumhadbeencompletedinBeijing.6）was/werebeingdone过去进行时例AmeetingwasbeingheldwhenIwasthere.7）shall/willbedone一般将来时&&&&&&&& 例Hundredsofjobswillbelostifthefactorycloses.8）should/wouldbedone过去将来时例Thenewswouldbesenttothesoldiersmotherassoonasitarrived.9）shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时（少用）例TheprojectwillhavebeencompletedbeforeJuly.10）should/wouldhavebeendone过去将来完成时（少用）&&&&&&&&例Hetoldmethathisnewclotheswouldhavebeenmadeverysoon.2.被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。例Thebabyshouldbetakengoodcareofbythebaby-sitter.2)有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例Hismothergavehimapresentforhisbirthday.可改为Hewasgivenapresentbyhismotherforhisbirthday.3)当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someonecaughttheboysmokingacigarette.可改为Theboy&&&&&&&& wascaughtsmokingacigarette.4）在使役动词have,make,get以及感官动词see,watch,notice,hear,feel,observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someonesawastrangerwalkintothebuilding.可改为Astrangerwasseentowalkintothebuilding.5)有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例ThemeetingistobeputofftillFriday.3.非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing形式及不定式todo也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态)。例Idontlikebeinglaughedatinthepublic.二、如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1.讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者(这时可省by短语)。例Mybikewasstolenlastnight.2.借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例IwasgiventenminutestodecidewhetherIshouldacceptthe&&&&&&&& offer.3.为了更好地安排句子。例Thewell-knownpersongotonthebusandwasimmediatelyrecognizedbypeople.（一个主语就够了）&&&&&&&&三、Itissaidthat+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe,consider,expect,report,say,suppose,think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋todosth.”。有：Itissaidthat…据说,Itisreportedthat…据报道，Itisbelievedthat…大家相信，Itishopedthat…大家希望，Itiswellknownthat…众所周知，Itisthoughtthat…大家认为，Itissuggestedthat…据建议。例Itissaidthattheboyhaspassedthenationalexam.（＝Theboyissaidtohavepassedthenationalexam.）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例Thiskindofclothwasheswell.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态&&&&&&&& 则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：Thedoorwontlock．（指门本身有毛病）Thedoorwontbelocked．（指不会有人来锁门,指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2.表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen,last,takeplace,breakout,comeout,comeabout,cometrue,runout,giveout,turnout等以主动形式表示被动意义。例Howdothenewspaperscomeout?这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3.系动词没有被动形式,但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel,sound,taste,book,feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例Yourreasonsoundsreasonable.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义。1．在need，want，require,bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。&&&&&&&&例Thehouseneedsrepairing（toberepaired）．这房子需要修理。2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，&&&&&&&& 但不能跟动词不定式；worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。而&&&&&&&&例Thepicture-bookiswellworthreading．（＝Thepicture-bookisveryworthytoberead．）3.动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系,不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例Ihavealotofthingstodothisafternoon．(todo与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：gotothepostoffice.Doyouhavealettertobeposted?I’ll(此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4.在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。&&&&&&&&例Thisproblemisdifficulttoworkout.（可看作toworkout省略了forme）.5．在too…to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例Thisbookistooexpensive(forme)tobuy.&&&&&&&& 6.在therebe…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例Thereisnotimetolosetobelost）用tolose可看成forus（．（tolose；用tobelost，谁losttime不明确。）7.在betodo结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动,被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例Whoistoblameforstartingthefire?六、介词in,on,under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1.“under+名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：undercontrol（受控制）,undertreatment（在治疗中）,underrepair（在修理中）,underdiscussion（在讨论中）,underconstruction（在施工中）。例Thebuildingisunderconstruction(isbeingconstructed).2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyondbelief(令人难以置信)，beyondone’sreach（鞭长莫及），beyondone’scontrol（无法控制），beyondourhope．我们的成功始料不及。&&&&&&&& 例Therumourisbeyondbelief（=can’tbebelieved）．3.“above+名词”结构,表示“(品质、行为、能力等)超过……、高于……”。例Hishonestcharacterisaboveallpraise．=Hishonestcharactercannotbepraisedenough．4．“for+名词”结构，表示“适于……、为着……”。如：forsale(出售),forrent（出租）等。例Thathouseisforsale.(=Thathouseistobesold).5．“in+名词”结构，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：inprint（在印刷中）sight(在视野范围内)，等。，in例Thebookisnotyetinprint．(=isnotyetprinted)6．“on+名词”结构,表示“在从事……中”。常见的有：onsale(出售)，onshow（展出）,ontrial（受审）。例Todaysometreasuresareonshowinthemuseum(=arebeingshowed).7．“outof+名词”结构；表示“超出……之外“，常见的有：outofcontrol(控制不了)，ofsight（超出视线之外）outofone’sout，reach(够不着),outoffashion(不流行)等。例Theplanewasoutofcontrol(can’tbecontrolled)．。8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。例Hetooktwodaysoffwithintheteacherspermission．&&&&&&&& 七、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，后面的过去分词be是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例Theglassisbroken．（系表结构）Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy．（被动语态）2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例Thedoorislocked．（系表结构）Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked．（被动语态）3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例Themachineisbeingrepaired．八、被动语态与高考试题赏析1．高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析1).Insomepartsoftheworld,tea___withmilkandsugar.(NMET1993)A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served解析B因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，&&&&&&&& 表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。2).ThisisTed’sphone.Wemisshimalot.He___tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.(NMET2002)A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling解析CTed是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。3).----Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?----Notyet,therooms_____.(NMET1991)A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting解析A“house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。4).Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday___yet.（上海春2003）A.arenotdecidedB.havenotbeendecidedC.isnotbeingdecidedD.hasnotbeendecided解析Ddecide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。&&&&&&&& 5).Themanagerenteredtheofficeandwashappytolearnthatfour-fifthsofthetickets___.（上海春2001）A.wasbookedB.hadbeenbookedC.werebookedD.havebeenbooked解析B句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在enteredtheoffice这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。2．高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时,须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。1).Havingatripabroadiscertainlygoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains___whethertheywillenjoyit.(NMET2002)A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seen解析B根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。2).Whileshopping,peoplesometimescan’thelp___intobuyingsomethingtheydon’treallyneed.（上海1996）A.topersuadedB.persuading&&&&&&&& C.beingpersuadedD.bepersuaded解析Ccan’thelpdoing“禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。3）.Ifeelitisyourhusbandwho___forthespoiledchild.（上海2002）A.istoblameB.isgoingtoblameC.istobeblamedD.shouldblame解析Afeel的宾语从句为强调句型，在betodo结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，toblame，to如let等。【强化训练】1.Ifcitynoises____fromincreasing，people____shouttobeheardevenatdinner．A．arenotkept；willhavetoB．arenotkept；haveC．donotkeep；willhavetoD．donotkeep；haveto2.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,are____andperfectednow.A.developedB.havedevelopedC.arebeingdeveloped&&&&&&&& D.willhavebeendeveloped3.---____thesportsmeetmightbeputoff．---Yes，italldependsontheweather．A．IvebeentoldB．IvetoldC．ImtoldD．Itold4.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection___.pletesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted5.Rainforests___andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut6.Thenewsuspensionbridge___bytheendoflastmonth.A.hasbeendesignedB.hadbeendesignedC.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesigned7.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.wasbrokenD.hadbeenbroken8.Greatchanges___inthecity,andalotoffactories___.A.havebeensetup&&&&&&&& B.havebeensetupC.havesetupD.weresetup9.Thatsuit__over60dollars.A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostedD.cost10.---Look!Everythinghereisunderconstruction.---What’stheprettysmallhousethat__for?A.isbeingbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.isbuiltD.isbuilding11.---Doyoulikethematerial?---Yes,it___verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt12.Itisdifficultforaforeigner____Chinese．A．writeB．towriteC．tobewrittenD．written13.Ihavenomoreletters____，thankyou．A．totypeB．typingC．tobetypedD．typed14.Takecare!Don’tdroptheinkonyourshirt,forit__easily.A.won’twashoutB.won’tbewashedoutC.isn’twashedoutD.isn’twashingout&&&&&&&& 15.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto___.A.beputupB.giveinC.beturnedonD.goout16.Thecomputersonthetable___ProfessorSmith.A.belongsB.arebelongedtoC.belongstoD.belongto17.---Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?---Oh,excellent.It’sworth___asecondtime.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread18.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___.A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch19.Thispageneeded___again.A.beingcheckedB.checkedC.tocheckD.tobechecked20.___manytimes,theboystilldidn’tknowhowtodotheexercisesA.HavingtaughtB.HavingbeentaughtC.taughtD.Teachingkey1--5ACADC6--10BCBDA11--15CBCAD16--20DCCDB&&&&&&&& 被动语态基础练习选择题1.Ourhouse_____,A.isgettingpaintB.isgettingpaintedC.isgotpaintedD.hasgottopaint2.HearrivedinBeijing,wherehe_____hisfriend.A.wasmetbyB.wasmetC.wasmeetingD.metby3.Thewar_____in1937A.wasbrokenoutB.hadbeenbrokenoutC.hasbrokenoutD.brokeout4.Themistakesintheexerciseswill_____theteacher.A.crossB.becrossingC.becrossedbyD.crossby5.MybrotherandIhave__________herbirthdayparty.A.beeninvitedB.beeninvitedforC.invitedtoD.beeninvitedto6.It_______thiswayA.ishadtodoB.ishadtobedoneC.hadtobedoneD.hastodo7.It__thisway.AusedtodoB.usedtobedoneC.isusedtodoD.isusedtodoing8._____Chaplin.&&&&&&&& A.ThechildsnamewascalledB.ThechildsnamecallsC.ThechildcallsD.Thechildisnamed9.Thesportsmeeting____.A.isputoffB.istoputoffC.istobeputoffD.putsoff10.Maryrealizedshe_________A.wasmakingfunofB.wasmadefunC.wasbeingmadefunofD.wasbeingmadefun11.______tosayathinginthatwayA.ItisconsiderswrongB.ItisconsideredwrongC.ItisconsidereditswrongD.Itisconsiedringwrong12.Heorderedthatthebooks_______atonce.A.wouldbeprintedB.wouldprintC.beprintedD.print13.Thestory______inChinA.A.wastakenplaceB.washappenedC.tookplaceD.hasbeentakenplace14.Thehouse_____myparentsA.isbelongtoB.belongtoC.belongstoD.isbelongedto15.He_______byhisteacher.A.happenedtoseeB.washappenedtoseeC.happenedtobeseenD.washappenedtobeseen16.Greatchanges_____inourprovince.Manytallbuildings.A.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetup&&&&&&&& B.havetakenplace,havebeensetupC.havebeentakenplace,havebeensetupD.weretakenplace,weresetup17.Thehalls____butitsnotyet____withlamps.A.furnished,finishedB.beenfinished,beenfurnishedC.beingfinished,beingfurnishedD.setup,full18.Thenewhallisthetallestbuildinginthistown._____fromhere?A.CanitseeB.CanitbeseenC.CanitseenD.Cansee19.Assoonaswegottotheairport,wefoundthattheplane_____.A.hadalreadytakenoffB.alreadytookoffC.wasalreadytakingoffD.wasalreadytakenoff20.Someofthehotelsinmyhometown_________.A.havenowbeenrebuildingB.arenowrebuildingC.arenowbeingrebuiltD.arerebuiltnow21.Ifcitynoises____fromincreasing，people____shouttobeheardevenatdinner．A.arenotkept；willhavetoB.arenotkept；haveC.donotkeep；willhavetoD.donotkeep；haveto22.Thefifthgenerationcomputers,withartificialintelligence,are____andperfectednow.A.developedB.havedevelopedC.arebeingdevelopedD.willhavebeendeveloped&&&&&&&& 23.---____thesportsmeetmightbeputoff．---Yes，italldependsontheweather．A.IvebeentoldB.IvetoldC.ImtoldD.Itold24.Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection___.pletesC.hasbeencompletedD.iscompleted25.Rainforests___andburnedatsuchaspeedthattheywilldisappearfromtheearthinthenearfuture.A.cutB.arecutC.arebeingcutD.hadbeencut26.Thenewsuspensionbridge___bytheendoflastmonth.A.hasbeendesignedB.hadbeendesignedC.wasdesignedD.wouldbedesigned27.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit____.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.wasbrokenD.hadbeenbroken28.Greatchanges___inthecity,andalotoffactories___.A.havebeensetupB.havebeensetupC.havesetupD.weresetup29.Thatsuit__over60dollars.A.hadcostedB.costedC.iscostedD.cost&&&&&&&& 30.---Look!Everythinghereisunderconstruction.---Whatstheprettysmallhousethat__for?A.isbeingbuiltB.hasbeenbuiltC.isbuiltD.isbuilding31.---Doyoulikethematerial?---Yes,it___verysoft.A.isfeelingB.feltC.feelsD.isfelt32.Itisdifficultforaforeigner____Chinese．A.writeB.towriteC.tobewrittenD.written33.Ihavenomoreletters____，thankyou．A.totypeB.typingC.tobetypedD.typed34.Takecare!Dontdroptheinkonyourshirt,forit__easily.A.wontwashoutB.wontbewashedoutC.isntwashedoutD.isntwashingout35.Nobodynoticedthethiefslipintothehousebecausethelightshappenedto___.A.beputupB.giveinC.beturnedonD.goout36.Thecomputersonthetable___ProfessorSmith.A.belongsB.arebelongedtoC.belongstoD.belongto37.---Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?---Oh,excellent.Itsworth___asecondtime.A.toreadB.tobereadC.readingD.beingread38.Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissed___.&&&&&&&& A.catchingB.tobecaughtC.beingcaughtD.tocatch39.Thispageneeded___again.A.beingcheckedB.checkedC.tocheckD.tobechecked40.___manytimes,theboystilldidntknowhowtodotheexercisesA.HavingtaughtB.HavingbeentaughtC.taughtTeachingKeys1B11BA21AD31CD2A12C20C22C30A32B40B33C34A35D36D37C38CC26B27C28B293D4C5D14C6C15C7B16B8D17B9A10C19D.&&&&&&&&13C&&&&&&&&18B&&&&&&&&高中英语倒装句语法知识汇总一.概念:英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。二.相关知识点精讲&&&&&&&& 按“主语+谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。部分倒装：只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。1.当以there,here,out,in,up,down,away等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Ourteachercamein.Incameourteacher.&&&&&&&&这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。Hereitis.Awayhewent.&&&&&&&&这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Herecomesthebus.Outrushedtheboys.&&&&&&&&2.how,then,just,often表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Thencame8yearsoftheAntiJapaneseWar.3.表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did,does或do.Underabigtree________,halfasleep.A.didsatafatmanB.afatmansatC.didafat&&&&&&&& mansat&&&&&&&&D.satafatman&&&&&&&&4.there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。在“there+be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be,而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。live,stand,come,lie,flow,enter,rise如：和appear等。Therecameshoutsforhelpfromtheriver.Thereliesalargewheatfieldinfrontofthehouse.Manyyearsagotherelivedanoldmaninthewoodenhouse.Infrontofthetowerflewsastream.5.so+动词+主语neither/nor+动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用soitiswith…Youcanrideabike.SocanI.hasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.Thefirstoneisn’tgood,neitheristhesecond.Hisuncleisaworkerandhasbeenworkinginthefactoryformorethantenyears.Soitiswithhisaunt.6.so+形容词/副词that的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下：so+形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that+从句。He&&&&&&&& Lighttravelssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.=Sofastdoeslighttravelthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.Soeasywastheworkthattheyfinisheditinafewdays.7.done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.8.否定副词not,never,seldom,nowhere,little,rarely放于句首时要用倒装句式。Weseldomgetupatfourinthemorning.=Seldomdowegetupatfourinthemorning.Notasinglewordfromhimcouldtheenemydrag.RarelyhaveIheardofsuchasillything.9.hardly…scarcely…when…;nosooner…than…可以用正常语序hadhardlydonewhen…did或用倒装句式Hardlyhad+主语+donewhen…did句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。Thebellhardlyhadrungwhentheclassbegan.=Hardlyhadthebellrungwhentheclassbegan.NosoonerhadhearrivedinBeijingthanhebegantowork.10.notonly…butalso如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。Notonlywaseverythingthathehadtakenawayfromhim,butalsohis&&&&&&&& Germancitizenship.Notonlyishebusy,butalsoIhavealotofworktodo.NotonlydoeshespeakEnglishverywell,butalsohespeaksFrenchwell.11.only及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：only+状语+be/助动词/情态动词+主语及其他OnlywhenhetoldmethenewsdidIknowwhathadhappened.OnlyinthiswaycanyoumakeprogressinyourEnglish.12.虚拟语气中的倒装句IfIwereyou,Iwouldtakethejob.=WereIyou,Iwouldtakethejob.三.巩固练习1._______andcaughtthemouse.A.UpthecatjumpedjumpedC.Upjumpedthecatcat2.______andthelessonbegan.A.IncameMrBrownincameC.IncameheBrownD.cameinMrB.MrBrownD.JumpeduptheB.Thecatup3.Over_______,dead.A.rollingthegoatC.didthegoatrollB.rolledthegoatD.thegoatrolled&&&&&&&&4.—Whereismyshirt,mum?—_________.A.ThereisitC.ThereisB.ThereitisD.Hereisit—Oh,&&&&&&&&5.—Whereisyourfather?________.A.herehecomes&&&&&&&&B.heherecomes&&&&&&&& C.heredoeshecome&&&&&&&&D.herecomeshe&&&&&&&&C.AmongthemasoldierwasD.Amongtheywasasoldier12.Nextdoortoours________,whoisnolessthaneighty.A.thatlivesanoldmanmanliveC.livesanoldmananoldman13.Sheplaysthepianoverywell,______.A.soeveryoneofusdoesofusdoesC.sodoeseveryoneofusoneofus14.Yousayheworkshard,______,and_____.A.soyoudosodoyouC.sodoyousoyoudo15.—Ithoughtyouwomenwerepresentatthemeeting.—__________.D.B.D.sodoeveryB.everyoneD.wherelivesB.doesanold&&&&&&&&6.Thedooropenedandthere________.A.entersanoldmanB.enteredanoldmanC.didanoldmanenterD.anoldmanentered7.Now______yourturntorecitethetext.esC.hascomeD.thereis8.Often_____themnottosmokehere.A.weadvisedB.advisedme&&&&&&&&C.didweadviseD.hadweadvised9.________playingsoldiers.A.InsidetheroomweretwoboysB.InsidetheroomtwoboysC.WeretwoboysinsidetheroomD.Insidetheroomwastwoboys10.Onthewall_______twolargeportraits.A.arehangingB.hangedC.hanghangs11._______whowaswoundedinthestomach.A.AmongthemwereasoldierB.AmongthemwasasoldierD.&&&&&&&&A.SowewereB.SowedidC.SowereweD.Sodidwe16.Idon’tthinkJackwillcometoday,&&&&&&&& _____.A.norwillMarydoesn’tC.MarywilleitherD.orMarydoesB.andMary&&&&&&&&21.Soloudly______thateveryoneoftheclasscouldhearhim.A.didhespeakspokeD.hespoke22.__________hisappearancethatnoonecouldrecognizehim.A.StrangesowaswasC.WassostrangeD.SowasstrangeB.SostrangeC.spokeheB.didhe&&&&&&&&17.Sheisfondofcooking,_____I.A.soamB.noramC.neitherdo&&&&&&&&D.nordo18.MarxwasborninGermanyandGermanwashisnativelanguageA.SoitwaswithEngleswithEnglesC.SowasEnglesEngles19.Afishneedswaterandwithoutwateritwilldie._______.A.SodoesamanC.Soitiswithamanman20.Soabsorbed_______theworkthatsheoftenforgotto_____hermeals.A.domakeC.haveD.shehadB.B.SowillamanD.SoisitwithaD.Sodid.B.Sowasit&&&&&&&&23.Notonce______theirplan.A.didtheychangechangedC.changedtheychange24.Never______suchawonderfulplaceasHangzhou.A.areseeingC.IhaveseenB.hadIseenD.haveIseenD.theydidB.they&&&&&&&&25.Seldom______TVduringtheday.A.theywatchB.aretheywatching&&&&&&&&C.havetheywatchedD.dotheywatch26.Nowhere______asinmygarden.A.theflowersweresobeautiful&&&&&&&& B.weretheflowerssobeautifulC.sobeautifulweretheflowersD.sobeautifultheflowerswere27.Hardly________hishomeworkwhenhewentout.A.finishedheC.didhefinishB.hehadfinishedD.hadhefinished&&&&&&&&workshard2.____,motherwillwaitforhimtohavedinnertogether.a.howeverlateisheheislatec.howeverishelatelateheis3.notuntilallthefishdiedintheriver,_____howseriousthepollutionwas.a.didthevillagersrealizevillagersrealizedc.thevillagersdidrealizevillagersrealized.didn’ttheb.thed.howeverb.however&&&&&&&&28.Scarcely_____finishedtheirhomework______Icameintotheclassroom.A.thanC.whenB.whenD.when&&&&&&&&29.Notonly_______apromise,butalsohekeptit.A.hashemadeC.hemadeB.doeshemakeD.didhemake&&&&&&&&4.notuntilibegantowork____howmuchtimeihadwasted.a.didn’trealizec.ididn’trealizeb.didirealized.irealized&&&&&&&&30.Notuntilhiscomradescriticizedhim_______toadmithismistake.A.hadhebegunC.didhebeginPartII1._____canyouexpecttogetapayrise.a.withhardworkworkhardc.onlywithhardworkd.nowthatheb.althoughB.beganheD.doeshebegin&&&&&&&&5.—doyouknowjimquarrelwithhisbrother?—idon’tknow,_______.a.nordon’ticarecarec.idon’tcareneithercarealsod.idon’tb.nordoi&&&&&&&& 6.onlybypracticingafewhourseveryday_____beabletowastemuchtime.a.youcand.willyou7.notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_____whatheatis.a.mandidknowknewc.didn’tmanknowmanknow8._____gotintotheroom,_____thetelephonerang.a.thenwhenb.d.d.didb.manb.canyouc.youwill&&&&&&&&a.neithercanic.ididn’tthinkso&&&&&&&&b.neitherdoid.ithinkso&&&&&&&&11.onlyinthisway______doitwell.a.mustweb.wecouldd.wecan12.hardly____whenitbegantorain.a.hadhearrivedarrivedhec.hehadarrivedhearrive13.jackisastudentandstudiesattheno.2middleschool._____.a.itwasthesamewithmikeiswithmikec.soismikedoesmike14.______,iwouldhavegivenyouhisaddress.d.sob.soitd.didb.c.canwe&&&&&&&&c.than&&&&&&&&when9.______snacksanddrinks，buttheyalsobroughtcardsforentertainmentwhentheyhadapicnicintheforest.a.notonlytheybroughttheybringc.notonlybroughttheydidbring10.—idon’tthinkicanwalkanyfurther.—_____,let’sstophereforarest.d.notonlytheyb.notonlydid&&&&&&&&a.ifyouaskedmeaskedmec.shouldyouhaveaskedmeaskedme&&&&&&&&b.youhad&&&&&&&&d.hadyou&&&&&&&&15._____thattheyhadmadeanimportantdiscoveryinscience.&&&&&&&& a.littletheyrealizedrealizedlittlec.littledidtheyrealizetheyrealized&&&&&&&&b.theyhad&&&&&&&&c.didtheteacherfindteacherfound&&&&&&&&d.hadthe&&&&&&&&d.littlehad&&&&&&&&16.______thaticouldn’tbeabsorbedinthework.a.theymadesuchtalkedtheytalkedc.itwasnoiseoutsided.suchaloudnoisedidtheymake17.manyatime_____megoodadvice.a.hegavec.hehasgivenb.doeshegived.hashegivenb.soloudly&&&&&&&&18.____haveiseenabetterperformance.a.everywhereelsec.everywhereelsed.nowhereb.nowhere&&&&&&&&19.notasingleword____atthebeginning.a.didhesayd.hehassaid20.onlyinanhourago____outwhyhewasabsent.a.didtheteacherfoundteacherfoundb.theb.hashesaidc.hesaid&&&&&&&& 答案1—5CABBABCCBA6—10BBBDA16—20BAACC11—1521—25ABADD&&&&&&&&26—30BDCDC&&&&&&&&1．倒装句，答案为c。2．状语从句的语序应是正常语序，故a、c排除，连词however后必须紧跟形容词或副词，d是正确答案。3．notuntil引导状语从句位于句首时，主句要倒装，答案为a。4．本题考查以否定词开头并修饰状语时的主谓语序，这时原状语可以是副词或介词短语，还可以是从句，而主谓的语序为部分倒装，答案为b。5．本题考查neither或nor连接句子时语序的倒装，答案为b。6．答案为d。7．答案为d。8．hardly...when和nosooner...than是两个固定句型，前半部分置于句首，其后分句要倒装，答案为b。9．答案为b。10．答案为b。11．only引导的介词短语或从句位于句首修饰状语时，句子谓语要部分倒装，答案为c。12．部分倒装，答案为a。&&&&&&&& 13．答案为b。14．答案为d。15．副词little位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为c。16．答案为d。17．many修饰名词并位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为d。18．答案为d。19．答案为a。20．only修饰介词短语时，并位于句首时,句子要倒装，答案为c。21．答案为b。22．答案为d。23．虚拟语气的倒装形式，答案为c。24．答案为c。25．答案为d。26．there放于句首，主语是代词时，主语和谓语的位置不变，仍保留陈述句式，答案为b。27．答案为a。28．答案为c。29．only修饰句子的状语，位于句首，要部分倒装。若only修饰的状语从句不倒装，则主句要倒装，答案为a。&&&&&&&&强调句型复习指导&&&&&&&& 一、强调句的基本结构及用法1.基本结构。如：It+be+被强调成分+that(who)…Heboughtthebookinthisshopyesterday.→Itwashethatboughtthebookinthisshopyesterday.(强调主语he)→Itwasthebookthatheboughtinthisshopyesterday.(强调宾语thebook)→Itwasinthisshopthatheboughtthebookyesterday.(强调地点状语inthisshop)【注】在该强调结构中，itis(was)…that(who)…为结构词，它通常可以省略，而不影响句子的意思。2.关于that与who。当被强调部分指人时，可以用who代that；当被强调部分指物时通常用that。注意：强调事物时，通常不宜用which来代that，另外当强调时间或地点状语时，通常也不能用when/where代that(尤其是当这些状语为介词短语时)。3.关于被强调成分。该强调句型中，被强调的成分除了是名词、代词、介词短语等之外,也可以是从句。如：Itiswhenhegotbackthatheknewwhathadhappened.他回来后才知道所发生的情况。Itwasbecausehelovedmymoneythathemarriedme.他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。【注】(1)该句型可强调because引导原因状语从句，但通常不&&&&&&&& 能强调由since,as引导的原因状语从句，另外也不强调由although引导的让步状语从句。(2)该句型可以强调主语，但不强调表语。&&&&&&&&二、两种值得注意的强调句结构1.强调句的特殊疑问句形式。强调句型的陈述句形式和一般疑问句形式一般还好理解，但若以特殊疑问句形式出现，则很容易误解。比较：Jimtoldusthenews.(非强调句)ItwasJimthattoldusthenews.(强调句型的陈述句形式)WasitJimthattoldusthenews.(强调句型的一般疑问句形式)Whowasitthattoldusthenews.(强调句型的特殊疑问句形式)特殊疑问句形式的强调句可视为对陈述句强调中的被强调成分提问得来，如对Itwasyesterdaythathearrived.这一句中的yesterday提问，即得到Whenwasitthathearrived?2.not...until用于强调句。其基本形式为Itis(was)notuntil…that…。比较：Hedidn’tcomeuntilhiswifeleft.他妻子走了之后他才来。Itwasnotuntilhiswifeleftthathecame.他妻子走了之后他才来。Theydidn’tstartuntiltherainstopped.直到雨停他们才出发。Itwasnotuntiltherainstoppedthattheystarted.直到雨停他们才出发。&&&&&&&& 三、错误判断强调句的两种情况1.将非强调句判为强调句。前面讲到强调时间状语时，通常要用itis…that…，而不用itis…when…，所以有的同学对于下题选择了A。如：Itwasteno’clock______hecameback.A.thatC.soB.whenD.which&&&&&&&&其实此题最佳答案为B，这不是一个强调句型。When引导的是一个时间状语从句，全句意为“当他回来时，时间是10点钟”。比较以下强调句型。如：Itwasatteno’clockthathecameback.他是10点钟回来的。Itwasafterteno’clockthathecameback.他是在10点过后回来的。&&&&&&&&Itwasbeforeteno’clockthathecameback.他是在10点前回来的。&&&&&&&&再比较：Itisautumnwhenleavesfall.当树叶落的时候就是秋天了。Itisinautumnthatleavesfall.树在秋天落叶。另外，下面的句子也不是强调句型。如：(1)It’salongtime______Imetyoulast.A.thatC.whenB.sinceD.which&&&&&&&& (2)Itwasmorethanayearnow_____hehadseenher.A.thatC.whenB.sinceD.which&&&&&&&&(3)Wasithere_____youwereawaytalkingtoafriend?Sure.ButwhenIgotbackthere,itwasgone.A.thatC.whichB.whileD.where&&&&&&&&以上三题均选B，即前面两句填since，其意为“自从”；第(3)填while，其意为“在…期间”。2.将强调句判为非强调句。有些强调句型由于句子本身有一定的特殊性，比如是强调句的特殊疑问句形式，强调句型情态动词或复杂时态等，强调句中的被强调成分过于复杂，强调句与其他从句混杂在一起，等等，这都可能掩盖强调句型的本来面目，从而导致误判。如：(1)Whenwas_____thattheg
eneralmanagerleftforJapan?A.heC.thatB.itD.since&&&&&&&&答案选B，为强调句的特殊疑问句形式。(2)ItmighthavebeenJohn_____boughtapresentforMaryyesterday.A.thatC.whatB.whenD.which&&&&&&&&答案选A，为强调句型，只是其中的动词be采用了mighthave&&&&&&&& been这一复杂结构。(3)Itwaswhathemeantratherthanwhathesaid______annoyedme.A.whichC.whatB.asD.that&&&&&&&&答案选D，为强调句型，被强调部分为whathemeantratherthanwhathesaid，句意为“让我生气的不是他说的话，而是他话中的意思”。(4)Itwasjustintheroom_____hewasborn_____hedied.A.where,whichC.where,thatB.that,thatD.which,that&&&&&&&&答案选C，为强调句型，被强调成分是inthisroom，wherehewasborn为修饰theroom的定语从句。()(5)Itwaslackofmoney,notofeffort,_____defeatedtheirplan.A.whichC.thatB.asD.what&&&&&&&&答案选C，为强调句型，被强调成分为lackofmoney,notofeffort。&&&&&&&&Unit1Words:celebration庆祝origin起源starve饿死religious宗教上的belief信心trick诡计arrival到来gain获得gather搜集award奖品admire赞美custom习惯apologize道歉permission许可obvious明显的weep哭泣remind提醒forgive原谅Expression：takeplace发生inmemoryof纪念playatrickon恶作剧lookforwardto期待dayandnight日夜asthough好像havefunwith玩得愉快turnup出场keepone’sword守信用holdone’s&&&&&&&& breath屏息setoff出发remind…of使…想起…Patterns：1.itistimeforsth./forsb.todosth这是做某事的时候了2.itlookslike看起来好像……Unit2Words：diet日常饮食balance平衡slim减肥fry油煎curiosity好奇心raw生的customer顾客discount折扣weakness缺点strength强项consult咨询debt债务glare怒目而视limit限制spy窥探，监视benefit利益，好处combine使（联合），使（结合）Expression：balanceddiet膳食平衡oughtto应该loseweight减肥getawaywith（做坏事）不受惩罚tellalie说谎win…back赢回earnone’sliving谋生indebt欠债cutdown削减putonweight增肥Patterns：1.musthavedone表示对过去情况的肯定推测2.whydon’tyou+动词原形？3.havebetterdosth.意为“最好，还是”，与youshould，yououghtto意思相近。4.either…nor…既不……也不……Unit3Words：novel小说phrase短语scene一场，现场adventure冒险wander漫游permit许可stare凝视spot发现，污点，地点account认为，说明，理由，计算，账目seek寻找contrary反面rude粗鲁的scream尖叫声genuine真的，真诚的indeed真正得bow鞠躬Expression：bringup抚养，教育byaccident偶然goahead前进，可以，往下说stareat盯着看accountfor导致onthecontrary正相反takeachance冒险inrags衣衫褴褛asfor关于，至于Patterns：1.itiswell-knownthat…众所周知……2.it+be+被强调部分+that/who（m）+其他部分3.find+宾语+宾补Unit4Words：astronomy天文学system系统，制度theory学说violent暴力的atmosphere大气层，气氛unlike不同，不像multiply乘，增加harmful有害的exist生存，存在riddle谜，使（迷惑），使（为难）gentle温和的climate气候crash碰撞drag拉float使（浮动），使（漂浮）&&&&&&&& Expression：intime及时layegg下蛋givebirthto产生，分娩inone’sturn轮到某人cheerup感到高兴nowthat既然breakout突发watchout密切关注，当心Unit5Words：quiz测试minister大臣chat聊天surround包围measure测量within在……之内slight微小的border边界urban城市的wealthy富有的mix混合confirm证实distance距离schoolmate同学downtown市区的approximately接近，大约dawn黎明broad宽阔的nearby在附近tradition传统terrify使恐怖impress使印象深刻pleased高兴的，满意的Expression：ratherthan与其，不愿settle定居managetodo设法做catchsighof看见haveagiftfor对…有天赋inthedistance在远处not…until…直到……才……&&&&&&&&必修1第一单元Reading阅读&&&&&&&&ANNE’SBESTFRIEND&&&&&&&&Doyouwantafriendwhomyoucouldtelleverythingto,likeyourdeepestfeelingsandthoughts?Orareyouafraidthatyourfriendwouldlaughatyou,orwouldnotunderstandwhatyouaregoingthrough?AnneFrankwantedthefirstkind,soshemadeherdiaryherbestfriend.安妮最好的朋友你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友？或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你，会不理解你目前的困境呢？安妮?弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友，所以她把的日记视为自己最&&&&&&&& 好的朋友。AnnelivedinAmsterdamintheNetherlandsduringWorldWarII.HerfamilywasJewishsothehadtohideortheywouldbecaughtbytheGermanNazis.Sheandherfamilyhideawayfortwoyearsbeforetheywerediscovered.Duringthattimetheonlytruefriendwasherdiary.Shesaid,“Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiaryasmostpeopledo,butIwantthisdiaryitselftobemyfriend,andIshallcallmyfriendKitty.”NowreadhowshefeltafterbeinginthehidingplacesinceJuly1942.在第二次世界大战期间，安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人，所以他们不得不躲藏起来，否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了25个月之后才被发现。在那段时期，她的日记成了她唯一忠实的朋友。她说：“我不愿像大多数人那样在日记中记流水账。我要把我的日记当作自己的朋友，我把我的这个朋友叫做基蒂。”现在，来看看安妮自1942年7月起躲进藏身处后的那种心情吧。&&&&&&&&Thursday15,June,1944Dearkitty,Iwonderifit’sbecauseIhaven’tbeenabletobeoutdoorsforsolongthatI’vegrownsocrazyabouteverythingtodowithnature.Icanwellrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepbluesky,thesongofthe&&&&&&&& birds,moonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.That’schangedsinceIwashere.…Forexample,whenitwassowarm,Istayedawakeonpurposeuntilhalfpastelevenoneeveninginordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonforoncebymyself.Butasthemoongavefartoomuchlight,Ididn’tdareopenawindow.Anothertimesomemonthsago,Ihappenedtobeupstairsoneeveningwhenthewindowwasopen.Ididn’tgodownstairsuntilthewindowhadtobeshut.Thedark,rainyevening,thewind,thethunderingcloudsheldmeitwasthefirsttimeinayearandahalfthatI’dseenthenightfacetoface……Sadly…Iamonlyabletolookatnaturethroughdirtycurtainshangingbeforeverydustywindows.It’snopleasurelookingthroughtheseanylongerbecausenatureisonethingthatreallymustbeexperienced.Yours,Anne日，星期四亲爱的基蒂：我不知道这是不是因为我太久无法出门的缘故，我变得对一切与大自然有关的事物都无比狂热。我记得非常清楚，以前，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花，从未令我心迷神往过。自从我来到这里之后，这一切都变了。……比如说，有一天晚上天气很暖和，我故意熬到晚上11点&&&&&&&& 半都不睡觉，为的就是能独自好好地看看月亮。但是因为月光太亮了，我都不敢打开窗户。还有一次，就在五个月以前的一个晚上，我碰巧在楼上，窗户是开着的，我一直呆到非关窗不可的时候才下楼去。漆黑的雨夜，刮着大风，电闪雷鸣，乌云滚滚，我完全被这种景象镇住了。这是我一年半以来第一次亲眼目睹的夜晚…………不幸的是……我只能透过那满是灰尘的窗帘下那脏兮兮的窗户看看大自然。只能隔着窗户看那大自然实在没意思，因为大自然是需要真正体验的东西。你的安妮&&&&&&&&UsingLanguage语言运用&&&&&&&&Readingandlistening&&&&&&&&读与听&&&&&&&&1ReadtheletterthatLisawrotetoMissWangofRadioforTeenagersandpredictwhatMissWangwillsay.Afterlistening,checkanddiscussheradvice.DearMissWang,Iamhavingsometroublewithmyclassmatesatthemoment.I’mgettingalongwellwithaboyinmyclass.Weoftendohomeworktogetherandweenjoyhelpingeachother.Wehavebecomereallygoodfriends.But&&&&&&&& otherstudentshavestartedgossiping.TheysaythatthisboyandIhavefalleninlove.Thishasmademeangry.Idon’twanttoendthefriendship,butIhateothersgossiping.WhatshouldIdo?Yours,Lisa1读读琳达为青少年写给电台王小组的这封信，然后王小姐可能会怎么说。听完录音之后，核对并讨论她的建议。亲爱的王小姐：现在我同班上的同学有些麻烦事。我跟我们班里的一位男同学一直相处的很好。我们常常一起做家庭作业，而且很乐意互相帮助。我们成了真正好朋友。可是，其他同学却在背后议论起来，他们说我和这位男同学在谈恋爱，这使我很生气。我不想中断这段友谊，但是，我又讨厌人家背后说闲话。我该怎么办呢？你的莉萨&&&&&&&&Readingandwriting&&&&&&&&读与写&&&&&&&&MissWanghasreceivedaletterfromXiaodong.Heisalsoaskingforsomeadvice.ReadtheletterontherightcarefullyandhelpMissWanganswerit.&&&&&&&& 王小姐收到小冬的一封来信。小冬是要征求一些意见。仔细阅读右边的信，然后帮王小姐回复。DearMissWang,I’mastudentfromHuzhouSeniorHighSchool.Ihaveaproblem.I’mnotverygoodatcommunicatingwithpeople.AlthoughItrytotalktomyclassmates,Istillfindithardtomakegoodfriendswiththem.SoIfeelquitelonelysometimes.Idowanttochangethissituation,butIdon’tknowhow.Iwouldbegratefulifyoucouldgivemesomeadvice.Yours,Xiaodong亲爱的王小姐：我是湖州高中的一名学生，我有一个难题，我不大善于与人们交际。虽然我试着和班上的同学交谈，但是，我还是很难跟他们成为好朋友。因此，有时候我感到十分的孤独。我确实想改变这种现状，但是我却不知道怎么办。如果您能给我提些建议，我会非常感谢的。你的小东&&&&&&&&2Decidewhicharethebestideasandputthemintoanorder.Thenwritedownyouradviceandexplainhowitwillhelp.Eachideacanmakeoneparagraph.Thefollowingsampleandtheexpressionsmayhelpyou&&&&&&&& DearXiaodong,I’msorryyouarehavingtroubleinmakingfriends.However,thesituationiseasytochangeifyoufollowmyadvice.Herearesometipstohelpyou.First,whynot…?Ifyoudothis,…Secondly,youcould/can…Then/Thatway,…Thirdly,itwouldbeagoodideaif…Bydoingthis,…Ihopeyouwillfindtheseideasuseful.YoursMissWang2决定哪些是最好并把它们按顺序组织起来。然后把你的建议写出来，并解释它为什么会有所帮助。每个想法可以自成一个段落。下面的例子和表达可能对你有所帮助。亲爱的小冬：很遗憾听说你在交朋友的过程中遇到了困难。但是，如果你听听我的建议，这种情况是很容易改变的。这些建议会对你有所帮助。第一，为什么不……呢？如果你这样做……第二，你可以……&&&&&&&& 这样的话……第三，如果……那将是个不错的主意。通过做……我希望你会发现这些想法对你有所帮助。你的王小姐&&&&&&&&LEARNINGTIP学习建议&&&&&&&&It’sagoodhabitforyoutokeepadiary.Itcanhelpyourememberpastevents.Youcanexpressyourfeelingsandthoughtsinit.ItwillhelpyouimproveyourEnglishifyouwriteyourdiaryinEnglish.Whynothaveatry?&&&&&&&&写日记对你来说是一个好习惯。它可以帮你记住一些过去发生的事件。你还可以在日记中表达你的情感和思想。如果你用英语写日记的话，还可以帮助你提高英语水平。为什么不试一试呢？&&&&&&&&第二单元&&&&&&&& Reading阅读&&&&&&&&THEROADTOMODERNENGLISHAttheendofthe16thcentury,aboutfivetosevenmillionpeoplespokeEnglish.NearlyallofthemlivedinEngland.Laterinthenextcentury,peoplefromEnglandmadevoyagestoconquerotherpartsoftheworldandbecauseofthat,Englishbegantobespokeninmanyothercountries.Today,morepeoplespeakEnglishastheirfirst,secondorforeignlanguagethaneverbefore.通向现代英语之路在16世纪末，大约有五至七百万人讲英语。几乎所有这些讲英语的人都住在英格兰。在其后的一个世纪中，英格兰人为征服世界航海到了世界其他一些地方，结果世界的其他地方的人们也开始说英语了。今天，把英语作为自己的第一语言、第二语言或外语来使用的人比以往任何时候都多。NativeEnglishspeakerscanunderstandeachothereveniftheydon’tspeakthesamekindofEnglish.Lookatthisexample:BritishBetty:Wouldyouliketoseemyflat?AmericanAmy:Yes,I’dliketocomeuptoyourapartment.以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲不是同一种英语，他们也能彼此听懂。请看看这个例子：英国人贝蒂：来看看我的公寓吗？&&&&&&&& 美国人艾米：好的，我来看看你的公寓吧。SowhyhasEnglishchangedovertime?Actuallyalllanguageschangeanddevelopwhenculturesmeetandcommunicatewitheachother.AtfirsttheEnglishspokeninEnglandbetweenaboutAD450and1150wasverydifferentfromtheEnglishspokentoday.ItwasbasedmoreonGermanthantheEnglishwespeakatpresent.ThengraduallybetweenaboutAD800and1150,EnglishbecamelesslikeGermanbecausethosewhoruledEnglandspokenfirstDanishandlaterFrench.ThesenewsettlersenrichedtheEnglishlanguageandespeciallyitsvocabulary.Sobythe1600’sShakespearewasabletomakeuseofawidervocabularythaneverbefore.In1620someBritishsettlersmovedtoAmerica.Laterinthe18thcenturysomeBritishpeopleweretakentoAustraliatoo.Englishbegantobespokeninbothcountries.那么，随着时间的推移英语为什么发生了变化呢？实际上，当不同文化相互交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展和变化。开始，英格兰人在大约公元450年到1150年之间所说的英语与我们今天所说的英语很不一样。当时的英语更多的是以德语为基础的，不像我们现在说的英语。后来，大约在公元800年至1150年之间，英语慢慢变得不那么像德语，因为统治英格兰的那些人开始是说丹麦语，后来说法语。这些新来的定居者丰富了英语语言，尤其是丰富了英语词汇。所以到17世纪初的时候，莎士比亚能够得以使用比以往任何时候都丰富的词汇。&&&&&&&& 1620年一些英国定居者来到了美洲，后来到了18世纪的时候，一些英国人还被带到了澳大利亚。英语也就开始在这两个国家使用。Finallybythe19thcenturythelanguagewassettled.AtthattimetwobigchangesinEnglishspellinghappened:firstSamuelJohnsonwrotehisdictionaryandlaterNoahWebsterwroteTheAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage.ThelattergaveaseparateidentitytoAmericanEnglishspelling.最后到19世纪的时候，英语这种语言就变得稳定了。当时，英语的拼写发生了两个很大的变化：先是塞缪尔?约翰逊编写了他的英语词典，后是诺亚?韦伯斯特出版了《美国英语词典》。后者使得美式英语的拼写有了其独特的个性。EnglishnowisalsospokenasaforeignorsecondlanguageinSouthAsia.Forexample,IndiahasaverylargenumberoffluentEnglishspeakersbecauseBritainruledIndiafrom.DuringthattimeEnglishbecamethelanguageforgovernmentandeducation.EnglishisalsospokeninSingaporeandMalaysiaandcountriesinAfricasuchasSouthAfrica.TodaythenumberofpeoplelearningEnglishinChinaisincreasingrapidly.Infact,ChinamayhavethelargestnumberofEnglishlearners.WillChineseEnglishdevelopitsownidentity?Onlytimewilltell.现在英语在南亚地区也被作为外语或第二语言使用。比如，印度就有很多人说英语说得很流利，因为在1765年到1947年之&&&&&&&& 间英国统治着印度。在此期间，英语成了印度政府和教育所用的语言。在新加坡和马来西亚以及像非洲的南非，人们现在也说英语。当今，在中国学英语的人数正在快速增加，事实上，中国可能是学英语人数最多的国家。中国式英语是否也能发展成一种具有自己独特个性的语言？这还有待时间去证明。&&&&&&&&UsingLanguage语言运用&&&&&&&&STANDARDENGLISHANDDIALECTSWhatisstandardEnglish?IsitspokeninBritain,theUS,Canada,Australia,IndiaandNewZealand?Believeitornot,thereisnosuchthingasstandardEnglish.ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisstandardEnglish.Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio,thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.However,onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.Whenpeopleusewordsandexpressionsdifferentform“standardlanguage”,itiscalledadialect.AmericanEnglishhasmanydialects,especiallythemidwestern,southern,AfricanAmericanandSpanishdialects.EveninsomepartsoftheUSA,twopeoplefromneighbouring&&&&&&&& townsspeakalittledifferently.AmericanEnglishhassomanydialectsbecausepeoplehavecomefromallovertheworld.Geographyalsoplaysapartinmakingdialects.SomepeoplewholiveinthemountainsoftheeasternUSAspeakwithanolderkindofEnglishdialect.WhenAmericansmovedformoneplacetoanother,theytooktheirdialectswiththem.SopeoplefromthemountainsinthesoutheasternUSAspeakwithalmostthesamedialectaspeopleinthenorthwesternUSA.TheUSAisalargecountryinwhichmanydifferentdialectsarespoken.AlthoughmanyAmericansmovealot,theystillrecognizeandunderstandeachother’sdialects.&&&&&&&&什么是标准英语？是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，（世界上）没有什么标准英语。许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的英语就是标准英语，这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。然而，在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。当人们使用不同于“标准语言”的词语和表达时，那就叫做方言。美国英语有许多方言，特别是中西部地区和南部地区的方言，以及美国黑人和西班牙人的方言。即使在美国有些地区，两个相邻城镇的人所说的方言也可能稍有不同。美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人是来自世界各地的缘故。&&&&&&&& 地理位置对方言的形成也有所影响。住在美国东部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方言。当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了。因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。美国是一个大国，有着许许多多彼此不同的方言。虽然许多美国人经常搬家，但是他们仍然能够辨别和理解彼此的方言。&&&&&&&&Readingandspeaking读与说&&&&&&&&1AmyandherAmericanfriendsarevisitingLondon.TheyplantovisitAmy’sauntanddecidetogotherebyunderground,butcannotfindthenearestundergroundstation.Sosheasksdirectionsandthentellsherfriends.Readthedialogueandcirclethewordsthatmeanthesame.1艾米和她的美国朋友正在参观伦敦。她们计划去拜访艾米的姑妈，并决定乘地铁去，但是她们找不到最近的地铁站。所以她问问了路，然后告诉她的朋友。读对话，然后圈出意思相同的词。AMY:Excuseme,Ma’ma.Couldyoutellmewherethenearestsubwaysis?LADY:Er...theunderground?Well,goroundthecorneronyourleft-handside,straightonandcrosstwostreets.It’llbeonyourright-handside.&&&&&&&& AMY:Thankssomuch.FRIENDS:Whatdidshesay,Amy?AMY:Shetoldustogoaroundthecornerontheleftandkeepgoingstraightfortwoblocks.Thesubwaywillbeonourright.艾米：对不起，夫人，你能告诉我去最近的地铁站怎么走吗？夫人：呃……地铁？哦，往左边拐过去，一直往前走，走过两条街，地铁就是右边。艾米：多谢了。朋友：艾米，她说什么？艾米：她叫我们往左边拐过去，一直往前走，走过两条街，地铁就是右边。【意思相同的词】subway←→underground（地铁）right-handside←→right（右边）street←→block街道，街区&&&&&&&&第三单元&&&&&&&&TraveljournalJOURNEYDOWNTHEMEKONG&&&&&&&& PART1THEDREAMANDTHEPLANMynameisWangKun.Eversincemiddleschool,mysisterWangWeiandIhavedreamedabouttakingagreatbiketrip.Twoyearsagosheboughtanexpensivemountainbikeandthenshepersuadedmetobuyone.Lastyear,shevisitedourcousins,DaoWeiandYuHangattheircollegeinKunming.TheyareDaiandgrewupinwesternYunnanProvinceneartheLancangRiver,theChinesepartoftheriverthatiscalledtheMekongRiverinothercountries.WangWeisoongottheminterestedincyclingtoo.Aftergraduatingfromcollege.wefinallygotthechancetotakeabiketrip.Iaskedmysister,Wherearewegoing?ItwasmysisterwhofirsthadtheideatocyclealongtheentireMekongRiverfromwhereitbeginstowhereitends.Nowsheisplanningourscheduleforthetrip.&&&&&&&&Iamfondofmysisterbutshehasoneseriousshortcoming.Shecanbereallystubborn.Althoughshedidntknowthebestwayofgettingtoplaces,sheinsistedthatsheorganizethetripproperly.Now,Iknowthattheproperwayisalwaysherway.Ikeptaskingher,Whenareweleavingandwhenarewecomingback?Iaskedherwhethershehadlookedatamapyet.Ofcourse,mysisterdoesntcareaboutdetails.SoItoldherthatthesourceoftheMekongisinQinghaiProvince.&&&&&&&& Shegavemeadeterminedlook—thekindthatsaidshewouldnotchangehermind.WhenItoldherthatourjourneywouldbeginatanaltitudeofmorethan5,000metres,sheseemedtobeexcitedaboutit.WhenItoldhertheairwouldbehardtobreatheanditwouldbeverycold,shesaiditwouldbeaninterestingexperience.Iknowmysisterwell.Onceshehasmadeuphermind,nothingcanchangeit.Finally,Ihadtogivein.&&&&&&&&Severalmonthsbeforeourtrip,WangWeiandIwenttothelibrary.Wefoundalargeatlaswithgoodmapsthatshoweddetailsofworldgeography.FromtheatlaswecouldseethattheMekongRiverbeginsinaglacieronaTibetanmountain.Atfirsttheriverissmallandthewaterisclearandcold.Thenitbeginstomovequickly.Itbecomesrapidsasitpassesthroughdeepvalleys,travellingacrosswesternYunnanProvince.Sometimestheriverbecomesawaterfallandenterswidevalleys.WewerebothsurprisedtolearnthathalfoftheriverisinChina.AfteritleavesChinaandthehighaltitude,theMekongbecomeswide，brownandwarm.AsitentersSoutheastAsia,itspaceslows.Itmakeswidebendsormeandersthroughlowvalleystotheplainswherericegrows.Atlast,theriverdeltaenterstheSouthChinaSea.&&&&&&&&沿湄公河而下的旅行&&&&&&&& 第一部分梦想与计划我的名字叫王坤。从高中起，我姐姐和我就一直梦想作一次伟大的自行车旅行。两年前，她买了一辆价钱昂贵的山地自行车，然后她还说服我也买了一辆。去年她去看望了我们的表兄弟—在昆明读大学的刀伟和宇航。他们是傣族人，在云南省西部靠近澜沧江的地方长大，湄公河在中国境内的这一段叫澜沧江，流经其他国家后就叫湄公河。很快，王薇使表兄弟也对骑车旅行产生了兴趣。到大学毕业后，我们终于有了作一次骑车旅行的机会。我问姐姐：“我们要去哪里？”首先想到要沿湄公河从源头到终点骑车旅行的是我的姐姐。现在，她正为这次旅行制订计划。我很喜欢我姐姐，但是她有一个严重的缺点，她有时确实很固执。尽管她对到某些地方的最佳路线并不清楚，她却坚持要把这次旅行安排的尽善尽美。现在我知道了这个尽善尽美的方式总是她的方式。我老是问她：“我们什么时候动身？什么时候回来？”我问她是否已经看过地图。当然她并没有看过，我的姐姐是不会考虑细节的。于是我告诉她湄公河的源头在青海省。她给了我一个坚定的眼神—这种眼神表明她是不会改变主意的。当我告诉她我们的旅行将从5000多米的的高地出发时，她似乎显得很兴奋。当我告诉她那里空气稀薄，呼吸会很困难，而且天气会很冷时，她却说这将是一次很有趣的经历。&&&&&&&& 我非常了解我的姐姐，她一旦下了决心，就什么也不能使她改变。最后，我只好让步了。在我们旅行前的几个月，王薇和我去了图书馆。我们找到了一本大型的地图册，里面有一些世界地理的明细图。我们从图上可以看到，湄公河源于西藏一座山上的冰川。起初，河很小，河水清澈而冷冽，然后它开始快速流动。它穿过深谷时就变成了急流。流经云南西部。有时，这条河形成瀑布进入宽阔的峡谷。我们惊奇的发现这条河有一半是在中国境内。当流出中国，流出高地后，湄公河就变宽，变暖了。河水也变成了黄褐色。而当它进入东南亚以后，流速减慢，河水变宽慢慢地穿过低谷，到了长着稻谷的平原。最后，湄公河三角洲的各支流流入中国南海。&&&&&&&&Readinganddiscussing&&&&&&&&JOURNEYDOWNTHEMEKONG&&&&&&&&PART2ANIGHTINTHEMOUNTAINS&&&&&&&&Althoughitwasautumn,thesnowwasalreadybeginningtofallinTibet.Ourlegsweresoheavyandcoldthattheyfeltlikeblocksofice.&&&&&&&& Haveyoueverseensnowmenridebicycles?Thatswhatwelookedlike!Alongthewaychildrendressedinlongwoolcoatsstoppedtolookatus.Inthelateafternoonwefounditwassocoldthatourwaterbottlesfroze.However,thelakesshonelikeglassinthesettingsunandlookedwonderful.WangWeirodeinfrontofmeasusual.SheisveryreliableandIknewIdidtneedtoencourageher.Toclimbthemountainswashardworkbutaswelookedaroundus,weweresurprisedbytheview.Weseemedtobeabletoseeformiles.Atonepointweweresohighthatwefoundourselvescyclingthroughclouds.Thenwebegangoingdownthehills.Itwasgreatfunespeciallyasitgraduallybecamemuchwarmer.Inthevalleyscolourfulbutterfliesflewaroundusandwesawmanyyaksandsheepeatinggreengrass.Atthispointwehadtochangeourcaps,coats,glovesandtrousersforT-shirtsandshorts.&&&&&&&&Intheearlyeveningwealwaysstoptomakecamp.Weputupourtentandthenweeat.AftersupperWangWeiputherheaddownonherpillowandwenttosleepbutIstayedawake.Atmidnighttheskybecameclearerandthestarsgrewbrighter.Itwassoquiet.Therewasalmostnowind-onlytheflamesofourfireforcompany.AsIlaybeneaththestarsIthoughtabouthowfarwehadalreadytravelled.&&&&&&&&WewillreachDaliinYunnanProvincesoon,whereourcousinsDaoWei&&&&&&&& andYuHangwilljoinus.Wecanhardlywaittoseethem!&&&&&&&&Unit4Earthquakes&&&&&&&&Reading&&&&&&&&ANIGHTTHEEARTHDIDNTSLEEP&&&&&&&&StrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideofnortheastHebei.Forthreedaysthewaterinthevillagewellsroseandfell,roseandfell.Farmersnoticedthatthewellwallshaddeepcracksinthem.Asmellygascameoutofthecracks.Inthefarmyards,thechickensandeventhepigsweretoonervoistoeat.Miceranoutofthefieldslookingforplacestohide.Fishjumpedoutoftheirbowlsandponds.Atabout3:00amonjuly28,1976,somepeoplesawbrightlightsinthesky.ThesoundofplanescouldbeheardoutsidethecityofTangshanevenwhennoplaneswereinthesky.Inthecity,thewaterpipesinsomebuildingscrackedandburst.buttheonemillionpeopleofthecity,whothiughtlittleoftheseevents,wereasleepasusualthatnight.&&&&&&&&At3:42ameverythingbegantoshake.Itseemedasiftheworldwasatan&&&&&&&& end!Elevenkilometresdirectlybelowthecitythegreatestearthquakeofthe20thcenturyhadbegun.ItwasfeltinBeijing,whichismorethantwohundredkilometresaway.One-thirdofthenationfeltit.Ahugecrackthatwaseightkilometreslongandthirtymetreswidecutacrosshouses,roadsandcanals.Steamburstfromholesintheground.Hardhillsofrockbecameriversofdir.Infifteenterriblesecondsalargecitylayinruins.Thesufferingofthepeoplewasextreme.Two-thirdsofthemdiedorwereleftwithoutparents.Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledorinjuredreachedmorethan400,000.&&&&&&&&Buthowcouldthesurvivorsbelieveitwasnatural?Everywheretheylookednearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.Allofthecityshospitals,75%ofitsfactoriesandbuildingsand90%ofitshomesweregone.Brickscoveredthegroundlikeredautumnleaves.Nowind,however,couldblowthemaway.Twodamsfellandmostofthebridgesalsofellorwerenotsafefortravelling.Therailwaytrackswerenowuselesspiecesofsteel.Tensofthousandsofcowswouldnevergivemilkagain.Halfamillionoigsandmillionsofchickensweredead.Sandnowfilledthewellsinsteadofwater.Peoplewereshocked.Then,laterthatafternoon,anotherbigquakewhichwasalmostasstrongasthefirstoneshookTangshan.Someoftherescueworkersanddoctorsweretrappedundertheruins.Morebuildingsfelldown.Water,food,andelectricitywerehardto&&&&&&&& get.peoplebegabtowonderhowlongthedisasterwouldlast.&&&&&&&&Allhopewasnotlost.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysent150,000soldierstoTangshantohelptherescueworkers.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerehelped.Thearmyorganizedteamstodigoutthosewhoweretrappedandtoburythedead.Tothenorthofthecity,mostofthe10,000minerswererescuedfromthecoalminesthere.Workersbuiltsheltersforsurvivorswhosehomeshadbeendestroyed.Freshwaterwastakentothecitybutrain,truckandplane.Slowly,thecitybegantobreatheagain.&&&&&&&&OfficeoftheCityGovernment&&&&&&&&Tangshan,Hebei&&&&&&&&China&&&&&&&&July5,2007&&&&&&&&Dear____,&&&&&&&&Congratulations!Wearepleasedtotellyouthatyouhavewonthehigh&&&&&&&& schoolspeakingcompetitionaboutnewTangshan.Yourspeechwasheardbyagroupoffivejudges,allofwhomagreedthatitwasthebestonethisyear.Yourparentsandyourschoolshouldbeveryproudofyou!&&&&&&&&Nextmonththecitywillopenanewparktohonourthosewhodiedintheterribledisaster.Theparkwillalsohonourthosewhohelpedthesurvivors.OurofficewouldliketohaveyouspeaktotheparkvistorsonJuly28at11:00am.Asyouknow,thisisthedaythequakehappenedthirty-____yearsago.&&&&&&&&Weinviteyoutobringyourfamilyandfriendsonthatspecialday.&&&&&&&&Sincerely,&&&&&&&&ZhangSha&&&&&&&&Unit5&&&&&&&&ELIAS’STORY&&&&&&&& MynameisElias.IamapoorblackworkerinSouthAfrica.ThetimewhenIfirstmetNelsonMandelawasaverydifficultperiodofmylife.Iwastwelveyearsold.Itwasin1952andMandelawastheblacklawyertowhomIwentforadvice.Heofferedguidancetopoorblackpeopleontheirlegalproblems.Hewasgenerouswithhistime,forwhichIwasgrateful.&&&&&&&&IneededhishelpbecauseIhadverylittleeducation.Ibeganschoolatsix.TheschoolwhereIstudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometersaway.Ihadtoleavebecausemyfamilycouldnotcontinuetopaytheschoolfeesandthebusfare.Icouldnotreadorwritewell.Aftertryinghard,Igotajobinagoldmine.However,thiswasatimewhenonehadgottohaveapassbooktoliveinJohannesburg.SadlyIdidnothaveitbecauseIwasnotbornthere,andIworriedaboutwhetherIwouldbecomeoutofwork.&&&&&&&&ThedaywhenNelsonMandelahelpedmewasoneofmyhappiest.HetoldmyhowtogetthecorrectpaperssoIcouldstayinJohannesburg.Ibecamemorehopefulaboutmyfuture.IneverforgothowkindMandelawas.WhenheorganizedtheANCYouthLeague,IjoineditassoonasIcould.Hesaid:&&&&&&&&“Thelastthirtyyearshaveseenthegreatestnumberoflawsstopping&&&&&&&& ourrightsandprogress,untiltodaywehavereachedastagewherewehavealmostnorightsatall.”&&&&&&&&Itwasthetruth.Blackpeoplecouldnotvoteorchoosetheirleaders.Theycouldnotgetthejobstheywanted.Thepartsoftowninwhichtheyhadtoliveweredecidedbywhitepeople.TheplacesoutsidethetownswheretheyweresenttolivewerethepoorestpartsofSouthAfrica.Noonecouldgrowfoodthere.InfactasNelsonMandelasaid:&&&&&&&&“…wewereputintoapositioninwhichwehadeithertoacceptwewerelessimportantorfightthegovernment.Wechosetoattackthelaws.Wefirstbrokethelawinwhenthiswasnotallowed…onlythendidwedecidetoanswerviolencewithviolence.&&&&&&&&Asamatteroffact,Idonotlikeviolence…butin1963Ihelpedhimblowupsomegovernmentbuildings.ItwasverydangerousbecauseifIwascaughtIcouldbeputinprison.ButIwashappytohelpbecauseIknewitwouldhelpusachieveourdreamofmakingblackandwhitepeopleequal.&&&&&&&&THERESTOFELIASSTORY&&&&&&&& YoucannotimaginehowthenameofRobbenIslandmadeusafraid.Itwasaprisonfromwhichnooneescaped.ThereIspentthehardesttimeofmylife.ButwhenIgotthereNelsomMandelawasalsothereandhehelpedme.MrMandelabeganaschoolforthoseofuswhohadlittlelearning.Hetaughtusduringthelunchbreaksandtheeveningswhenweshouldhavebeenasleep.Wereadbooksunderourblanketsandusedanythingwecouldfindtomakecandlestoseethewords.Ibecameagoodstudent.IwantedtostudyformydegreebutIwasnotallowedtodothat.Later,MrMandelaallowedtheprisonguardstojoinus.Hesaidtheyshouldnotbestoppedfromstudyingfortheirdegrees.Theywerenotclevererthanme,buttheydidpasstheirexams.SoIknweIcouldgetadegreetoo.Thatmademefeelgoodaboutmyself.&&&&&&&&WhenIfinishedthefouryearsinprison,Iwenttofindajob.SinceIwasbettereducated,Igotajobworkinginanoffice.However,thepolicefoundoutandtoldmybossthatIhadbeeninprinsonforblowingupgovernmentbuildings.SoIlostmyjob.IdidnotworkagainfortwentyyearsuntilMrMandelaandtheANCcametopowerin1994.Allthattimemywifeandchildrenhadtobegforgoodandhelpfromrelativesorfriends.LuckilyMrMandelarememberedmeandgavemeajobtakingtouristsaroundmyoldprisononRobbenIslannd.IfeltbadthefirsttimeItalkedtoagroup.Alltheterrorandfearofthattimecamebacktome.I&&&&&&&& rememberedthebeatingsandthecrueltyoftheguardsandmyfriendswhohaddied.IfeltIwouldnotbeabletodoit,butmyfamilyencouragedme.TheysaidthatthejobandthepayfromthenewSouthAfricangovernmentweremyrewardafterworkingallmylifeforequalrightsfortheBlacks.Sonowat51Iamproudtoshowvisitorsovertheprison,forIhelpedtomakeourpeoplefreeintheirownland.11-15ADCCD想学好英语，首先要培养对英语的兴趣。“兴趣是最好&&&&的老师”,兴趣是学习英语的巨大动力，有了兴趣，学习就会事半功倍。我们都有这样的经验：喜欢的事，就容易坚持下去；不喜欢的事，是很难坚持下去的。而兴趣不是与生俱来的，需要培养。有的同学说：“我一看到英语就头疼，怎么能培养对英语的兴趣呢？”还有的同学说：“英语单词我今天记了明天忘，我太笨了，唉，我算没治了。”这都是缺乏信心的表现。初学英语时，没有掌握正确的学习方法，没有树立必胜的信心，缺乏了克服困难的勇气，丧失了上进的动力，稍遇失败，就会向挫折缴枪，向困难低头。你就会感到英语是一门枯燥无味的学科，学了一段时间之后，学习积极性也逐渐降低，自然也就不会取得好成绩。但是，只要在老师的帮助下，认识到学英语的必要性，用正确的态度对待英语学习，用科学的方法指导学习。开始时多参加一些英语方面的活动，比如，唱英文歌、做英语游戏、读英语幽默短文、练习口头对话等。时间长了，懂得多了，就有了兴趣，当然，学习起来就有了动力和欲望。然后，就要像农民一样勤勤恳恳，不辞辛苦，付出辛勤的劳动和汗水，一定会取得成功，收获丰硕的成&&&&&&&& 果。毕竟是Nopains,nogains吗。练好基本功是学好英语的必要条件，没有扎实的英语基础，就谈不上继续学习，更谈不上有所成就。要想基本功扎实，必须全神贯注地认真听讲,上好每一节课，提高课堂效率，脚踏实地、一步一个脚印地，做到以下“五到”：一、“心到”。在课堂上应聚精会神，一刻也不能懈怠，大脑要始终处于积极状态，思维要活跃、思路要开阔，心随老师走，听懂每一句话，抓住每一个环节，理解每一个知识点，多联想、多思考，做到心领神会。二、“手到”。学英语，一定要做课堂笔记。因为人的记忆力是有限的，人不可能都过目不忘，记忆本身就是不断与遗忘作斗争的过程。常言说，“好脑筋不如烂笔头”。老师讲的知识可能在课堂上记住了，可是过了一段时间，就会忘记，所以，做好笔记很有必要。英语知识也是一点点积累起来的，学到的每一个单词、词组以及句型结构，都记在笔记本上，甚至是书的空白处或字里行间，这对以后的复习巩固都是非常方便的。三、“耳到”。在课堂上，认真听讲是十分必要的，不但要专心听老师对知识的讲解，而且要认真听老师说英语的语音、语调、重音、连读、失去爆破、断句等发音要领，以便培养自己纯正地道的英语口语。听见听懂老师传授的每一个知识点，在头脑里形成反馈以帮助记忆；理解领会老师提出的问题，以便迅速作答，对比同学对问题的回答，以加深对问题的理解而取别人之长补自己之短。四、“眼到”。在认真听讲的同时，还要双眼紧随老师观察老师的动作、口形、表情、板书、绘图、教具展示等。大脑里形成的视觉信息和听觉信息相结合，印象就会更加深刻。五、“口到”。学&&&&&&&& 习语言，不张嘴不动口是学不好的，同学们最大的毛病是读书不出声，害羞不敢张嘴。尤其是早读课，同学们只是用眼看或默读，这样就只有视觉信息，而没有听觉信息在大脑里的反馈，当然记忆也不会太深刻，口部肌肉也得不到锻炼，也就很难练就一口纯正的英语。所以，要充分利用早晨头脑清醒的时间，大声朗读；课堂上要勇跃回答老师提问、积极参与同学间讨论和辩论，课下对不清楚的问题及时提出，要克服害羞心理，不耻下问。对学过的课文要多读、勤读、苦读，可以跟录音机读，竭力模仿其语音语调以纠正发音，要读得抑扬顿挫朗朗上口，一些精典文章最好能背得滚爪烂熟。利用一切可能的机会，练习英语口语，比如，与外教交流、参加“英语角”活动、与同学进行对话、讲英语故事、唱英文歌曲、演英语短剧、进行诗歌朗诵等。除了对课本中的范文要细读精读之外，还要多看些适合我们中学生的课外读物，既可增长知识，又开阔了我们的视野，也提高了我们的阅读水平。学英语，词汇的记忆是必不可少的，词汇是学好英语的基础，没有了词汇，也就谈不上句子，更谈不上文章，所以记单词对我们就显得极其重要。记忆单词关键有二：一是持之以恒：每天坚持记忆一定量的词汇，过几天再回头复习一次，这样周期循环，反复记忆，经常使用，就会变短时记忆为长时记忆并牢固掌握。需要注意的是，一旦开始，就要坚持下来，千万不能半途而废，切不可三天打鱼，两天晒网。二是良好的记忆方法：记忆单词的方法很多，学无定法，但学有良法。我认为，张思中的“集中识词，分类记忆”不失为一种适合中学生的好方法。把中学生应掌握的3500个单词集中汇总，分&&&&&&&& 门别类，先过单词关，然后再学教材，在课本中使用和巩固它们的用法。分类的方法有多种，同一元音或元音字母组合发音相同的单词归为一类；根据词形词性、同义词反义词等集中记忆；把相同词根、前缀、后缀、合成、转化、派生等构词法相同的单词或词组列在一起集中识记印象比较深刻，记忆效果也比较明显。这样每天记40－80个单词，坚持不懈，多联想，多思考，多使用，词汇问题不就解决了吗？在学习的过程中多注视单词的用法和词组的搭配，牢记老师讲过的单词惯用法和句型，这样不仅有助于我们解题，而且在写作时也会信手拈来，运用自如。把单词记住，了解词性、词义，掌握其固定搭配与习惯用法，背会时态、从句的各种用法，工作只是完成了一半，我们还得将它们应用到实践中去。就像学游泳，光学理论，不下水应用，不等于掌握了这门技术。不必要搞题海战术，但一定量的典型练习来巩固所学知识是必不可少的。先重视基础练习，如课后习题，单元同步练习，这些是针对课堂知识的巩固性练习，不能好高骛远，光想着一口吃个胖子。基础知识掌握后，有的放失地做一些语法方面的专项练习和考试题型的专题练习。特别提倡同学们准备一本“错题集”，把平时做错的具有代表性的试题或语言点记录下来，以备将来查漏补缺，这样对知识的掌握可以达到事半功倍的效果。英语是一种语言，不是记住了单词、词组、句型和语法项目就是把它学好了，关键在于使用语言，所以在学习英语时一定要注意听、说、读、写、译全面发展。英语学习首先是一个记忆过程，然后才是实践过程。学习英语，无论如何，勤奋是不可少的，它是一个日积月累的渐进过程，是没有&&&&&&&& 任何捷径可走的，也没有所谓“速成”的灵丹妙方，急于求成，不做踏实工作，是学不好英语的。任何成功的获得都要靠自己的努力，要踏踏实实、勤勤恳恳、兢兢业业、一步一个脚印地学习，端正态度，认真对待学习中的挫折和失败。失败并不可怕，可怕的是对自己丧失信心而一蹶不振。对考试的失败，冷静分析，认真思考，只要对胜利充满信心，善于总结经验教训，不断努力，不断追求，胜利一定是属于你们的&&&&&&&&
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